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Direct reading of tree ring chronologies is a complex science, for several reasons. First, contrary to the single-ring-per-year paradigm, alternating poor and favorable conditions, such as mid-summer droughts, can result in several rings forming in a given year. In addition, particular tree species may present "missing rings", and this influences the selection of trees for study of long time-spans. For instance, missing rings are rare in [[oak]] and [[elm]] trees.<ref>The only recorded instance of a missing ring in oak trees occurred in the year 1816, also known as the "[[Year Without a Summer]]".{{cite web |url=http://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/lorim/good.html |title= Useful Tree Species for Tree-Ring Dating |author= Lori Martinez |year= 1996 |access-date= 2008-11-08 |url-status= live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108094321/http://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/lorim/good.html |archive-date=2008-11-08 }}</ref>
Critical to the science, trees from the same region tend to develop the same patterns of ring widths for a given period of chronological study. Researchers can compare and match these patterns ring-for-ring with patterns from trees which have grown at the same time in the same geographical zone (and therefore under similar climatic conditions). When one can match these tree-ring patterns across successive trees in the same locale, in overlapping fashion, chronologies can be built up—both for entire geographical regions and for sub-regions. Moreover, wood from ancient structures with known chronologies can be matched to the tree-ring data (a technique called
A fully anchored and cross-matched chronology for oak and pine in central Europe extends back 12,460 years,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Friedrich |first1=Michael |last2=Remmele |first2=Sabine |last3=Kromer |first3=Bernd |last4=Hofmann |first4=Jutta |last5=Spurk |first5=Marco |last6=Felix Kaiser |first6=Klaus |last7=Orcel |first7=Christian |last8=Küppers |first8=Manfred |title=The 12,460-Year Hohenheim Oak and Pine Tree-Ring Chronology from Central Europe—A Unique Annual Record for Radiocarbon Calibration and Paleoenvironment Reconstructions |journal=Radiocarbon |date=2004 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=1111–1122 |doi=10.1017/S003382220003304X |bibcode=2004Radcb..46.1111F |s2cid=53343999 |url=http://physics2.fau.edu/~wolf/BasicScience/Friedrich_Dendro_RC04.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://physics2.fau.edu/~wolf/BasicScience/Friedrich_Dendro_RC04.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> and an oak chronology goes back 7,429 years in Ireland and 6,939 years in [[England]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1rYCjUzMM3UC&q=northern+ireland+dendrochronological&pg=PT145 |chapter= 5.2.3 Dendrochronological Series |first= Mike |last= Walker |title= Quaternary Dating Methods |publisher= John Wiley and Sons |year=2013 |isbn= 9781118700099 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050944/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1rYCjUzMM3UC&pg=PT145&lpg=PT145&dq=northern+ireland+dendrochronological&source=bl&ots=-83vqIKmdt&sig=gvKAhREENtGBCdVV2TK7131y92I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR65yEzcnQAhXKCsAKHUP_CG84ChDoAQgqMAM#v=onepage&q=northern%20ireland%20dendrochronological&f=false |archive-date=2016-11-28}}</ref> Comparison of radiocarbon and dendrochronological ages supports the consistency of these two independent dendrochronological sequences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stuiver |first1=Minze |last2=Kromer |first2=Bernd |last3=Becker |first3=Bernd |last4=Ferguson |first4=C W |title=Radiocarbon Age Calibration back to 13,300 Years BP and the {{chem|14|C}} Age Matching of the German Oak and US Bristlecone Pine Chronologies |journal=Radiocarbon |date=1986 |volume=28 |issue=2B |pages=969–979 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200060252 |bibcode=1986Radcb..28..969S |doi-access=free |hdl=10150/652767 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Another fully anchored chronology that extends back 8,500 years exists for the bristlecone pine in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest US]] ([[White Mountains (California)|White Mountains]] of California).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=C. W. |last2=Graybill |first2=D. A. |title=Dendrochronology of Bristlecone Pine: A Progress Report |journal=Radiocarbon |date=1983 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=287–288 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200005592 |bibcode=1983Radcb..25..287F |hdl=10150/652656 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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