Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean: instrument description and first images

Robert L. Lucke; Michael Corson; Norman R. McGlothlin; Steve D. Butcher; Daniel L. Wood; Daniel R. Korwan; Rong R. Li; Willliam A. Snyder; Curt O. Davis; Davidson T. Chen

doi:10.1364/AO.50.001501

Applied Optics
Vol. 50,
Issue 11,
pp. 1501-1516
(2011)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.001501

Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean: instrument description and first images

Robert L. Lucke, Michael Corson, Norman R. McGlothlin, Steve D. Butcher, Daniel L. Wood, Daniel R. Korwan, Rong R. Li, Willliam A. Snyder, Curt O. Davis, and Davidson T. Chen

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Robert L. Lucke, Michael Corson, Norman R. McGlothlin, Steve D. Butcher, Daniel L. Wood, Daniel R. Korwan, Rong R. Li, Willliam A. Snyder, Curt O. Davis, and Davidson T. Chen, "Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean: instrument description and first images," Appl. Opt. 50, 1501-1516 (2011)

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- Remote Sensing and Sensors
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: July 29, 2010
- Revised Manuscript: November 16, 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: January 17, 2011
- Published: April 1, 2011
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Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 6, Iss. 5

Abstract

The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) is the first spaceborne hyperspectral sensor designed specifically for the coastal ocean and estuarial, riverine, or other shallow-water areas. The HICO generates hyperspectral images, primarily over the $400 - 900 nm$ spectral range, with a ground sample distance of $\approx 90 m$ (at nadir) and a high signal-to-noise ratio. The HICO is now operating on the International Space Station (ISS). Its cross-track and along-track fields of view are $42 km$ (at nadir) and $192 km$ , respectively, for a total scene area of $8000 {km}^{2}$ . The HICO is an innovative prototype sensor that builds on extensive experience with airborne sensors and makes extensive use of commercial off-the-shelf components to build a space sensor at a small fraction of the usual cost and time. Here we describe the instrument’s design and characterization and present early images from the ISS.

