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==Medical uses==
Diclofenac is used to [[Pain management|treat]] [[pain]] related to [[arthritis]], [[dysmenorrhea]],
Diclofenac is also available in topical forms and has been found to be useful for [[osteoarthritis]] but not other types of long-term musculoskeletal pain.<ref name=Dutta2007>{{cite journal|vauthors=Dutta NK, Mazumdar K, Dastidar SG, Park JH|title=Activity of diclofenac used alone and in combination with streptomycin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=30|issue=4|pages=336–340|year=2007|pmid=17644321|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.04.016}}</ref> Diclofenac may also help with [[actinic keratosis]] and with acute pain caused by minor strains, sprains and [[Bruise|contusions]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR600545 |title= Diclofenac (Topical Application Route) Description and Brand Names |website= MayoClinic.com |publisher= [[Mayo Clinic]] |date= |accessdate= |archive-date= 23 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131123224442/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR600545 |url-status= live }}</ref>
In many countries, eye drops are sold to treat acute and chronic nonbacterial inflammation of the anterior part of the eyes (such as postoperative states).<ref>{{cite web |
▲In many countries,<ref>{{cite web | title = Naclof, oogdruppels 1 mg/ml | url = http://db.cbg-meb.nl/IB-teksten/h12800.pdf | work = Laboratoires THEA | via = Medicines Information Bank | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033446/http://db.cbg-meb.nl/IB-teksten/h12800.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | publisher = Netherlands Medicines Authority MEB | location = Netherlands }}</ref> eye drops are sold to treat acute and chronic nonbacterial inflammation of the anterior part of the eyes (such as postoperative states). The eye drops have also been used to manage pain for [[corneal abrasion|traumatic corneal abrasion]].<ref name="Wakai">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wakai A, Lawrenson JG, Lawrenson AL, Wang Y, Brown MD, Quirke M, Ghandour O, McCormick R, Walsh CD, Amayem A, Lang E, Harrison N | title = Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for analgesia in traumatic corneal abrasions | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | issue = 5 | pages = CD009781 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28516471 | pmc = 6481688 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009781.pub2 }}</ref>
Diclofenac is often used to treat chronic [[cancer pain|pain associated with cancer]], especially if inflammation is present.<ref>{{cite web | title=WHO's cancer pain ladder for adults | website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | date=27 November 2013 | url= https://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en/ | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030807014332/http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 August 2003 | access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> Use of diclofenac gel should not exceed {{cvt|32|g|mg}} in a day.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haroutiunian S, Drennan DA, Lipman AG | title = Topical NSAID therapy for musculoskeletal pain | journal = Pain Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 535–549 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20210866 | doi = 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00809.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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==Adverse effects==
{{See also|Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug}}
Diclofenac consumption has been associated with significantly increased vascular and coronary risk in a study including coxib, diclofenac, [[ibuprofen]] and [[naproxen]].<ref name="BhalaEmbersonEtAl">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C | title = Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials | journal = Lancet | volume = 382 | issue = 9894 | pages = 769–779 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23726390 | pmc = 3778977 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9 }}</ref> Upper gastrointestinal complications were also reported.<ref name="BhalaEmbersonEtAl" /> [[Major adverse cardiovascular events]]
In October 2020, the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) required the [[Drug labelling|drug label]] to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in fetuses that result in low amniotic fluid.<ref name="FDA PR 20201015" /><ref name="FDA safety 20201015" /> They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy.<ref name="FDA PR 20201015">{{cite press release | title=FDA Warns that Using a Type of Pain and Fever Medication in Second Half of Pregnancy Could Lead to Complications | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=15 October 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-using-type-pain-and-fever-medication-second-half-pregnancy-could-lead-complications | access-date=15 October 2020 | archive-date=16 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016180003/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-using-type-pain-and-fever-medication-second-half-pregnancy-could-lead-complications | url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="FDA safety 20201015">{{cite web | title=NSAIDs may cause rare kidney problems in unborn babies | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=21 July 2017 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic | access-date=15 October 2020 | archive-date=17 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017014419/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic | url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
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