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{{Short description|Symbols often used as emotional cues in text}}
{{other uses}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Contains special characters|emoticon|compact=}}An '''emoji''' ({{IPAc-en|ᵻ|ˈ|m|oʊ|dʒ|i:}} {{respell|ih|MOH|jee}}; plural '''emoji''' or '''emojis''';<ref>{{cite web |title=emoji - English meaning |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/emoji |access-date=March 30, 2017 |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref> {{
Originally meaning pictograph, the word ''emoji'' comes from Japanese {{nihongo||絵
==History==
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{{main|Emoticon}}
The emoji was predated by the [[emoticon]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/happy-30th-birthday-emoticon-8120158.html| title=Happy 30th Birthday Emoticon!| date=September 8, 2012| newspaper=Independent| access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref> a concept implemented in 1982 by computer scientist [[Scott Fahlman]] when he suggested text-based symbols such as :-) and :-( could be used to replace language.<ref>{{Citation | title = -) turns 25| publisher = [[Associated Press]]| date = 2007-09-20| url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/09/18/emoticon.anniversary.ap/index.html| access-date = 2007-09-20 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071012051803/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/09/18/emoticon.anniversary.ap/index.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-10-12}}</ref> Theories about language replacement can be traced back to the 1960s, when Russian novelist and professor [[Vladimir Nabokov]] stated in an interview with ''[[The New York Times]]'': "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile — some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket."<ref name=Nabokov1973>{{Citation| last = Nabokov| first = Vladimir| year = 1973| title = Strong Opinions| pages = 133–134| isbn = 0-679-72609-8| location = New York| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679726098 |publisher=Vintage Books }}</ref> It did not become a mainstream concept until the 1990s, when Japanese, American, and European companies began developing Fahlman's idea.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rd.com/culture/history-of-emoji/| title=Why Do We Use Emojis Anyway? A Fascinating History of Emoticons| date=December 9, 2016| magazine=Reader's Digest| access-date=November 30, 2017 |first=Claire |last=Nowak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ovrdrv.com/emoji-101/| title=Emoji 101| date=October 14, 2015| publisher=Overdrive Interactive| access-date=November 30, 2017 |author=Edwina De Abreu}}</ref> [[Mary Kalantzis]] and [[Bill Cope (academic)|Bill Cope]] point out that similar symbology was incorporated by Bruce Parello, a student at the [[University of Illinois]], into [[PLATO IV]], the first [[e-learning]] system, in 1972.<ref name="Kalantzis">{{cite book |last1=Kalantzis |first1=Mary |last2=Cope |first2=Bill |title=Adding Sense: Context and Interest in a Grammar of Multimodal Meaning |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49534-9 |page=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cope |first1=Bill |last2=Kalantzis |first2=Mary |title=A Little History of e-Learning |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351400910 |via=ResearchGate |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> The PLATO system was not considered mainstream, and therefore Parello's [[pictogram]]s were only used by a small number of people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Ernie |title=The Greatest Computer Network You've Never Heard Of |date=November 13, 2017 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pa3vvg/the-greatest-computer-network-youve-never-heard-of |publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> [[Scott Fahlman|Scott Fahlman's]] emoticons importantly used common alphabet symbols and aimed to replace language/text to express emotion, and for that reason are seen as the actual origin of [[emoticon]]s.
The first emoji are a matter of contention due to differing definitions and poor early documentation.<ref name="emojipediafirst" /><ref name=":4" /> It was previously widely considered that DoCoMo had the first emoji set in 1999, but an [[Emojipedia]] blog article in 2019 brought [[SoftBank Group|SoftBank's]] earlier 1997 set to light.<ref name="emojipediafirst" /> More recently, in 2024, earlier emoji sets were uncovered on portable devices by [[Sharp Corporation]] and [[NEC]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=NEC 電子手帳 PI-ET1 取扱説明書 |publisher=NEC Corporation |year=1990 |pages=131 |language=Japanese |trans-title=NEC Electronic Notebook PI-ET1 Instruction Manual |chapter=システム外字数 |trans-chapter=Non System Kanji}}</ref> in the early 1990s, with the 1988 Sharp PA-8500 harboring what can be defined as the earliest known emoji set that reflects emoji keyboards today.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sharp 電子手帳 PA-8500 取扱説明書 |publisher=SHARP Corporation |year=1988 |pages=201 |language=Japanese |trans-title=Sharp Electronic Notebook PA-8500 Operating Instructions |chapter=記号一覧表 |trans-chapter=Symbol List}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
[[File:Wingdings sample (cropped).png|thumb|Wingdings icons, including smiling and frowning faces]]
[[Wingdings]], a font invented by [[Charles Bigelow (type designer)|Charles Bigelow]] and [[Kris Holmes]], was released by [[Microsoft]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Phil |title=Why the Wingdings font exists |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/25/9200801/wingdings-font-history |publisher=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=August 26, 2015}}</ref> It could be used to send pictographs in [[rich text]] messages, but would only load on devices with the Wingdings font installed.<ref name="emojipediafirst">{{cite web |title=Correcting the Record on the First Emoji Set |url=https://blog.emojipedia.org/correcting-the-record-on-the-first-emoji-set/ |publisher=[[Emojipedia]] |date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> In 1995, the French newspaper {{Lang|fr|[[Le Monde]]}} announced that [[Alcatel-Lucent|Alcatel]] would be launching a new phone, the BC 600. Its welcome screen displayed a digital smiley face, replacing the usual text seen as part of the "welcome message" often seen on other devices at the time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Souriez! Le GSM présente un nouveau visage |publisher=[[Le Monde]] |date=November 7, 1995 |language=fr|page=13}}</ref> In 1997, SoftBank's [[J-Phone]] arm launched the SkyWalker DP-211SW, which contained a set of 90 emoji. Its designs, each measuring 12 by 12 pixels, were [[monochrome]], depicting numbers, sports, the time, [[moon phases]], and the weather. It contained the [[Pile of Poo emoji]] in particular.<ref name="emojipediafirst" /> The J-Phone model experienced low sales, and the emoji set was thus rarely used.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Alt | first=Matt | title=Why Japan Got Over Emojis | journal=Slate | url=https://slate.com/technology/2015/12/emojis-are-no-longer-cool-in-japan.html | date=December 7, 2015 | access-date=January 22, 2019 }}</ref>
In 1999, [[Shigetaka Kurita]] created 176 emoji as part of [[NTT DoCoMo]]'s [[i-mode]], used on its mobile platform.<ref name=Steinmetz2015>{{cite magazine|last=Steinmetz|first=Katy|url=
