Editing Bahía Kino

{{Short description|Town in Sonora, Mexico}}
[[Image:Isla Alcatraz Kino.jpg|350px|thumb|right|View of Isla del Alcatraz and Kino Nuevo.]]
{{Infobox islands
|name = Bahía de Kino
|image_name = Mexico - Tiburón Island.PNG
|image_caption = Location of Bahía de Kino Punta San Nicolás
|map         = Mexico
|map_caption = Location in Mexico
|native_name = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: Bahía de Kino, Bahía Kino
|native_name_link =
|location = [[Gulf of California]]
|coordinates= {{coord|28|49|00|N|111|56|00|W}}
|archipelago = 
|total_islands = 
|major_islands = 
|area_km2 = 
|highest_mount =
|elevation_m = 
|country = Mexico
|country_admin_divisions_title = [[Mexican state|State]]
|country_admin_divisions = [[Sonora]]
|country_largest_city = 
|country_largest_city_population = 
|population = 7,000
|population_as_of = 2008
|density_km2 = 
|ethnic_groups =
}}
[[File:Kino beach stroll.jpg|thumb|Kino beach stroll]]
[[File:Pelican at Kino Bay, SON.jpg|thumb|[[Pelican]] at Kino Bay]]
[[Image:Hasteecöla.JPG|thumb|Hasteecöla peaks which overlook west end of New Kino]]
'''Bahía Kino''' is a town part of the [[Hermosillo Municipality]] in [[Sonora]], Mexico on the [[Gulf of California]]; it was named after [[Eusebio Kino]]. It has a population of approximately 7,000 people. The name also applies to the adjacent bay between [[Tiburón Island]] and [[Punta San Nicolás]], [[Sonora]]. The names ''Bahía de Kino'', ''Bahía Kino'' and ''Kino Bay'' are used interchangeably.

== History ==
The historic residents of the Bahía de Kino region were probably first documented in notes taken by Padre [[Eusebio Kino]] during his travels to the region in 1685 when he believed he visited the bay and named it ''Bahía San Juan Bautista'' (Doode, 1999). The local indigenous population was widely dispersed in small hunter-gatherer groups ranging from the [[Guaymas]] area as far north as present day [[Puerto Libertad]]. They called themselves Comcaac ([[Seri people|Seri]]). The harsh environment of the coastal region dictated that the Comcaac live with a high degree of flexibility and resourcefulness, a characteristic that allowed them to remain free of contact with, and exploitation by, the [[Spaniards]].

Although later Spanish expeditions to the region undertook to develop contacts with the various Comcaac groups, it is apparent from the record that the Comcaac remained autonomous and were never formally conquered (Griffen, 1959).  It was not until they formed economic bonds out of necessity – probably the need to purchase gasoline for outboard motors used on their small wooden boats during the late 1950s – that they started down the path of social and economic integration into wider [[Mexican culture]] (Felger & Moser 1991, Weaver ''et al.'' 2003).  Wandering groups of Comcaac routinely passed through the Kino area, using cave shelters in the vicinity though there is scant evidence of any permanent presence in the immediate area.

The first [[mestizo]] settlers in the Bahía de Kino area arrived in the early 1920s to establish a small fishing camp near the site of the present day town. Fishing activity centered on the [[Totoaba]] (Totoaba ''macdonaldi'') a species much sought after and reported as abundant around nearby Isla Alcatraz (Chute, 1928, Bahre 2000, Doode 1999).

In 1922, Yates Holmes, an American, secured a federal concession for almost {{convert|6000|acre|km2}} of land in Bahía de Kino and developed a hunting and fishing camp that became known as the Kino Bay Club. It operated through 1931(Bowen 2000). The Kino Bay Club marked the beginning of a long history of association between the Mexican residents of Bahía de Kino and visitors from the United States.
 
In 1935 the first fisher cooperative – La Sociedad Cooperativa de Produccíon Pesquera Lázaro Cárdenas – was formed with 25 members (probably comprising most of the adult male population on Bahía de Kino at the time).