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	Value	Comment
ISS
Orbital altitude	$\approx 350 km$	May rise to $400 km$ over a 1–3 year mission
Inclination	$51.6 °$	HICO’s latitude range $\approx + 54 ° / - 53 °$ ; it covers 80% of the Earth’s surface
Period	$91.5 \min$	15.7 orbits/day; the HICO can do one scene per orbit
Ground speed	$7.0 km / s$	Speed of sub-ISS point on ground, includes Earth rotation
HICO Hardware Lens
FL	$67.16 mm$	Gives $83 m$ nadir IFOV for $16 μm$ pixels and $350 km$ altitude
Clear aperture	$19 mm$	$f / 3.5$ gives desired radiometrics
FOV	$6.92 ° (\pm 3.46 °)$	Covers 512 cross-track pixels (see Subsection 2C)
Spectrometer
Slit width	$16 μm$	Matches CCD pixel size
Blaze wavelength of grating	$400 nm$	High efficiency in first-order blue light
Blazed fraction of groove	$\approx 90 %$ of groove spacing	High efficiency
CCD		CCD97 from e2v Technologies
Pixel size	$16 μm$	Gives $83 m$ nadir IFOV for $16 μm$ pixels and $350 km$ altitude
IFOV	$0.01365 °$	See Eq. (2)
Array size, total used	$512 \times 512$ $512 (spatial) \times 384 (spectral)$	One spatial $pixel = 83 m$ at $350 km$ altitude; one spectral $pixel = 1.91 nm$
Spectral sample width (normal)	$5.73 nm$	Three-pixel on-chip binning
Spectral sample width (HR mode)	$1.91 nm$	On-orbit wavelength calibration check (no binning)
Digitization	$14 bits$	Maximum $DN = 16, 383$
Dark noise	$\approx 3.8 DN$	Dynamic range: $16, 000 / 3.8 = 4200$
Photoelectrons/DN	$26 \pm 2$	Photon-limited $SNR = \sqrt{26 \times DN}$
Operations
Stable exposure time	$12.64 ms$ ( $28.94 ms$ in HR mode)	See Subsection 2A and Appendix A
Frame transfer time	$1.11 ms$	See Subsection 2A and Appendix A
Exposure time (total frame time)	$13.75 ms (12.64 + 1.11$ ) ( $30.05 ms$ in HR mode)	Along-track $GSD = 96 m$ ( $210 m$ in HR mode)
Scene time	$275 s (0.01375 \times 2000)$ $15 s (0.03 \times 500)$ in HR mode	$Scene = 2000$ frames in normal mode and 500 frames in HR mode
Data volume normal mode
Data bytes/frame	$512 \times 128 \times 2 = 131 KB$	BIL format
Frames per observation	$200 dark + 2000 scene + dark=2400 total$	$(13.75 ms / frame) \times (2000 frames) \Rightarrow 2.75 s$ to record scene
Data bytes/scene	$131 KB \times 2400 = 315 MB$	—
Data volume HR (hi-res.) mode
Data bytes/frame	$512 \times 384 \times 2 = 393 KB$	BIL format
Frames per observation	$100 dark + 500 scene + 100 dark = 700$	$(30.05 ms / frame) \times (500 frames) \Rightarrow 15 s$ to record scene
Data bytes/scene	$393 KB \times 700 = 275 MB$	—
Performance
Off-nadir pointing (normal flight mode)	$45 °$ to port (north), $30 °$ to starboard (south)	Accessible ground swath $\approx 550 km$
Observed ground swath width	$42 km$ (nadir, $350 km$ altitude)	Up to $92 km$ at $45 °$ off nadir
GSD	$83 m$ cross-track (nadir, $350 km$ altitude)	Proportional to altitude
GSD	$96 m$ along track ( $210 m$ in HR mode)	Proportional to frame time
Scene length	$192 km (2000 \times 96 m)$ ( $105 km$ in HR mode)	Maximum, can be shorter
Scene area	$(42 km wide) \times (192 km long)$ $\approx 8000 {km}^{2}$ (nadir view)	Encompasses the scale of coastal dynamics
Spectral range	Nominal: $350 - 1080 nm$ ; best data: $400 - 900 nm$	—
Spatial FWHM	1.6 pixels typical ( $130 m$ at nadir, $350 km$ )	See Fig. 3
Spectral FWHM	1.9 pixels typical ( $3.6 nm$ )	See Fig. 5
Keystone	$< 0.2 pixels (0.4 nm)$ , mostly	Minimal spatial smearing; see Fig. 4
Spectral tilt	$< 0.15 pixels (0.3 nm)$ , mostly	Minimal spectral smearing; see Fig. 6
Spectral smile	Negligible	See Fig. 6
Polarization sensitivity	$< 4 %$ for most wavelengths	See Fig. 7
SNR	$> 200 : 1$ over $400 - 600 nm$ for shallow water (see Fig. 13)	For $11.46 nm$ spectral bins, allows removal of atmospheric effects

$λ (nm)$	Pixel No.
365.9	9.34
389.8	21.39
405.6	30.01
436.7	46.32
487.0	71.67
544.4	102.68
588.5	125.59
594.9	129.21
657.2	160.85
668.7	167.66
707.4	187.92
845.5	259.63
927.5	302.45
1047.9	366.76
1083.9	385.31