Kurita's emoji were brightly colored, albeit with a single color per [[glyph]]. General-use emoji, such as sports, actions, and weather, can readily be traced back to Kurita's emoji set.<ref name=guardiankurita>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/27/emoji-inventor-shigetaka-kurita-moma-new-york-text|title=The inventor of emoji on his famous creations – and his all-time favorite|last=McCurry|first=Justin|date=2016-10-27|website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=2018-06-17}}</ref> Notably absent from the set were pictograms that demonstrated emotion. The yellow-faced emoji in current use evolved from other emoticon sets and cannot be traced back to Kurita's work.<ref name=guardiankurita /> His set also had generic images much like the [[J-Phone]]s. Elsewhere in the 1990s, [[Nokia]] phones began including preset pictograms in its text messaging app, which they defined as "smileys and symbols".<ref name=nokia3310>{{cite web |title=Nokia 3310 User Guide |url=https://www.nokia.com/phones/en_gb/support/api/pdf/nokia-3310-user-guide |publisher=[[Nokia]]}}</ref> A third notable emoji set was introduced by Japanese mobile phone brand [[au by KDDI]].<ref name="emojipediafirst" /><ref name="Schwartzberg">{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3037803/the-oral-history-of-the-poop-emoji-or-how-google-brought-poop-to-america|title=The Oral History Of The Poop Emoji (Or, How Google Brought Poop To America)|website=Fast Company|last=Schwartzberg|first=Lauren|date=18 November 2014|language=en|access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>
===Development of emoji sets (2000–2007)===
The basic 12-by-12-pixel emoji in Japan grew in popularity across various platforms over the next decade
[[File:Codepage-437 (cropped).png|thumb|Smiley faces from DOS code page 437]]
The [[Universal Coded Character Set]] ([[Unicode]]), controlled by the [[Unicode Consortium]] and [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2]], had already been established as the international standard for text representation ([[ISO/IEC 10646]]) since 1993, although variants of [[Shift JIS]] remained relatively common in Japan. Unicode included several characters which would subsequently be classified as emoji, including some from North American or Western European sources such as [[Code page 437|DOS code page 437]], [[ITC Zapf Dingbats]], or the [[WordPerfect]] Iconic Symbols set.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unicode 1.1 Emoji List |url=https://emojipedia.org/unicode-1.1/ |publisher=[[Emojipedia]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://corp.unicode.org/pipermail/unicode/2021-February/009307.html |last=Whistler |first=Ken |date=2021-02-01 |title=Re: Origins of ⌚ U+231A WATCH and ⌛ U+231B HOURGLASS |work=Unicode Mail List Archives}}</ref> Unicode coverage of written characters was extended several times by new editions during the 2000s, with little interest in incorporating the Japanese cellular emoji sets (deemed out of scope),<ref name="principles">{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/emoji/principles.html |title=Emoji Encoding Principles |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> although symbol characters which would subsequently be classified as emoji continued to be added. For example, Unicode 4.0 contained 16 new emoji, which included direction arrows, a warning triangle, and an eject button.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unicode 4.0 List |url=https://emojipedia.org/unicode-4.0/ |publisher=[[Emojipedia]]}}</ref> Besides Zapf Dingbats, other [[dingbat]] fonts such as Wingdings or Webdings also included additional pictographic symbols in their own custom pi font encodings; unlike Zapf Dingbats, however, many of these would not be available as Unicode emoji until 2014.<ref name="hexuswebdings" />
Nicolas Loufrani applied to the [[United States Copyright Office|US Copyright Office]] in 1999 to register the 471 smileys that he created.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Untold Story Behind the Emoji Phenomeon |date=March 10, 2022 |url=https://www.hooksmagazine.com/post/silver-screen-the-untold-story-behind-the-emoji-phenomenon |work=Hooks magazine}}</ref> Soon after he created The Smiley Dictionary, which not only hosted the largest number of smileys at the time, it also categorized them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical capture of SmileyDictionary.com from 2001 |url=https://www.smileydictionary.com |publisher=[[Wayback Machine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331043601/http://www.smileydictionary.com/|archive-date=March 31, 2001}}</ref> The desktop platform was aimed at allowing people to insert smileys as text when sending emails and writing on a [[desktop computer]].<ref name=eveningstandard>{{cite web |last1=Speare-Cole |first1=Rebecca |title=Man behind iconic smiley face symbol says limited number of emojis restricts freedom of speech |date=November 10, 2019 |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/man-behind-iconic-smiley-face-symbol-says-limited-number-of-emojis-restricts-freedom-of-speech-a4282786.html |publisher=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> By 2003, it had grown to 887 smileys and 640 ascii emotions.<ref>{{cite web |title=From smiley to emoji, 20 years of history |date=August 6, 2017 |url=https://fleetpeople.es/de-smiley-a-emoji-20-anos-de-historia/ |publisher=Fleet People}}</ref>
The smiley toolbar offered a variety of symbols and smileys and was used on platforms such as [[MSN Messenger]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Golby |first1=Joel |title=The Man Who Owns the Smiley Face |url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/j5pyyb/the-man-who-owns-the-smiley-face |publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |date=August 9, 2017}}</ref> [[Nokia]], then one of the largest global telecom companies, was still referring to today's emoji sets as [[smiley]]s in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nokia 3310 User guide |url=https://ringtones.specialtyansweringservice.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/manuals/nokia-3310-userguide.pdf |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> The digital smiley movement was headed up by Nicolas Loufrani, the CEO of [[The Smiley Company]].<ref name=eveningstandard /> He created a smiley toolbar, which was available at smileydictionary.com during the early 2000s to be sent as emoji
===Beginnings of Unicode emoji (2007–2014)===
[[File:Texting Emoji.jpg|thumb|Emoji being added to a [[text message]], 2013]][[File:I Love New York.svg|thumb|An early use of the heart symbol as part of an English language sentence in the [[I Love New York]] advertising campaign of 1977]]
The first American company to take notice of emoji was [[Google]] beginning in 2007. In August 2007, a team made up of [[Mark Davis (Unicode)|Mark Davis]] and his colleagues Kat Momoi and Markus Scherer began petitioning the [[Unicode|Unicode Technical Committee (UTC)]] in an attempt to standardise the emoji.<ref name=wiredunicode>{{cite magazine |last1=Pardes |first1=Arielle |title=The Wired Guide to Emoji |url=https://www.wired.com/story/guide-emoji/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> The UTC, having previously deemed emoji to be out of scope for Unicode, made the decision to broaden its scope to enable compatibility with the Japanese cellular carrier formats which were becoming more widespread.<ref name="principles"/> Peter Edberg and Yasuo Kida joined the collaborative effort from [[Apple Inc.]] shortly after, and their official UTC proposal came in January 2009 with 625 new emoji characters. Unicode accepted the proposal in 2010.<ref name=wiredunicode />