The late 1930s saw the rapid development of the [[shark]] fishery that supplied [[shark liver oil]] to the U.S. for use in the production of [[vitamin A]] supplements (Doode 1999, Bahre & Bourillon 2002). By 1945 the population had grown considerably to about 500 inhabitants all of whom were involved primarily with fisheries (Weaver et al. 2003). The region in general was growing as well. The establishment of the local Distrito de Colonización Presidente [[Miguel Alemán Valdés|Miguel Alemán]] between Hermosillo and Bahía de Kino coupled with the recent availability of subterranean water pumping technology allowed for large scale, regional agrarian development.

The mid-1940s marked the beginning the industrial [[shrimp]] fishery in the [[Gulf of California]].  Shrimp boats, usually displacing less than 100 [[ton]]s, and operating primarily out of [[Guaymas]], began [[trawling]] for shrimp in the waters of Bahía de Kino.  These boats were generally crewed by fishers from Guaymas and, initially at least, had little interaction with fishers from the Kino area (Weaver et al. 2003).

Felger and Moser report that by 1952 Kino Bay "...was a fishing village with less than a hundred inhabitants, several bars, no school and no electricity." (1985, p.&nbsp;17).

In 1953, the road to [[Hermosillo]] was paved (Bowen 2000) allowing for increased sales of fisheries products and easier access to lucrative state and national [[market (place)|market]]s.  245 [[hectares]] of federal land were set aside that year for the growth of the village while an additional 868 hectares was designated to be developed into lots for tourist infrastructure. It was hoped that this would generate employment opportunities outside the fishery for Kino residents in the construction and service sectors of the local [[economy]] (Wong 1999).

The 1960s witnessed the early development of the [[scallop]] (callo) fishery in the bay. The sand banks in the south of the bay were a primary source of callo with fishers [[free diving]] from their boats to harvest the abundant callo beds in the immediate area.  Around 1974, the first air [[gas compressor|compressor]] [[Underwater diving|diving]] rigs were developed (Cudney-Bueno 2000).  The use of air compressors allowed fishers to operate at greater depths and for longer periods of time, increasing [[productivity]] per outing (Doode 1999).

The 1970s saw a dramatic increase in the population of Bahía de Kino during which the town grew from just a few hundred residents to several thousand. Most of the new residents were immigrants to the region, some from as far south as [[Michoacán]], other from the deserts of [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahua]] and [[Coahuila]].  Most had little fishing or boating experience, the developing fishery offered steady employment at a time when many of Mexico's rural [[ejidos]] or [[cooperative farming]] and [[ranching]] communities were suffering economic setbacks and low productivity (Simon 1997).
In 1975, the Mexican government placed a ban on [[totoaba]] fishing – the fishery had been decimated, primarily due to over-fishing at [[spawning grounds]] at the mouth of the [[Colorado River]] (Bahre & Bourillon 2002).

In the late 1970s a plan was proposed to build a marina and marine service center in the nearby Laguna Santa Cruz.  A dock and ramp were constructed, a trailerpark developed and a channel dredged through the barrier bars across the mouth of the laguna.  The project is said to have bankrupted itself.  Remains of the dredge are still visible in the laguna.  The dredged channel is still usable by vessels drawing less than 1.5 meters but local knowledge is essential for entry as there are no aids to navigation associated with the canal.

From the early 1980s through until the late 1990s the Bahía de Kino fishery increased both in intensity and extent.  More fishers in more boats operating over an ever-increasing area kept regional production levels in positive growth.  The national economic crisis during this period resulted in a new influx of immigrants to the area (Doode 1999). 
 
Trapping for [[crab]] (''Callinectes bellicosus'') became an important addition to Kino fishing effort starting about 1990 (Weaver et al. 2003).  It is unclear if Kineño fishers had utilized [[benthic]] trapping technology prior to the development of the crab fishery .

Several shrimp [[mariculture]] operations began operations around the Bahía de Kino area in the late 1990s and into the present.  The local socioeconomic impact of these operations has not been studied.  It is unknown if local fishers have interacted with these operations in any economically meaningful way.

In 2006, a plan for development of a marina in Kino Bay was approved by the state governor's office.  The location was centered on the existing ramp facilities north of Kino Nuevo.  Little development of this plan has occurred however.  The ramps have been rebuilt several times after sustaining damage from hurricanes over the years.

==Climate==

Bahía de Kino has a [[desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh'').

