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A Germanic tribe known as the [[Eburones]] had originally inhabited the present-day [[Cologne Lowland]]. But they were wiped out in a war of reprisal carried out by [[Julius Caesar]]. In 38 BC, the Germanic tribe known as the [[Ubii]], who inhabited the right bank of the Rhine, were resettled by the Roman General [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]] in the lands in the Cologne Lowland vacated by the Eburones. This brought the Ubii within Roman-occupied territory.
The Ubii chose an island in the Rhine as the central location of their settlement area. The island was a natural rise that was protected from flooding. The location of the settlement no longer exists today but it roughly comprises the area between the areas of the Heumarkt and the Alter Markt sections of the old city of Cologne. The settlement can be dated by archeological finds to the first half of the 1st century AD. By this time the typical Roman grid-style street plan was already in use. The settlement's assumed name is probably Oppidum Ubiorum (Settlement of the Ubii). The Roman epoch of the [[History of Cologne|history]] of the city of Cologne begins with this [[oppidum]].
[[File:Germania romana.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Map of the Roman province of Germania under Augustus, showing Colonia]]
During the rule of [[Augustus]] (30 BC to AD 14), the Ara Ubiorum (Altar of the Ubii) was constructed within the city limits.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stillwell |first1=Richard |last2=MacDonald |first2=William L. |last3=McAlister |first3=Marian Holland |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites: Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne) Germany. |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aentry%3Dcolonia-agrippinensis |website=Perseus Digital Library |publisher=Princeton University Press |accessdate=3 May 2019 |location=Princeton, N.J. |date=1976}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Brian |title=Rivers and the Power of Ancient Rome |date=15 August 2012 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill, NC |isbn=978-0-8078-3480-0 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeYiISgcJQIC&q=%22ara+Romae+et+Augusti%22+Cologne&pg=PP1 |accessdate=3 May 2019}}</ref> This altar was possibly foreseen as the central place of worship for a greater Germanic province, which would comprise lands across the Rhine, which remained unconquered at this point. The noble [[Segimundus]] is mentioned as the priest of the Ara in the year AD 9. He was from the family of [[Arminius]], leader of the [[Cherusci]]. After Arminius' victory over [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]] in the same year at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]], the plans for a greater German province were largely set aside. However, the altar itself retained some of its importance as the city is mentioned as “Ara Ubiorum” in many inscriptions.
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