Pending the assignment of standard Unicode [[code point]]s, Google and Apple implemented emoji support via [[Private Use Area]] schemes. Google first introduced emoji in [[Gmail]] in October 2008, in collaboration with [[au by KDDI]],<ref name="Schwartzberg"/> and Apple introduced the first release of [[Apple Color Emoji]] to [[iPhone OS]] on 21 November 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.emojipedia.org/apple-emoji-turns-10/|title=Apple Emoji Turns 10|last=Burge|first=Jeremy|date=21 November 2018|website=Emojipedia|language=en|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref> Initially, Apple's emoji support was implemented for holders of a SoftBank SIM card; the emoji themselves were represented using SoftBank's Private Use Area scheme and mostly resembled the SoftBank designs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emojipedia.org/apple/iphone-os-2.2/ |title=Apple iPhone OS 2.2 |work=Emojipedia |author=Emojipedia}}</ref> Gmail emoji used their own Private Use Area scheme
Separately, a proposal had been submitted in 2008 to add the [[ARIB STD B24 character set|ARIB extended characters]] used in broadcasting in Japan to Unicode. This included several pictographic symbols.<ref>{{citation|mode=cs1 |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08077r2-japanese-tv.pdf |title=Japanese TV Symbols |id=UTC L2/08-077R2 / ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3397 |last=Suignard |first=Michel |date=2008-03-11}}</ref> These were added in Unicode 5.2 in 2009, a year before the cellular emoji sets were fully added; they include several characters which either also appeared amongst the cellular emoji<ref name="utcL210132">{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10132-emojidata.pdf |id=UTC L2/10-132 |title=Emoji Symbols: Background Data—Background data for Proposal for Encoding Emoji Symbols |first1=Markus |last1=Scherer |first2=Mark |last2=Davis |first3=Kat |last3=Momoi |first4=Darick |last4=Tong |first5=Yasuo |last5=Kida |first6=Peter |last6=Edberg}}</ref> or were subsequently classified as emoji.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emojipedia.org/unicode-5.2/ |title=Unicode 5.2 Emoji List |work=Emojipedia |author=Emojipedia |author-link=Emojipedia}}</ref>
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In late 2014, a Public Review Issue was created by the [[Unicode Technical Committee]], seeking feedback on a proposed Unicode Technical Report (UTR) titled "[[Unicode Emoji]]". This was intended to improve interoperability of emoji between vendors, and define a means of supporting multiple skin tones. The feedback period closed in January 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/review/pri286/ |title=Proposed Draft UTR #51, Unicode Emoji |work=Public Review Issues |id=PRI 286 |institution=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> Also in January 2015, the use of the [[zero
Unicode 8.0 (June 2015) added another 41 emoji, including articles of sports equipment such as the cricket bat, food items such as the [[taco]], new facial expressions, and symbols for places of worship, as well as five characters (crab, scorpion, lion face, bow and arrow, amphora) to improve support for pictorial rather than symbolic representations of the signs of the [[Zodiac]].{{efn|Older [[au by KDDI]] devices had used pictorial representations of all zodiac signs, displaying for instance the [[pisces (astrology)|pisces]] sign (♓️) as a fish (🐟). Later devices had changed these to symbols, for consistency with other vendors.{{refn|{{cite web |url=https://www.au.com/content/dam/au-com/static/designs/extlib/pdf/mobile/service/featurephone/communication/emoji/taiohyo_03.pdf |title=【絵文字対応表】 生き物・星座 |language=ja |publisher=[[au by KDDI]]}}}}}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/tr51-3-archive.html#Emoji_Candidates |title=Annex D: Standard Additions for Unicode 8.0 |work=Unicode Technical Report #51: Unicode Emoji |version=1.0 |date=2015-06-09 |first1=Mark |last1=Davis |author-link1=Mark Davis (Unicode) |first2=Peter |last2=Edberg |institution=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>
Also in June 2015, the first approved version ("Emoji 1.0") of the Unicode Emoji report was published as Unicode Technical Report #51 (UTR #51). This introduced the mechanism of skin tone indicators, the first official recommendations about which Unicode characters were to be considered emoji, and the first official recommendations about which characters were to be displayed in an emoji font in the absence of a [[variation selector]], and listed the zero
With the release of version 5.0 in May 2017 alongside Unicode 10.0, UTR #51 was redesignated a Unicode Technical Standard (UTS #51), making it an independent specification
The popularity of emoji has caused pressure from vendors and international markets to add additional designs into the Unicode standard to meet the demands of different cultures. Some characters now defined as emoji are inherited from a variety of pre-Unicode messenger systems not only used in Japan, including [[Yahoo Messenger|Yahoo]] and [[MSN Messenger]].<ref name="Emoji Additions: Animals, Compatibility, and More Popular Requests; Emoji tranche 5">{{cite web|title=Emoji Additions: Animals, Compatibility, and More Popular Requests; Emoji tranche 5|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15054r4-emoji-tranche5.pdf|publisher=Unicode|access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref> Corporate demand for emoji standardization has placed pressures on the Unicode Consortium, with some members complaining that it had overtaken the group's traditional focus on standardizing characters used for minority languages and transcribing historical records.<ref name="Inside 'Emojigeddon'">{{cite web|last1=Warzel|first1=Charlie|title=Inside 'Emojigeddon': The Fight Over The Future of the Unicode Consortium|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/inside-emojigeddon-the-fight-over-the-future-of-the-unicode|website=Buzzfeed|date=April 26, 2016 |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref> Conversely, the Consortium thought that public desire for emoji support has put pressure on vendors to improve their Unicode support,<ref name="detract" /> which is especially true for characters outside the [[Basic Multilingual Plane]],<ref name="backendless" /> thus leading to better support for Unicode's historic and minority scripts in deployed software.<ref name="detract" />
In 2022, the Unicode Consortium decided to stop accepting proposals for flag emoji, citing low use of the category and that adding new flags "creates exclusivity at the expense of others".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Jennifer |date=March 28, 2022 |title=The Past and Future of Flag Emoji |url=https://blog.unicode.org/2022/03/the-past-and-future-of-flag-emoji.html |access-date=March 13, 2024 |website=blog.unicode.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Tomaschek |first=Attila |date=March 29, 2022 |title=New Flag Emoji Proposals No Longer Accepted, Unicode Says |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/new-flag-emoji-proposals-no-longer-accepted-unicode-says/ |access-date=March 13, 2024 |website=CNET}}</ref> The Consortium stated that new flag emoji would still be added when their country becomes part of the [[ISO 3166-1]] standard, with no proposal needed.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