{{Weather box
|location = Bahía de Kino, Sonora (1981–2010, extremes (1974-present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 29
|Feb record high C = 30
|Mar record high C = 33
|Apr record high C = 38
|May record high C = 40
|Jun record high C = 47
|Jul record high C = 42
|Aug record high C = 42
|Sep record high C = 42
|Oct record high C = 38
|Nov record high C = 35
|Dec record high C = 29
|year record high C = 47
|Jan high C = 19.5
|Feb high C = 21.3
|Mar high C = 22.7
|Apr high C = 25.2
|May high C = 27.3
|Jun high C = 30.9
|Jul high C = 32.6
|Aug high C = 33.5
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 28.8
|Nov high C = 23.7
|Dec high C = 20.3
|year high C = 26.6
|Jan mean C = 13.2
|Feb mean C = 14.4
|Mar mean C = 15.7
|Apr mean C = 18.2
|May mean C = 20.5
|Jun mean C = 24.7
|Jul mean C = 28.1
|Aug mean C = 28.7
|Sep mean C = 27.5
|Oct mean C = 22.2
|Nov mean C = 17.0
|Dec mean C = 13.8
|year mean C = 20.3
|Jan low C = 6.9
|Feb low C = 7.5
|Mar low C = 8.7
|Apr low C = 11.2
|May low C = 13.6
|Jun low C = 18.5
|Jul low C = 23.6
|Aug low C = 23.9
|Sep low C = 22.1
|Oct low C = 15.7
|Nov low C = 10.2
|Dec low C = 7.2
|year low C = 14.1
|Jan record low C = -1
|Feb record low C = -4
|Mar record low C = 2
|Apr record low C = 3
|May record low C = 6
|Jun record low C = 9
|Jul record low C = 17
|Aug record low C = 16
|Sep record low C = 12
|Oct record low C = 7
|Nov record low C = 2
|Dec record low C = 0
|year record low C = -4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 12.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 7.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 3.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 1.2
|May precipitation mm = 0.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 2.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 15.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 50.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 23.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 12.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 5.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 27.7
|year precipitation mm = 161.3
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 2.5
|Feb precipitation days = 1.3
|Mar precipitation days = 0.5
|Apr precipitation days = 0.5
|May precipitation days = 0.1
|Jun precipitation days = 0.3
|Jul precipitation days = 2.5
|Aug precipitation days = 3.3
|Sep precipitation days = 1.9
|Oct precipitation days = 0.9
|Nov precipitation days = 1.3
|Dec precipitation days = 2.5
|year precipitation days = 17.6
|source 1 = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional<ref name = SMN>{{cite web
| url = http://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales8110/NORMAL26179.TXT
| title = NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981-2010 
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional 
| language = Spanish
| accessdate = April 28, 2017}}</ref><ref name = extremas>{{cite web
| url = http://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL26179.TXT
| title = Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Bahía de Kino 1951-2010 
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional 
| language = Spanish
| accessdate = April 28, 2017}}</ref>
|date = April 2017
}}

== Present ==
[[Image:KinoSunset.JPG|thumb|Summer sunset at Kino beach]]

Bahía de Kino is home to between 6,000 and 8,000 permanent residents. The area is visited by both local and international tourists. There is a small, but active population of foreign residents, many of whom have built homes in town.

The town is administered as part of the municipality of [[Hermosillo]]. It is located on land that was part of the traditional territory of the Comcaac ([[Seri people|Seri]]) people who now live to the north on their communal property.

Despite the town's location and economic importance, there are no harbor or [[port]] facilities (other than the Port Captain's office).  All fishing activities are based at the beach to the southwest of town. Two public boat ramps are available; one South-east of town at Laguna La Cruz and a second {{convert|6|mi|km}} north-west of town, called 'Playa Estela'.  The historic ramp at the Islandia Marina camp in Kino Viejo has fallen into disrepair and is non-functional.  There is open anchorage located to the south of Isla Alcatraz.  The large Laguna La Cruz to the south east of town offers excellent anchoring and protection with access to town via a well maintained dirt road.  An unmarked channel allows vessels drawing less than 2 meters easy access to this anchorage from the bay.