	Value	Comment
ISS
Orbital altitude	$\approx 350 km$	May rise to $400 km$ over a 1–3 year mission
Inclination	$51.6 °$	HICO’s latitude range $\approx + 54 ° / - 53 °$ ; it covers 80% of the Earth’s surface
Period	$91.5 \min$	15.7 orbits/day; the HICO can do one scene per orbit
Ground speed	$7.0 km / s$	Speed of sub-ISS point on ground, includes Earth rotation
HICO Hardware Lens
FL	$67.16 mm$	Gives $83 m$ nadir IFOV for $16 μm$ pixels and $350 km$ altitude
Clear aperture	$19 mm$	$f / 3.5$ gives desired radiometrics
FOV	$6.92 ° (\pm 3.46 °)$	Covers 512 cross-track pixels (see Subsection 2C)
Spectrometer
Slit width	$16 μm$	Matches CCD pixel size
Blaze wavelength of grating	$400 nm$	High efficiency in first-order blue light
Blazed fraction of groove	$\approx 90 %$ of groove spacing	High efficiency
CCD		CCD97 from e2v Technologies
Pixel size	$16 μm$	Gives $83 m$ nadir IFOV for $16 μm$ pixels and $350 km$ altitude
IFOV	$0.01365 °$	See Eq. (2)
Array size, total used	$512 \times 512$ $512 (spatial) \times 384 (spectral)$	One spatial $pixel = 83 m$ at $350 km$ altitude; one spectral $pixel = 1.91 nm$
Spectral sample width (normal)	$5.73 nm$	Three-pixel on-chip binning
Spectral sample width (HR mode)	$1.91 nm$	On-orbit wavelength calibration check (no binning)
Digitization	$14 bits$	Maximum $DN = 16, 383$
Dark noise	$\approx 3.8 DN$	Dynamic range: $16, 000 / 3.8 = 4200$
Photoelectrons/DN	$26 \pm 2$	Photon-limited $SNR = \sqrt{26 \times DN}$
Operations
Stable exposure time	$12.64 ms$ ( $28.94 ms$ in HR mode)	See Subsection 2A and Appendix A
Frame transfer time	$1.11 ms$	See Subsection 2A and Appendix A
Exposure time (total frame time)	$13.75 ms (12.64 + 1.11$ ) ( $30.05 ms$ in HR mode)	Along-track $GSD = 96 m$ ( $210 m$ in HR mode)
Scene time	$275 s (0.01375 \times 2000)$ $15 s (0.03 \times 500)$ in HR mode	$Scene = 2000$ frames in normal mode and 500 frames in HR mode
Data volume normal mode
Data bytes/frame	$512 \times 128 \times 2 = 131 KB$	BIL format
Frames per observation	$200 dark + 2000 scene + dark=2400 total$	$(13.75 ms / frame) \times (2000 frames) \Rightarrow 2.75 s$ to record scene
Data bytes/scene	$131 KB \times 2400 = 315 MB$	—
Data volume HR (hi-res.) mode
Data bytes/frame	$512 \times 384 \times 2 = 393 KB$	BIL format
Frames per observation	$100 dark + 500 scene + 100 dark = 700$	$(30.05 ms / frame) \times (500 frames) \Rightarrow 15 s$ to record scene
Data bytes/scene	$393 KB \times 700 = 275 MB$	—
Performance
Off-nadir pointing (normal flight mode)	$45 °$ to port (north), $30 °$ to starboard (south)	Accessible ground swath $\approx 550 km$
Observed ground swath width	$42 km$ (nadir, $350 km$ altitude)	Up to $92 km$ at $45 °$ off nadir
GSD	$83 m$ cross-track (nadir, $350 km$ altitude)	Proportional to altitude
GSD	$96 m$ along track ( $210 m$ in HR mode)	Proportional to frame time
Scene length	$192 km (2000 \times 96 m)$ ( $105 km$ in HR mode)	Maximum, can be shorter
Scene area	$(42 km wide) \times (192 km long)$ $\approx 8000 {km}^{2}$ (nadir view)	Encompasses the scale of coastal dynamics
Spectral range	Nominal: $350 - 1080 nm$ ; best data: $400 - 900 nm$	—
Spatial FWHM	1.6 pixels typical ( $130 m$ at nadir, $350 km$ )	See Fig. 3
Spectral FWHM	1.9 pixels typical ( $3.6 nm$ )	See Fig. 5
Keystone	$< 0.2 pixels (0.4 nm)$ , mostly	Minimal spatial smearing; see Fig. 4
Spectral tilt	$< 0.15 pixels (0.3 nm)$ , mostly	Minimal spectral smearing; see Fig. 6
Spectral smile	Negligible	See Fig. 6
Polarization sensitivity	$< 4 %$ for most wavelengths	See Fig. 7
SNR	$> 200 : 1$ over $400 - 600 nm$ for shallow water (see Fig. 13)	For $11.46 nm$ spectral bins, allows removal of atmospheric effects

$λ (nm)$	Pixel No.
365.9	9.34
389.8	21.39
405.6	30.01
436.7	46.32
487.0	71.67
544.4	102.68
588.5	125.59
594.9	129.21
657.2	160.85
668.7	167.66
707.4	187.92
845.5	259.63
927.5	302.45
1047.9	366.76
1083.9	385.31

Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean: instrument description and first images

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Figures (17)

Tables (2)

Equations (21)

Applied Optics