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| align = right
| width = 50
| footer = Color illustrations of {{unichar|1F602|FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|nlink=Face with Tears of Joy emoji}} from [[
| image1 = Twemoji 1f602.svg
| image2 = Noto Emoji Oreo 1f602.svg
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Some emoji are specific to Japanese culture, such as a [[Dogeza|bowing]] businessman ({{unichar|1F647}}), the [[shoshinsha mark]] used to indicate a beginner driver ({{unichar|1F530}}), a white flower ({{unichar|1F4AE}}) used to denote "brilliant homework",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emojipedia.org/white-flower|title=White Flower Emoji|publisher=Emojipedia.org|access-date=July 22, 2015}}</ref> or a group of emoji representing popular foods: [[ramen]] noodles ({{unichar|1F35C}}), [[dango]] ({{unichar|1F361}}), [[onigiri]] ({{unichar|1F359}}), [[Japanese curry|curry]] ({{unichar|1F35B}}), and [[sushi]] ({{unichar|1F363}}). [[Unicode Consortium]] founder [[Mark Davis (Unicode)|Mark Davis]] compared the use of emoji to a developing language, particularly mentioning the American use of [[eggplant]] ({{unichar|1F346}}) to represent a [[phallus]].<ref name=Bromwich>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/21/technology/how-emojis-find-their-way-to-phones.html |title=How Emojis find their way to phones |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Bromwich, Jonah |date=October 20, 2015 |access-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> Some [[Linguistics|linguists]] have classified emoji and [[emoticon]]s as [[discourse marker]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/emoticons-and-symbols-arent-ruining-language-theyre-revolutionizing-it-38408|title=Emoticons and symbols aren't ruining language – they're revolutionizing it|last=Collister|first=Lauren|website=The Conversation|date=April 6, 2015|access-date=March 25, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Noto Color Emoji From Each Unicode Emoji Category.jpg|alt=A variety of emoji as they appear on Google's Noto Color Emoji set, as of 2024.|thumb|550x550px|A variety of emoji as they appear on Google's Noto Color Emoji set
In December 2015, a [[sentiment analysis]] of emoji was published,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kralj Novak|first1=P.|last2=Smailović|first2=J.|last3=Sluban|first3=B.|last4=Mozetič|first4=I.|title=Sentiment of Emojis|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2015|volume=10|issue=12|page=e0144296|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0144296|pmid=26641093|pmc=4671607|arxiv=1509.07761|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1044296K|doi-access=free}}</ref> and the Emoji Sentiment Ranking 1.0<ref>{{cite web|title=Emoji Sentiment Ranking|url=http://kt.ijs.si/data/Emoji_sentiment_ranking|access-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> was provided. In 2016, a musical about emoji premiered in Los Angeles.<ref name="playbill.com">{{cite web|last1=Gans|first1=Andrew|title=New Musical About Emojis Will Premiere in Los Angeles|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/new-musical-about-emojis-will-premiere-in-los-angeles|website=Playbill|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="timeout.com">{{cite web|last1=Cary|first1=Stephanie|title='Emojiland' is bringing your phone's emojis to life in LA|url=https://www.timeout.com/los-angeles/blog/emojiland-is-bringing-your-phones-emojis-to-life-in-la-050316|website=Timeout|date=April 14, 2016|access-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref> The animated ''[[The Emoji Movie]]'' was released in summer 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fleming|first1=Mike Jr.|title=Emoji at Center of Bidding Battle Won By Sony Animation; Anthony Leondis To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2015/07/emoji-movie-sony-pictures-animation-anthony-leondis-kung-fu-panda-secrets-of-the-masters-1201482768|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722060125/http://deadline.com/2015/07/emoji-movie-sony-pictures-animation-anthony-leondis-kung-fu-panda-secrets-of-the-masters-1201482768/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 22, 2015|website=Deadline|date=July 2015|access-date=November 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Lawrence|first1=Derek|title=The Emoji Movie: Here's what the critics are saying|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/07/27/emoji-movie-review-roundup/|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=July 27, 2017|access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref>
In January 2017, in what is believed to be the first large-scale study of emoji usage, researchers at the [[University of Michigan]] analyzed over 1.2 billion messages input via the Kika Emoji Keyboard<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/24857-emojis-how-we-assign-meaning-to-these-ever-popular-symbols| title=Emojis: How We Assign Meaning to These Ever-Popular Symbols| date=May 19, 2017| publisher=University of Michigan| access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref> and announced that the Face With Tears of Joy was the most popular emoji. The Heart and the [[Face with Heart Eyes emoji|Heart eyes emoji]] stood second and third, respectively. The study also found that the French use heart emoji the most.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.futurity.org/emoji-countries-1328712-2/| title=People Around the World Use These Emojis The Most| date=January 3, 2017| publisher=Futurity| access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref> People in countries like Australia, France, and the Czech Republic used more happy emoji, while this was not so for people in Mexico, Colombia, Chile, and Argentina, where people used more negative emoji in comparison to cultural hubs known for restraint and self-discipline, like Turkey, France, and Russia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/%E2%80%98Face-with-tears-of-joy%E2%80%99-is-the-most-popular-emoji-says-study/article17025261.ece|title='Face with tears of joy' is the most popular emoji, says study|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=January 12, 2017}}</ref>
There has been discussion among legal experts on whether or not emoji could be admissible as evidence in court trials.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Semiotics of Emoji|last1=Danesi|first1=Marcel|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury|page=139}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/users/2015/10/emoticons_and_emojis_as_evidence_in_court.html|title=Exhibit A: ;-)|date=October 16, 2015|magazine=Slate|access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref> Furthermore, as emoji continue to develop and grow as a "language" of symbols, there may also be the potential of the formation of emoji "dialects".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/fashion/emoji-have-won-the-battle-of-words.html|title=The Emoji Have Won the Battle of Words|last=Bennett|first=Jessica|date=July 25, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 28, 2017|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Emoji are being used as more than just to show reactions and emotions.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/04/the-science-of-emoji/|title=The Emoji is the Birth of a New Type of Language (? No Joke)|date=April 19, 2016|magazine=Wired|access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref> [[Snapchat]] has even incorporated emoji in its trophy and friends system with each emoji showing a complex meaning.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://snapchatemojimeanings.com|title=Snapchat Emoji Meanings|access-date=February 28, 2017|archive-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815133017/https://snapchatemojimeanings.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Emoji can also convey different meanings based on syntax and inversion. For instance, 'fairy comments' involve heart, star, and fairy emoji
