Editing Alfonso XIII
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*[[Occitan language|Occitan]]: ''Anfós XIII'' |
*[[Occitan language|Occitan]]: ''Anfós XIII'' |
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*[[Galician language|Galician]]: ''Afonso XIII'' |
*[[Galician language|Galician]]: ''Afonso XIII'' |
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*[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso XIII''}} ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena''; [[French language|French]]: ''Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon''; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941), also known as '''El Africano''' or '''the African''' due to his [[Africanist (Spain)|Africanist |
*[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso XIII''}} ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena''; [[French language|French]]: ''Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon''; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941), also known as '''El Africano''' or '''the African''' due to his [[Africanist (Spain)|Africanist views]], was [[King of Spain]] from his birth until 14 April 1931, when the [[Second Spanish Republic]] was proclaimed. He became a monarch at birth as his father, [[Alfonso XII]], had died the previous year. Alfonso's mother, [[Maria Christina of Austria]], served as regent until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in 1902. |
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Alfonso XIII's upbringing and public image were closely linked to the military estate; he often presented himself as a soldier-king.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=178|journal=Royal Studies Journal|volume=7|issue=2|year=2020|first=Carolyn|last=Harris|title=Raising Heirs to the Throne in Nineteenth Century Spain: The Education of the Constitutional Monarchy|doi=10.21039/rsj.270|s2cid=234552045|doi-access=free}}</ref> His effective reign started four years after the [[Spanish–American War]], when various social milieus projected their expectations of national regeneration onto him.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=319|first=Javier|last=Moreno Luzón|author-link=Javier Moreno Luzón|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|Editorial CSIC]]|location=Madrid|url=https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/398/400|trans-title=Alfonso el Regenerador. Performing Monarchy and Spanish Nationalist Imaginary, from a comparative perspective (1902–1913)|title=Alfonso el Regenerador. Monarquía escénica e imaginario nacionalista español, en perspectiva comparada (1902–1913)|journal=[[Hispania (journal)|Hispania]]|year=2013|volume=LXXIII|issue=244|issn=0018-2141|doi=10.3989/hispania.2013.009|doi-access=free}}</ref> Like other European monarchs of his time he played a political role, entailing a controversial use of his constitutional executive powers.{{Sfn|Moreno Luzón|2013|p=319}} [[Wedding of Alfonso XIII and Princess Victoria Eugenie|His wedding]] to [[Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]] in 1906 was marred by [[Morral affair|an attempt at regicide]]; he was unharmed. |
Alfonso XIII's upbringing and public image were closely linked to the military estate; he often presented himself as a soldier-king.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=178|journal=Royal Studies Journal|volume=7|issue=2|year=2020|first=Carolyn|last=Harris|title=Raising Heirs to the Throne in Nineteenth Century Spain: The Education of the Constitutional Monarchy|doi=10.21039/rsj.270|s2cid=234552045|doi-access=free}}</ref> His effective reign started four years after the [[Spanish–American War]], when various social milieus projected their expectations of national regeneration onto him.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=319|first=Javier|last=Moreno Luzón|author-link=Javier Moreno Luzón|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|Editorial CSIC]]|location=Madrid|url=https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/398/400|trans-title=Alfonso el Regenerador. Performing Monarchy and Spanish Nationalist Imaginary, from a comparative perspective (1902–1913)|title=Alfonso el Regenerador. Monarquía escénica e imaginario nacionalista español, en perspectiva comparada (1902–1913)|journal=[[Hispania (journal)|Hispania]]|year=2013|volume=LXXIII|issue=244|issn=0018-2141|doi=10.3989/hispania.2013.009|doi-access=free}}</ref> Like other European monarchs of his time he played a political role, entailing a controversial use of his constitutional executive powers.{{Sfn|Moreno Luzón|2013|p=319}} [[Wedding of Alfonso XIII and Princess Victoria Eugenie|His wedding]] to [[Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]] in 1906 was marred by [[Morral affair|an attempt at regicide]]; he was unharmed. |
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With public opinion divided over [[World War I]], and moreover a split between [[Central Powers|pro-German]] and [[Allies of World War I|pro-Entente]] sympathizers, Alfonso XIII used his relations with other European royal families to help preserve a stance of neutrality, as espoused by his government |
