Archosauromorpha: Difference between revisions

*{{extinct}}[[Protorosauria]] (likely [[Polyphyly|polyphyleticparaphyletic]])

'''Archosauromorpha''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] for "ruling lizard forms") is a [[clade]] of [[diapsid]] [[reptile]]s containing all reptiles more closely related to [[archosaur]]s (such as [[crocodilia]]ns and [[dinosaur]]s, including [[bird]]s) rather than [[Lepidosauria|lepidosaurs]] (such as [[tuatara]]s, [[lizard]]s, and [[snake]]s).<ref name=":1" /> Archosauromorphs first appeared during the late [[Middle Permian]] or [[Late Permian]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martinelli |first1=Agustín G. |last2=Francischini |first2=Heitor |last3=Dentzien-Dias |first3=Paula C. |last4=Soares |first4=Marina B. |last5=Schultz |first5=Cesar L. |date=2017-01-02 |title=The oldest archosauromorph from South America: postcranial remains from the Guadalupian (mid-Permian) Rio do Rasto Formation (Paraná Basin), southern Brazil |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2015.1125897 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=76–84 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2015.1125897 |bibcode=2017HBio...29...76M |s2cid=86151472 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref> though they became much more common and diverse during the [[Triassic|Triassic period]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=Richard J.|last2=Scheyer|first2=Torsten M.|last3=Ezcurra|first3=Martín D.|date=2014-02-27|title=The Origin and Early Evolution of Sauria: Reassessing the Permian Saurian Fossil Record and the Timing of the Crocodile-Lizard Divergence|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=e89165|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0089165|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3937355|pmid=24586565|bibcode=2014PLoSO...989165E|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Michel Laurin]] (1991) defined Archosauromorpha as thea [[Node-based taxon|node-based]] clade containing the [[most recent common ancestor]] of ''[[Prolacerta]]'', ''[[Trilophosaurus]]'', ''[[Hyperodapedon]]'' and all of its descendants.<ref name="Apsisaurus">{{Cite journal|author=Michel Laurin |year=1991 |title=The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=59–95 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00886.x }}</ref> David Dilkes (1998) formulated a more inclusive (and currently more popularcommon) definition of Archosauromorpha, defining it as thea [[Branch-based taxon|branch-based]] [[total group]] clade containing ''[[Protorosaurus]]'' and all other [[sauria]]ns that are more closely related to ''Protorosaurus'' than to Lepidosauria.<ref name="Dilkes98">{{cite journal|author=David M. Dilkes|year=1998|title=The Early Triassic rhynchosaur ''Mesosuchus browni'' and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B|volume=353|issue=1368|pages=501–541|doi=10.1098/rstb.1998.0225|pmc=1692244}}</ref> Gauthier, as an author for ''[[Phylonyms]]'' (2020), redefined Archosauromorpha as a node-based clade containing ''[[Chicken|Gallus]], [[Alligator]], [[Mesosuchus]], Trilophosaurus, Prolacerta,'' and ''Protorosaurus''. The new name '''Pan-Archosauria''' was established for the broader total group of Archosauromorpha, similar to the definition of Dilkes (1998).<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Jacques A. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9780429446276/phylonyms-kevin-de-queiroz-philip-cantino-jacques-gauthier |title=Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode |publisher=CRC Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780429446276 |editor-last1=De Queiroz |editor-first1=Kevin |edition=1st |location=Boca Raton |chapter=Archosauromorpha F. von Huene 1946 [J. A. Gauthier], converted clade name |doi=10.1201/9780429446276 |editor-last2=Cantino |editor-first2=Philip |editor-last3=Gauthier |editor-first3=Jacques |s2cid=242704712}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Martin Ezcurra]] named a subgroup of Archosauromorpha, '''Crocopoda''' ("crocodile feet"). Crocopoda is defined as all archosauromorphs more closely related to allokotosaurs (specifically ''[[Azendohsaurus]]'' and ''[[Trilophosaurus]]''), rhynchosaurs (specifically ''[[Rhynchosaurus]]''), or archosauriforms (specifically ''Proterosuchus'') rather than ''Protorosaurus'' or tanystropheids (specifically ''[[Tanystropheus]]''). This group roughly corresponds to Laurin's definition of Archosauromorpha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ezcurra|first=Martín D.