In 2017, the [[MIT Media Lab]] published [[DeepMoji]], a [[deep neural network]] [[sentiment analysis]] algorithm that was trained on 1.2 billion emoji occurrences in [[Twitter]] data from 2013 to 2017.<ref>{{cite book |last=Felbo |first=Bjarke |arxiv=1708.00524 |title=Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing|chapter=Using millions of emoji occurrences to learn any-domain representations for detecting sentiment, emotion and sarcasm |date=2017 |pages=1615–1625 |doi=10.18653/v1/D17-1169 |s2cid=2493033 }}</ref><ref>
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== Linguistic function of emoji ==
Linguistically, emoji are used to indicate emotional state
[[Sociolinguistics|Sociolinguistically]], the use of emoji
As emojis act as a paralanguage this causes a unique pattern to be seen in the bigrams, trigrams, and quadrigrams of emojis. A study conducted by Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne showed that the most common bigrams, trigrams, and quadrigrams of emojis are those that repeat the same emojis. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=McCulloch |first=Gretchen |last2=Gawne |first2=Lauren |date=2018 |title=Emoji Grammar as Beat Gestures |url=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2130/short1.pdf |journal=CEUR-WS.org |volume=2130 |pages=4}}</ref>Unlike other languages emojis frequently are repeated one after another, while in languages, such as English, it is rare to see words repeated after one another.<ref name=":03" /> An example of this is that a common bigram for emojis is two crying laughing emojis. Rather than being a repeated word or phrase the use of emojis after one another typically represents an emphasize of the displayed emoji's meaning instead.<ref name=":03" /> So, one crying laughing emoji means something is funny, two represent it's really funny, three might represent it's incredibly funny, and so forth.
==<span id="Emoji communication problems">Emoji communication problems</span>==
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Research has shown that emoji are often misunderstood. In some cases, this misunderstanding is related to how the actual emoji design is interpreted by the viewer;<ref name="DailyDotMisunderstandEmojis">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/emoji-miscommunicate/|title=Emoji can lead to huge misunderstandings, research finds|work=Daily Dot|first=Selena|last=Larson|date=April 11, 2016|access-date=March 30, 2017}}</ref> in other cases, the emoji that was sent is not shown in the same way on the receiving side.<ref name="GrouplensEmojiMiscommunication">{{Cite web|url=https://grouplens.org/blog/investigating-the-potential-for-miscommunication-using-emoji/|title=Investigating the Potential for Miscommunication Using Emoji|publisher=Grouplens|first=Hannah|last=Miller|date=April 5, 2016|access-date=March 30, 2017}}</ref>
The first issue relates to the cultural or contextual interpretation of the emoji. When the author picks an emoji, they think about it in a certain way, but the same character may not trigger the same thoughts in the mind of the receiver.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/78kzn9/what-the-emoji-youre-sending-actually-look-like-to-your-friends| title=What the Emoji You're Sending Actually Look Like to Your Friends| date=November 12, 2015| publisher=Motherboard| access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref> For example, people in China have developed a system for using emoji subversively so that a smiley face could be sent to convey a despising, mocking, and obnoxious attitude, as the [[orbicularis oculi]] (the muscle near that upper eye corner) on the face of the emoji does not move, and the [[orbicularis oris]] (the one near the mouth) tightens, which is believed to be a sign of suppressing a smile.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/944693/chinese-people-mean-something-very-different-when-they-send-you-a-smiley-emoji/ |title=Chinese people mean something very different when they send you a smiley emoji |website=Quartz|date=March 29, 2017}}</ref>
The second problem relates to
Researchers from the German Studies Institute at [[Ruhr University Bochum|Ruhr-Universität Bochum]] found that most people can easily understand an emoji when it replaces a word directly – like an icon for a rose instead of the word 'rose' – yet it takes people about 50 percent longer to comprehend the emoji.
===Variation and ambiguity===
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===Controversial emoji===
{{multiple images|align=right|direction=horizontal |image1=Android Emoji 1f52b.svg |image2=Noto Emoji KitKat 1f52b.svg |image3=Noto Emoji Lollipop 1f52b.svg |image4=Noto Emoji Oreo 1f52b.svg |image5=Noto Emoji Pie 1f52b.svg |footer=Evolution of the pistol emoji as rendered by stock [[Android (operating system)|Android]] systems. From left to right: Jelly Bean ([[pistol]]), KitKat ([[blunderbuss]]), Lollipop ([[revolver]]), Oreo (revolver) and Pie ([[water gun]]).|total_width=500}}
Some emoji have been involved in controversy due to their perceived meanings. Multiple arrests and imprisonments have followed the usage of pistol ({{unichar|1F52B}}), knife ({{unichar|1F5E1}}), and bomb ({{unichar|1F4A3}}) emoji in ways that authorities deemed credible threats.<ref name=AppleGun>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/01/technology/apple-pistol-emoji/index.html |title=Apple replaces the pistol emoji with a water gun |last=Kelly |first=Heather |website=[[CNN]] Tech |date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref>
In the lead-up to the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], the Unicode Consortium considered proposals to add several Olympic-related emoji, including medals and events such as [[handball]] and [[water polo]].<ref name=newsweek>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/new-emoji-candidates-be-voted-spring-2016-385196 |title=New Emoji Candidates to Be Voted On in Spring 2016 |last=Ziv |first=Stan |website=[[Newsweek]] |date=20 October 2015 |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref> By October 2015, these candidate emoji included "[[ISSF shooting events|rifle]]" ({{unichar|1F946}}) and "[[modern pentathlon]]" ({{unichar|1F93B}}).<ref name=ep20151031>{{Cite news |url=https://emojipedia.org/unicode-9.0/ |title=Unicode 9.0 Emoji List |date=31 October 2015 |work=Emojipedia |access-date=1 October 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031233229/https://emojipedia.org/unicode-9.0/ |archive-date=2015-10-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="OlympicRifle" /> However, in 2016, Apple and Microsoft opposed these two emoji, and the characters were added without emoji presentations, meaning that software is expected to render them in black-and-white rather than color, and emoji-specific software such as onscreen keyboards will generally not include them. In addition, while the original incarnations of the modern pentathlon emoji depicted its five events, including a man pointing a gun, the final glyph contains a person riding a horse, along with a laser pistol target in the corner.<ref name=AppleGun /><ref name="OlympicRifle">{{cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/thanks-to-apples-influence-youre-not-getting-a-rifle-emoji |title=Thanks To Apple's Influence, You're Not Getting A Rifle Emoji |last=Warzel |first=Charlie |website=[[BuzzFeed]] |date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name=AppleStops>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/trending/rifle-emoji-dropped-unicode-9-0-update-apple-microsoft-1.3645884 |title=Apple stops Unicode from releasing a rifle emoji, gun advocates get mad |website=[[CBC News]] |date=June 22, 2016 |access-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref>