With public opinion divided over [[World War I]], and moreover a split between [[Central Powers|pro-German]] and [[Allies of World War I|pro-Entente]] sympathizers, Alfonso XIII used his relations with other European royal families to help preserve a stance of neutrality, as espoused by his government.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=La política exterior de España en el contexto europeo, 1898–1931|first=Fernando|last=Peris Alcantud|journal=Tiempo y Sociedad|issue=22|year=2016|pages=152–153|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6347293.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6347293.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|issn=1989-6883}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/114350/1/07075332.2021.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/114350/1/07075332.2021.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=7|first=Marina|last=Pérez de Arcos|year=2021|title='Finding Out Whereabouts of Missing Persons': The European War Office, Transnational Humanitarianism and Spanish Royal Diplomacy in the First World War|journal=The International History Review|volume=44|issue=3|doi=10.1080/07075332.2021.1976809|s2cid=250585535}}</ref> |
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However, several factors weakened the monarch's constitutional legitimacy: the rupture of the {{lang|es|[[turno]]}} system, the deepening of the [[Restoration (Spain)|Restoration system]] crisis in the 1910s, [[Spanish crisis of 1917|a trio of crises in 1917]], the spiral of violence in Morocco<ref>{{Cite journal|pages=503–504|title=La espiral irresistible: La gran guerra y el protectorado español en Marruecos|journal=Hispania Nova|location=Getafe|publisher=[[Charles III University of Madrid|Universidad Carlos III de Madrid]]|url=https://e-revistas.uc3m.es/index.php/HISPNOV/article/view/3499/2135|first=Pablo|last=La Porte|issue=15|year=2017|volume=15|doi=10.20318/hn.2017.3499|issn=1138-7319|doi-access=free}}</ref> and, especially, the lead-up to the 1923 installment of the [[dictatorship of Primo de Rivera|dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera]], an event that succeeded by means of both military coup d'état and the king's acquiescence.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera: A Political Reassessment|jstor=260237|author-link=Shlomo Ben-Ami|first=Shlomo|last=Ben-Ami|year=1977|issn=0022-0094|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=65–84|doi=10.1177/002200947701200103|s2cid=155074826}}</ref> Over the course of his reign, the monarch ended up favouring an authoritarian solution rather than constitutional liberalism.{{Sfn|Moreno Luzón|2023|p=24}} |
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Upon the political failure of the dictatorship, Alfonso XIII removed support from Primo de Rivera (who was thereby forced to resign in 1930) and favoured (during the so-called ''[[dictablanda]]'') an attempted return to the pre-1923 state of affairs. Nevertheless, he had lost most of his political capital along the way. He left Spain voluntarily after the [[1931 Spanish local elections|municipal elections of April 1931]] – which was understood as a plebiscite on maintaining the monarchy or declaring a republic – the result of which led to the proclamation of the [[Second Spanish Republic]] on 14 April 1931. |
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⚫ | His efforts with the [[European War Office]] during [[World War I]]<ref name="royal-knight">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2018/01/royal-knight-of-charity-king-alfonso-xiii-of-spain-in-wwi/|title="Royal Knight of Charity": King Alfonso XIII of Spain in WWI | 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress|first=Anchi|last=Hoh|date=18 January 2018|website=Blogs.loc.gov|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> earned him a nomination for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1917, which was ultimately won by the [[Red Cross]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=687|title=Nomination%20archive|date=1 April 2020|website=NobelPrize.org|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> To date, he remains the only monarch known to have been nominated for a Nobel Prize.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2018/11/08/inenglish/1541680126_698719.html|first=Vicente G.|last=Olaya|title=A king with a mission: the humanitarian deeds of Alfonso XIII during the Great War|work=[[El País]]|date=November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/libros/20140319/abci-alfonsoxiii-oficina-cautivos-gran-201403181911.html?ref=https:%2F%2Fwww.google.com|first=Inés Martín|last=Rodrigo|title=Alfonso XIII, aliado de los cautivos en la Gran Guerra|work=ABC|date=19 March 2014}}</ref> |
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==Reign== |
==Reign== |