|date=2016-04-28|title=The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=4|pages=e1778|doi=10.7717/peerj.1778|pmid=27162705|pmc=4860341|issn=2167-8359 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Genetic studies have found evidence that modern testudines ([[turtle]]s and [[tortoise]]s) are more closely related to crocodilians than to lizards.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar |author2=Gabe S. Bever |year=2009 |title=An archosaur-like laterosphenoid in early turtles (Reptilia: Pantestudines) |journal=Breviora |volume=518 |pages=1–11 |url=http://www.mcz.harvard.edu/Publications/pubs/Breviora_2009_0518_2476.pdf |doi=10.3099/0006-9698-518.1.1|s2cid=42333056 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Sean Modesto |author2=Robert Reisz |author3=Diane Scott |year=2011 |title=A neodiapsid reptile from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma |journal=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts |page=160}}</ref> If this evidence is accurate, then turtles are part of basal Archosauromorpha. Likewise, extinct turtle relatives known as [[Pantestudines]] would also fall within Archosauromorpha. Some geneticists have proposed a name to refer to reptiles within the group formed by relatives of turtles and archosaurs. This name is the clade '''[[Archelosauria]]'''. Since Pantestudines may encompass the entire aquatic reptile order [[Sauropterygia]], this means that Archosauromorpha (as Archelosauria) may be a much wider group than commonly believed.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=John W. Merck |year=1997 |title=A phylogenetic analysis of the euryapsid reptiles |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=17 |issue=Supplement to 3 |pages=1–93 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.1997.10011028}}</ref> However, anatomical data disagrees with this genetic evidence, instead placing Pantestudines within Lepidosauromorpha<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rieppel|first=Olivier|date=1999-02-12|title=Turtle Origins|journal=Science|language=en|volume=283|issue=5404|pages=945–946|doi=10.1126/science.283.5404.945|pmid=10075558|s2cid=42475241|issn=1095-9203}}</ref> but many modern studies have supported Archelosauria. Several recent studies place sauropterygians within Archosauromorpha group, forming a large clade including [[Ichthyosauromorpha]] and [[Thalattosauria]] as opposed to the Pantestudine relations.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Neenan | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Klein | first2 = N. | last3 = Scheyer | first3 = T. M. | title = European origin of placodont marine reptiles and the evolution of crushing dentition in Placodontia | doi = 10.1038/ncomms2633 | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 4 | pages = 1621 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23535642| bibcode = 2013NatCo...4.1621N | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simões |first1=T. |last2=Kammerer |first2=C. |date=August 2022 |title=Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles |urljournal=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq1898Science |journal=ScienceAdvancesAdvances |volume=08 |issue=33 |pages= eabq1898|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abq1898 |pmid=35984885 |pmc=9390993 |bibcode=2022SciA....8.1898S |s2cid=251694019 |access-date=October 27, 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=W. |last2=Shang |first2=Q. |date=December 2022 |title=Ancestral body plan and adaptive radiation of sauropterygian marine reptiles |journal= iScience|volume=25 |issue=12 |pages= |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2022.105635 |pmid=36483013 |pmc=9722468 |bibcode=2022iSci...25j5635W }}</ref>

The [[humerus]] (forearmupper arm bone) is solid in archosauromorphs, completely lacking a hole near the elbow known as the [[entepicondylar foramen]]. This hole, present in most other tetrapods, is also absent in choristoderes yet not fully enclosed in some proterosuchids. In many advanced archosauromorphs, the [[Capitulum of the humerus|capitulum]] and [[Trochlea of humerus|trochlea]] (elbow joints) of the humerus are poorly developed. Early archosauromorphs retain well-developed elbow joints, but all archosauromorphs apart from ''Aenigmastropheus'' have a trochlea ([[ulna]] joint) which is shifted towards the outer surface of the humerus, rather than the midpoint of the elbow as in other reptiles. In conjunction with this shift, the [[Olecranon|olecranon process]] of the ulna is poorly developed in archosauromorphs apart from ''Aenigmastropheus'' and ''Protorosaurus''.<ref name=":1" />

|label1='''[[Pan-Archosauria'''Testudines]]/ |sublabel1=[[Pantestudines]]

|1={{clade

|label2=&nbsp;[[Testudinata]]&nbsp;

}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

|label3=&nbsp;'''Archosauromorpha'''&nbsp;

|label2=&nbsp;'''Crocopoda'''&nbsp;