{{multiple images|align=right|direction=horizontal|image1=Twemoji 1f52b.svg|alt1=Drawing of a revolver|image2=Twemoji12 1f52b.svg|alt2=Drawing of a water pistol|footer=Original (left) and revised (right) [[Twitter]] designs, showing the transition from a [[revolver]] to a [[water pistol]]|total_width=200}}
On August 1, 2016, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced that in [[iOS 10]], the [[pistol]] emoji ({{unichar|1F52B}}) would be changed from a realistic [[revolver]] to a [[water pistol]].<ref name=AppleGun /> Conversely, the following day, Microsoft pushed out an update to [[Windows 10]] that changed its longstanding depiction of the pistol emoji as a toy [[
The [[eggplant emoji|eggplant (aubergine) emoji]] ({{unichar|1F346}}) has also seen controversy due to it being used to represent a [[penis]].<ref name=AmericanDialect /><ref name=Bromwich /><ref name=EggplantRising>{{cite journal |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/users/2015/04/eggplant_rising_how_the_purple_fruit_surpassed_the_banana_as_the_most_phallic.html |title=Eggplant rising: How the purple fruit surpassed the banana as the most phallic food |last=Hess |first=Amanda |journal=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=April 3, 2015 |access-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name=SordidHistory>{{cite web |url=https://firstwefeast.com/features/2015/06/eggplant-emoji-history |title=The Complete (and Sometimes Sordid) History of the Eggplant Emoji |last=Hofmann |first=Regan |website=[[First We Feast]] |date=June 3, 2015 |access-date=October 19, 2017 |archive-date=April 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409115458/https://firstwefeast.com/features/2015/06/eggplant-emoji-history |url-status=dead }}</ref> Beginning in December 2014, the [[hashtag]] {{nobr|#EggplantFridays}} began to rise to popularity on [[Instagram]] for use in marking photos featuring clothed or unclothed penises.<ref name=EggplantRising /><ref name=SordidHistory /> This became such a popular trend that, beginning in April 2015, Instagram disabled the ability to search for not only the {{nobr|#EggplantFridays}} tag, but also other eggplant-containing hashtags, including simply {{nobr|#eggplant}} and {{nobr|#🍆}}.<ref name=EggplantRising /><ref name=SordidHistory /><ref name=InstagramBlocks>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/04/29/technology/eggplant-instagram-offensive/ |title=Instagram blocks 'offensive' eggplant emoji hashtag |last=Goldman |first=David |website=[[CNN]] Tech |date=April 29, 2015 |access-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref>
The [[peach]] emoji ({{unichar|1F351}}) has likewise been used as a euphemistic icon for [[buttocks]], with a 2016 [[Emojipedia]] analysis revealing that only seven percent of English language [[Twitter|tweets]] with the peach emoji refer to the actual fruit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.emojipedia.org/how-we-really-use-the-peach|title=How We Really Use The Peach|first=Hamdan|last=Azhar|date=December 16, 2016|work=Emojipedia|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/selectall/2016/12/what-does-peach-emoji-mean-its-a-butt.html|title=Very Official Study Finds Peach Emoji Most Often Paired With Eggplant|first=Madison|last=Kircher|date=December 16, 2016|work=Emojipedia|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2018/01/18/what-do-the-aubergine-and-peach-emoji-mean-7240646/|title=What do the aubergine and peach emoji mean?|first=Avinash|last=Bhunjun|date=January 18, 2018|work=Metro UK|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref> In 2016, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] attempted to redesign the emoji to less resemble buttocks. This was met with fierce backlash in beta testing, and Apple reversed its decision by the time it went live to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/16/everything-is-peachy-as-apple-restores-emojis-bum-features|title=Everything's peachy as Apple restores emoji's 'bum' features|first=Alex|last=Hern|date=November 16, 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=December 20, 2017}}</ref>
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Various, often incompatible, character encoding schemes were developed by the different mobile providers in Japan for their own emoji sets.<ref name="utcL210132" /><ref name="EmojiSources">{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/EmojiSources.txt |title=Emoji Sources |work=Unicode Character Database |author=Unicode Consortium |author-link=Unicode Consortium}}</ref> For example, the extended [[Shift JIS]] representation F797 is used for a [[convenience store]] (🏪) by SoftBank, but for a [[wristwatch]] (⌚️) by KDDI.<ref name="EmojiSources" /><ref name="utcL210132" /> All three vendors also developed schemes for encoding their emoji in the Unicode [[Private Use Area]]: DoCoMo, for example, used the range U+E63E through U+E757.<ref name="utcL210132" /> Versions of [[iOS]] prior to 5.1 encoded emoji in the SoftBank private use area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emojipedia.org/apple/ios-5.1/ |work=[[Emojipedia]] |title=Apple iOS 5.1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://emojipedia.org/apple/iphone-os-2.2/ |work=[[Emojipedia]] |title=Apple iPhone OS 2.2}}</ref>
===Unicode support considerations===
Most, but not all, emoji are included in the [[Supplementary Multilingual Plane]] (SMP) of Unicode, which is also used for ancient scripts, some modern scripts such as [[Adlam (Unicode block)|Adlam]] or [[Osage (Unicode block)|Osage]], and special-use characters such as [[Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/smp-13-0-3.html |title=Roadmap to the SMP |first1=Michael |last1=Everson |first2=Rick |last2=McGowan |first3=Ken |last3=Whistler |first4=V.S. |last4=Umamaheswaran |date=2020-07-22 |version=Revision 13.0.3}}</ref> Some systems introduced prior to the advent of Unicode emoji were only designed to support characters in the [[Basic Multilingual Plane]] (BMP)
The introduction of Unicode emoji created an incentive for vendors to improve their support for non-BMP characters.<ref name="backendless"/> The Unicode Consortium notes that "[b]ecause of the demand for emoji, many implementations have upgraded their Unicode support substantially", also helping support
===Color support===
