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Cadenza: Difference between revisions

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==In jazz==
Perhaps the most notable deviations from this tendency towards written (or absent) cadenzas are to be found in [[jazz]], most often at the end of a [[ballad (music)|ballad]], though cadenzas in this genre are usually brief. Saxophonist [[John Coltrane]], however, usually improvised an extended cadenza when performing "I Want To Talk About You", in which he showcased his predilections for scalar improvisation and [[multiphonic]]s. The recorded examples of "I Want To Talk About You" (''[[Live at Birdland (John Coltrane album)|Live at Birdland]]'' and ''[[Afro Blue Impressions]]'') are approximately 8 minutes in length, with Coltrane's unaccompanied cadenza taking up approximately 3 minutes. More sardonically, jazz critic [[Martin Williams (writer)|Martin Williams]] once described Coltrane's improvisations on "Africa/Brass" as "essentially extended cadenzas to pieces that never get played."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reitzes.com/coltrane1.html |title=A Love Supreme: God Breathes Through John Coltrane |author=Reitzes, David |year=1998 |accessdateaccess-date=1 May 2010}}</ref> Equally noteworthy is saxophonist [[Sonny Rollins]]' shorter improvised cadenza at the close of "Three Little Words" (''[[Sonny Rollins on Impulse!]]'').
 
Cadenzas are also found in instrumental solos with piano or other accompaniment, where they are placed near the beginning or near the end or sometimes in both places (e.g. "The Maid of the Mist," cornet solo by [[Herbert L. Clarke]], or a more modern example: the end of "Think of Me", where Christine Daaé sings a short but involved cadenza, in [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]'s ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'').
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* [[Clara Schumann]] wrote a cadenza for Beethoven's [[Piano Concerto No. 3 (Beethoven)|Piano Concerto No. 3]].
* [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]] composed cadenzas for two Mozart concerti for wind instruments (flute and clarinet), for [[Kathinka Pasveer]] and [[Suzanne Stephens]], respectively, and one cadenza each for the trumpet concertos by [[Trumpet Concerto (Leopold Mozart)|Leopold Mozart]] and [[Trumpet Concerto (Haydn)|Joseph Haydn]], for his son [[Markus Stockhausen|Markus]].
* [[Richard Strauss]] wrote a vocal cadenza in 1919 for soprano [[Elisabeth Schumann]] to sing in Mozart's solo motet [[Exsultate, jubilate]]. This cadenza was sung by [[Kathleen Battle]] in her recording.<ref>{{cite web|last=Puritz|first=Gerd|title=Schumann and Strauss|url=http://www.elisabethschumann.org/biography/esandrichardstrauss.htm|work=Elisabeth Schumann, A Biography|publisher=Grant & Cutler Ltd, London|accessdateaccess-date=5 September 2012}}</ref>
* [[Friedrich Wührer]] composed and published cadenzas for Mozart's piano concerti in [[Piano Concerto No. 21 (Mozart)|C major]], K. 467; [[Piano Concerto No. 24 (Mozart)|C minor]], K. 491; and [[Piano Concerto No. 26 (Mozart)|D major]], K. 537.<ref>"[http://www.di-arezzo.co.uk/scores-of-Friedrich+Wuhrer.html Scores of Friedrich Wuhrer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115151655/http://www.di-arezzo.co.uk/scores-of-Friedrich+Wuhrer.html# |date=2009-01-15 }}", ''Di-Arezzo.co.uk''.</ref>
* [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]] wrote a cadenza for Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 and was recorded playing the piece with this cadenza in 1919.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srWOlCnY0K0 |title=Rachmaninoff plays Liszt Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 |publisher=YouTube |date=2007-07-27 |accessdateaccess-date=2014-02-28}}</ref>
* [[Alfred Schnittke]] wrote two cadenzas for Beethoven's [[Violin Concerto (Beethoven)|Violin Concerto]], of which the first includes musical quotations from violin concertos of [[Violin Concerto (Berg)|Berg]], [[Violin Concerto (Brahms)|Brahms]], Bartók (Concertos [[Violin Concerto No. 1 (Bartók)|No. 1]] and [[Violin Concerto No. 2 (Bartók)|No. 2]]), Shostakovich ([[Violin Concerto No. 1 (Shostakovich)|Concerto No. 1]]), as well as from Beethoven's [[Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)|7th Symphony]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.proquest.com/media/pq/classic/doc/2844418011/fmt/ai/rep/NPDF?_s=MJ5ktUo1o1yo3Q7siUj1hLDQV%2FM%3D |title=An American Encounter with Polystylism: Schnittke's Cadenzas to Beethoven (Master's thesis)|author=Rapaport, Aaron |year=2012 |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |accessdateaccess-date=19 July 2012}}</ref>
* [[Fritz Kreisler]] composed a half polyphonic cadenza for [[Violin Concerto (Beethoven)|Beethoven's Violin Concerto]].<ref>"http://classicalsheetmusicgratis.org/wp-content/uploads/KREISLER-Cadenzas-to-Beethoven-duplex-fold-out.pdf.</ref>
* [[John Williams]] composed a 6-minute segment consisting of a cadenza, a series of variations, and a few more elaborations to go over the opening credits of the 1971 film ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]'', performed by violinist [[Isaac Stern]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h745la-Lo1I|title=Itzhak Perlman Fiddler on the Roof John Williams Los Angeles Philharmonic, Gustavo Dudamel, 30 09 14 (video)|date=23 January 2017|accessdateaccess-date=29 November 2017|publisher=YouTube}}</ref>
* [[Alma Deutscher]] composed a cadenza for Mozart's [[Piano Concerto No. 8 (Mozart)|8th Piano Concerto]] when she was ten.<ref>"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxUI4DeoWGg"</ref>
*[[David Popper]] composed a set of cadenzas for 5 different concertos ([[Joseph Haydn|Haydn's]] [[Cello Concerto No. 2 (Haydn)|Concerto No. 2 in D major, Op. 101]]; [[Camille Saint-Saëns|Saint Saëns']] [[Cello Concerto No. 1 (Saint-Saëns)|Cello Concerto No. 1 in A minor, Op. 33]]; [[Cello Concerto (Schumann)|Schumann's Cello Concerto in A minor, Op. 129]]; [[Robert Volkmann|Volkmann's]] Cello Concerto in A minor, Op. 33; and [[Bernhard Molique|Molique's]] Cello Concerto in D major, Op. 45).