Eber-Nari: Difference between revisions

▲|image_flag = Standard of Cyrus the Great (Achaemenid Empire).svg

▲|flag_type = <br>Standard of Cyrus the Great

▲|year_end = 332 BCE

▲|p1 = Neo-Babylonian Empire

▲|s1 = Macedonian Empire

▲|event_end = [[Conquests of Alexander the Great]]

▲Sharpe, Samuel. On the Return of the Phoenix and the Sothic Period. London, 1849, p. 17.</ref><ref>James F. Coakley, “Assyrians,” in Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition, edited by Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron M. Butts, George A. Kiraz and Lucas Van Rompay, <nowiki>https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Assyrians</nowiki>.</ref>, and is referred to as [[Achaemenid Assyria|Athura]] or Athuriya in [[Old Persian cuneiform|Old Persian]], and [[Assur|Aššur]] in the Elamite.<ref>{{Cite book|last=John|first=Boardman|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: pt. 1. The prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1991|isbn=|location=|pages=434|quote=In the Babylonian version of the text the transportation to Babylon is credited to the people of eber nari, showing that to the scribe or scribes of these inscriptions the Babylonian equivalent of Old Persian Athura was eber nari...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shawn Tuell|first=Steven|title=The Law of the Temple in Ezekiel 40-48|publisher=Scholars Press|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=158|quote=Moreover, in a bilingual building inscription of Darius at Susa, the Old Persian kara hya Athuriya ("people of the Assyrians") is rendered in Akkadian as sabe sa eber nari ("people of eber nari")...}}</ref>

▲}} — i.e. the region west of the Euphrates.<ref name="MillerShipp1996">{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Douglas B.|last2=Shipp|first2=R. Mark|title=An Akkadian Handbook: Paradigms, Helps, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27m3y6MNRzYC&pg=PA49|year=1996|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-0-931464-86-7|page=49|quote=Eber nāri (geo) the region west of the Euphrates, Syria—NA, NB, LB.}}</ref>

▲}} — i.e. the other side of the Euphrates.<ref name="Grabbe2006">{{cite book|author=Lester L. Grabbe|title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 1): The Persian Period (539-331BCE)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cPeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|date=27 July 2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-567-21617-5|page=134|quote=The region of Ebir-nari (Transeuphrates, called ^Avarnah^arā' in Aramaic and Ēver-ha-Nāhār in Hebrew)}}</ref><ref name="CheyneBlack1903">{{cite book|author1=Thomas Kelly Cheyne|author2=John Sutherland Black|title=Encyclopædia biblica: a critical dictionary of the literary, political and religious history, the archæology, geography, and natural history of the Bible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPVYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4857|year=1903|publisher=A. and C. Black|page=4857|quote=Image of [https://books.google.com/books?id=EPVYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4857&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U2ipR1Gmo1TWF9QmurftcoUB-Ahqw&ci=465%2C710%2C380%2C160&edge=0 p.&nbsp;4857] at Google Books}}</ref>

▲*{{lang-he|עבר הנהר|translit=Ēver-ha-Nāhār (EberhaNahar)|lit=trans river}} — i.e. beyond the river.<ref name="Grabbe2006" /><ref name="Wigram1890">{{cite book|author=George V. Wigram|title=The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament: Being an Attempt at a Verbal Connection Between the Original and the English Translation: With Indexes, a List of the Proper Names, and Their Occurrences, Etc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddxEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA798|year=1890|publisher=Samuel Bagster and sons|pages=798–799|quote=Image of [https://books.google.com/books?id=ddxEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA798&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U0HxvD6q3k0_AsjYIwKa_n2vkwtBQ&ci=500%2C1016%2C444%2C513&edge=0 p.&nbsp;798] at Google Books}}</ref><ref name="GeseniusBrown1906">{{cite book|author1=Wilhelm Gesenius|author2=Francis Brown|author3=Samuel Rolles Driver|title=A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament: With an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0ATAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA719|year=1906|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin|page=719|quote=Image of [https://books.google.com/books?id=u0ATAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA719&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U3h-n-ibQqaF9GCt3JjtmjrMtMNgQ&ci=450%2C614%2C436%2C471&edge=0 p.&nbsp;719] at Google Books}}</ref><ref name="FreedmanMyers2000">{{cite book|author1=David Noel Freedman|author2=Allen C. Myers|author3=Astrid B. Beck|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA177|year=2000|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4|page=177|chapter=Beyond the River}}</ref>

▲The province is also mentioned extensively in the Biblical books of [[Book of Ezra|Ezra]] and [[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]] as עבר הנהר Evver Hanahar. Additionally, sharing the same root meaning, [[Eber]] (pronounced Evver) was also a character in the Hebrew Bible from which the term Hebrew was widely believed to have been derived (see: [[Eber]]), thus the Hebrews were inferred to have been the people who crossed into Canaan across the (Euphrates or the Jordan) river.

▲Eber-Nari was dissolved during the [[Greek people|Greek]] [[Seleucid Empire]] (312-150 BC), the Greeks incorporating both this region and [[Assyria]] in [[Upper Mesopotamia]] into [[Seleucid Syria]] during the 3rd century BC. ''Syria'' was originally a 9th-century [[Indo-Anatolian]] derivation of ''Assyria'' and was used for centuries only in specific reference to Assyria and the Assyrians (see [[Name of Syria]]), a land which in modern terms actually encompassed only the northern half of [[Iraq]], north east [[Syria]] and south east [[Turkey]] and not the bulk of [[Greco-Roman]], [[Byzantine]] or modern nation of [[Syria]]. However, from this point the terms ''Syrian'' and ''Syriac'' were used generically and often without distinction to describe both Assyria proper and Eber-Nari/Aram, and their respective [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] and [[Aramean]]/[[Phoenicia]]n populations.