Any operating system that supports adding additional fonts to the system can add an emoji-supporting font. However, inclusion of colorful emoji in existing font formats requires dedicated support for color [[glyphs]]. Not all operating systems have support for color fonts, so
===Implementation by different platforms and vendors===
Apple first introduced emoji to their desktop operating system with the release of [[Mac OS X Lion|OS X 10.7 Lion]], in 2011. Users can view emoji characters sent through email and messaging applications, which are commonly shared by mobile users, as well as any other application. Users can create emoji symbols using the "Characters" special input panel from almost any native application by selecting the "Edit" menu and pulling down to "Special Characters", or by the key combination {{key press|Command|Option|T}}. The emoji keyboard was first available in Japan with the release of [[iPhone OS 2|iPhone OS version 2.2]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple releases iPhone Software v2.2|url=https://appleinsider.com/article/?id=10447|website=AppleInsider|access-date=February 28, 2017|archive-date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301180231/http://appleinsider.com/article/?id=10447|url-status=dead}}</ref> The emoji keyboard was not officially made available outside of Japan until [[iOS 5|iOS version 5.0]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Standard Emoji keyboard arrives to iOS 5, here's how to enable it|url=https://9to5mac.com/2011/06/08/standard-emoji-keyboard-arrives-to-ios-5-heres-how-to-enable-it/|website=9to5Mac|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=February 28, 2017}}</ref> From iPhone OS 2.2 through to iOS 4.3.5 (2011), those outside Japan could access the keyboard but had to use a third-party app to enable it. Apple has revealed that the "face with tears of joy" is the most popular emoji among English-speaking Americans. On second place is the "heart" emoji, followed by the "Loudly Crying Face".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2017/11/03/face-with-tears-of-joy-most-popular-emoji/ |website=MacRumors |date=November 3, 2017 |first1=Joe |last1=Rossignol |title=Apple Says 'Face With Tears of Joy' is Most Popular Emoji in United States Among English Speakers|access-date=November 3, 2017|language=en}}</
An update for [[Windows 7]] and [[Windows Server 2008 R2]] brought a subset of the monochrome Unicode set to those operating systems as part of the ''[[Segoe|Segoe UI Symbol]]'' font.<ref name="An update for the Segoe UI symbol font in Windows 7 and in Windows Server 2008 R2 is available">{{cite web |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2729094|title=An update for the Segoe UI symbol font in Windows 7 and in Windows Server 2008 R2 is available|publisher=Microsoft Support |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229143136/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2729094 |archive-date= Dec 29, 2014 }}</ref> As of [[Windows 8.1]] Preview, the ''Segoe UI Emoji'' font is included, which supplies full-color pictographs. The plain Segoe UI font lacks emoji characters, whereas Segoe UI Symbol and Segoe UI Emoji include them. Emoji characters
In 2016, [[Firefox]] 50 added in-browser emoji rendering for platforms lacking in native support.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/50.0/releasenotes/ | title=Firefox 50.0, See All New Features, Updates and Fixes |website=Mozilla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064222/https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/50.0/releasenotes/ |archive-date= Jan 15, 2024 }}</ref>
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* a ''text presentation'', such as black & white |source=Unicode Technical Report #51: Unicode Emoji<ref name="UTR51"/>}}
Specifying the desired presentation is done by following the base emoji with either U+FE0E VARIATION SELECTOR-15 (VS15) for text or U+FE0F VARIATION SELECTOR-16 (VS16) for emoji-style.<ref name="UniStdVarTxt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/StandardizedVariants.txt|title=UCD: Standardized Variation Sequences|publisher=Unicode Consortium|access-date=August 17, 2016}}</ref> As of version {{Unicode version|version=
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:150%;text-align:center"
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{{Main|Emoji modifiers}}
Five symbol modifier characters were added with Unicode 8.0 to provide a range of skin tones for human emoji. These modifiers are called EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-1, -2, {{not a typo|-|3}}, {{not a typo|-|4}}, {{not a typo|-|5}}, and {{not a typo|-|6}} (U+1F3FB–U+1F3FF): <!-- Attempt to work around https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Emoji&oldid=1237246754#Technical_Glitch -->{{suppress categories|{{lang|zxx-Zsye| 🏻 🏼 🏽 🏾 🏿}}}}. They are based on the [[Fitzpatrick scale]] for classifying human skin color. Human emoji that are not followed by one of these five modifiers should be displayed in a generic, non-realistic skin tone, such as bright yellow (<span style="color: #ffcc22;font-size:large;">■</span>), blue (<span style="color: #3399CC;font-size:large;">■</span>), or gray (<span style="color: #CCCCCC;font-size:large;">■</span>).<ref name="UTR51"/> Non-human emoji (like {{unichar|26FD|FUEL PUMP}}) are unaffected by the Fitzpatrick modifiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/#Emoji_Modifiers_Display |title=Unicode Technical Standard #51: Unicode Emoji § Expected Emoji Modifiers Display |date=2023-09-05 |first1=Mark |last1=Davis |author-link1=Mark Davis (Unicode) |first2=Ned |last2=Holbrook |institution=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> {{Unicode version|prefix=Asof|version=16}}, Fitzpatrick modifiers can be used with 131 human emoji spread across seven blocks: [[Dingbats (Unicode block)#Emoji modifiers|Dingbats]], [[Emoticons (Unicode block)#Emoji modifiers|Emoticons]], [[Miscellaneous Symbols#Emoji modifiers|Miscellaneous Symbols]], [[Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs#Emoji modifiers|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs]], [[Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs#Emoji modifiers|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs]], [[Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A#Emoji modifiers|Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A]], and [[Transport and Map Symbols#Emoji modifiers|Transport and Map Symbols]].<ref name="EmojiData"/>
The following table shows both the Unicode characters and the open-source "Twemoji" images, designed by [[Twitter]]:
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{{anchor|RGI}}Unicode previously maintained a catalog of emoji ZWJ sequences that were supported on at least one commonly available platform. The consortium has since switched to documenting sequences that are ''recommended for general interchange'' (RGI). These are clusters that emoji fonts are expected to include as part of the standard.<ref name="ZWJSequences">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-zwj-sequences.html|title=Emoji ZWJ Sequences Catalog|publisher=Unicode Consortium|date=June 14, 2016}}</ref>
The ZWJ has also been used to implement platform
==In Unicode<span class="anchor" id="Unicode blocks"></span>==
{{Main|List of emojis}}
Unicode {{Unicode version|version=
637 of the 768 code points in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs]] block are considered emoji. 242 of the 256 code points in the [[Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs]] block are considered emoji.