Local people differentiate between Kino Viejo ('Old Kino', the site of the original village and main commercial center today) and Kino Nuevo ('New Kino'). The latter refers to the homes, motels, RV parks, and restaurants that line the coast for several miles north-west of Kino Viejo.

== References ==
Bahre, Conrad J. and Luis Bourillón.  2002.  Human Impact in the Midriff Islands.  In: A New Island Biogeography of the Sea of Cortés. Case, Ted J., Martin L. Cody & Exequiel Ezcurra (eds.).  2002.  New York: Oxford University Press.

Bourillón, Luis. 1996.  Actividad Humana en la region de las grandes Islas del Golfo de California, Mexico.  Tesis de Maestría.  Centro de Conservación {{not a typo|a}} Aprovechamiento de los Recursos Naturales.  ITESM – Campus Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.

Bowen, Thomas.  2000.  Unknown Island: Seri Indians, Europeans, and San Esteban Island in the Gulf of California.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press

Case, Ted J., Martin L. Cody & Exequiel Ezcurra (eds.).  2002.  ''A New Island Biogeography of the Sea of Cortés.''  New York: Oxford University Press.

Chute, G.R.  1928.  The Totoava fishery in the Gulf of California.  California Fish and Game Bulletin 14:275-281

COBI (Cominidad y Biodiversidad, A. C.)  2004. ''Memoria de la Reunión De Pescador a Pescador: Buscando mejorar la pesca a través de las reserves marinas''.  Bahía de Kino, Sonora 21-24 de Marzo de 2003.  Guaymas, Son.:  Comunidad y Biodiversidad, A.C.

Doode, M.S.  1999.  ''La Pesca de Pequena Escala:  Principales obstáculos para su regulación.  El case de Bahía de Kino, Sonora.''  Programa Golfo de California.  Presentado a Conservación International A. C.  Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C. Mexico

Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser. 1991. People of the desert and sea. Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. Tucson: University of Arizona. 2nd edition.

Griffen, William. B.  1959.  Notes on Seri Indian Culture, Sonora, Mexico.  Latin American Monographs 10.  Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

McGee, W. J.  Trails to Tiburón: The 1894 and 1895 Field Diaries of W J McGee, transcribed by Hazel McFeely Fontana, annotated and with an introduction by Bernard L. Fontana. 2000

Moreno Rivera, César & Amy Hudson Weaver, Luis Bourillón Moreno, Jorge Torre, Cosío, Janitzio Égido Villareal, Mario Rojo Amaya.  2005. ''Diagnóstico Ambiental y Socioeconómico de la Región Marina Costera de Bahía de Kino, Isla Tiburón, Sonora México: Documento de trabajo y discusión para promover un desarrollo sustentable''. Guaymas, Sonora: Comunidad y Biodiversidad

Simon, Joel.  1997.  Endangered Mexico.  San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.

Weaver, Amy H., Janitzio Égido, Luis Bourillón Moreno, César Moreno Rivera and Jorge Torre Cosio.  2003.  Estudio Previo Justicativo para Proponer Establecimiento de un Área Natural Protegida en Bahía de Kino, Sonora (Primera Edición).  Guaymas, Sonora: Comunidad y Biodiversidad.

Wong, P. 1999. H. Propuesta Téchnica del Programa de Desarrollo Sustenable de Kino-Isla Tiburón.  Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C.

Ziebell, Martin.  2007.  ''Ninety Years of Fishing: The Small-scale Fishing Fleet of Bahia de Kino, Sonora, Mexico.''   Prescott, Arizona:  Prescott College Masters Thesis.

;Notes
<references />

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Bahía de Kino}}
* [[:es:Bahía de Kino]] Spanish version - more information and history
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021043313/http://www.prescott.edu/kino-bay-center/index.html]  Prescott College Center for Cultural and Ecological Studies, Bahía de Kino, Prescott College A.C.
* [http://www.wunderground.com/weatherstation/WXDailyHistory.asp?ID=ISONHERM2] Weather and climate data for Bahia de Kino

{{coord|28|59|N|111|56|W|display=title|region:MX_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahía Kino}}
[[Category:Populated places in Sonora]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Sonoran Desert of Mexico]]
[[Category:Hermosillo]]
[[Category:1922 establishments in Mexico]]