{{Unicode chart single emojis|fontfam='Apple Color Emoji','Segoe UI Emoji','Segoe UI Symbol','Noto Color Emoji'}}
Additional emoji can be found in the following Unicode blocks: [[Arrows (Unicode block)|Arrows]] (8 code points considered emoji), [[Basic Latin (Unicode block)|Basic Latin]] (12), [[CJK Symbols and Punctuation]] (2), [[Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement]] (41), [[Enclosed Alphanumerics]] (1), [[Enclosed CJK Letters and Months]] (2), [[Enclosed Ideographic Supplement]] (15), [[General Punctuation]] (2), [[Geometric Shapes (Unicode block)|Geometric Shapes]] (8), [[Geometric Shapes Extended]] (13), [[Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block)|Latin-1 Supplement]] (2), [[Letterlike Symbols]] (2), [[Mahjong Tiles (Unicode block)|Mahjong Tiles]] (1), [[Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows (Unicode block)|Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows]] (7), [[Miscellaneous Technical]] (18), [[Playing cards in Unicode|Playing Cards]] (1), and [[Supplemental Arrows-B (Unicode block)|Supplemental Arrows-B]] (2).
==In popular culture ==
* The 2009 film ''[[Moon (2009 film)|Moon]]'' featured a robot named GERTY who communicates using a neutral-toned synthesized voice together with a screen showing emoji representing the corresponding emotional content.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://typesetinthefuture.com/2014/02/11/moon/ |title=Moon |last=Addey |first=Dave |website=Typeset in the Future |date=February 11, 2014 |access-date=August 23, 2017}}</ref>
* In 2014, the [[Library of Congress]] acquired an emoji version of [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby Dick]]'' created by [[Fred Benenson]].<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Christopher|last=Shea| url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/text-me-ishmael-reading-moby-dick-emoji-180949825/| title=Text Me, Ishmael: Reading Moby Dick in Emoji| date=March 2014| magazine=Smithsonian Magazine| access-date=August 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Hollander|first=Jenny| url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/9208-emoji-dick-moby-dick-translated-into-emoji-icons-this-exists| title=Emoji Dick: Moby Dick, Translated Into Emoji Icons. This Exists| date=November 19, 2013| magazine=Bustle| access-date=August 23, 2017}}</ref>
* A musical called ''[[Emojiland]]'' premiered at Rockwell Table & Stage in Los Angeles in May 2016
* In October 2016, the [[Museum of Modern Art]] acquired the original collection of emoji distributed by NTT DoCoMo in 1999.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://mashable.com/2016/10/26/original-emoji-moma/#GYC.YU_AumqJ| title=These Emoji Are Now Part of MoMA's Permanent Collection| date=October 26, 2016| website=Mashable| access-date=August 23, 2017}}</ref>
* In November 2016, the first emoji-themed convention, Emojicon, was held in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Steinmetz|first=Katy|place=San Francisco|url=
* In March 2017, the first episode of [[Samurai Jack (season 5)|the fifth season of ''Samurai Jack'']] featured alien characters who communicate in emoji.<ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=DeAngelo|title=The Face-palming Finale of 'Samurai Jack'|url=https://studybreaks.com/2017/06/14/samurai-jack-2-2/|access-date=July 7, 2017|work=Study Breaks|date=June 14, 2017}}</ref>
* In April 2017, the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode "[[Smile (Doctor Who)|Smile]]" featured nanobots called Vardy, which communicate through robotic avatars that use emoji (without any accompanying speech output) and are sometimes referred to by the time travelers as "Emojibots".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mulkern|first=Patrick|title=Doctor Who Smile review: 'A grief tsunami! It's a tough one to sell and I'm not buying it'|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-04-22/doctor-who-smile-review-a-grief-tsunami-its-a-tough-one-to-sell-and-im-not-buying-it|website=Radio Times|access-date=April 23, 2017}}</ref>
* On July 28, 2017, [[Sony Pictures Animation]] released ''[[The Emoji Movie]]'', an animated movie featuring the voices of [[Patrick Stewart]], [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Sofía Vergara]], [[Anna Faris]], [[T. J. Miller]], and other notable actors and comedians.<ref name=Dec2015CS>{{cite web|last1=Perry|first1=Spencer|title=Emoji Movie, Animated Spider-Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/642987-sony-animation-dates-the-emoji-movie-delays-animated-spider-man|access-date=December 23, 2015|publisher=ComingSoon.net|date=December 22, 2015|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223163139/http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/642987-sony-animation-dates-the-emoji-movie-delays-animated-spider-man|archive-date=December 23, 2015}}</ref> It was universally panned, and
* On September 3, 2021, [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] released his sixth studio [[album]], ''[[Certified Lover Boy]]'' with album cover art featuring twelve emoji of pregnant women in varying [[clothing]] colors, hair colors, and skin tones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/style/drake-certified-lover-boy-cover-art-reactions/|title=Drake's 'Certified Lover Boy' Cover Art Featuring Pregnant Emoji Has Everyone Scratching Their Heads|website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|last=Cowen|first=Trace William|date=August 30, 2021|access-date=August 30, 2021|archive-date=August 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830174916/https://www.complex.com/style/drake-certified-lover-boy-cover-art-reactions/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/drake-certified-lover-boy-album-cover-art-reactions-twitter-2021-8|title=Drake's new album art oddly features 12 pregnant women as emojis, and everyone from Lil Nas X to his fans are making fun of it|website=[[Insider (website)|Insider]]|last=Ahlgrim|first=Callie|date=August 30, 2021|access-date=August 31, 2021|archive-date=August 31, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210831091115/https://www.insider.com/drake-certified-lover-boy-album-cover-art-reactions-twitter-2021-8|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
Line 425 ⟶ 420:
* [[Hieroglyphs]]
* [[iConji]]
* [[
* [[Pictogram]]
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