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Fecal–oral route

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The fecal–oral route (also called the oral–fecal route or orofecal route) describes a particular route of transmission of a disease wherein pathogens in fecal particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person. Main causes of fecal–oral disease transmission include lack of adequate sanitation (leading to open defecation), and poor hygiene practices. If soil or water bodies are polluted with fecal material, humans can be infected with waterborne diseases or soil-transmitted diseases. Fecal contamination of food is another form of fecal-oral transmission. Washing hands properly after changing a baby's diaper or after performing anal hygiene can prevent foodborne illness from spreading.

The "F-diagram" (feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food), showing pathways of fecal–oral disease transmission. The vertical blue lines show barriers: toilets, safe water, hygiene and handwashing.

The common factors in the fecal-oral route can be summarized as five Fs: fingers, flies, fields, fluids, and food. Diseases caused by fecal-oral transmission include diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, polio and hepatitis.

Background

 
Villagers during a community-led total sanitation (CLTS) triggering exercise go to the place where meals are prepared to observe how flies are attracted to human feces and carry diseases by landing on the food (village near Lake Malawi, Malawi)
 
School children during a CLTS triggering event in West Bengal, India looking at a glass of water and fresh human feces where the flies pass from the water to the feces and back. This demonstrates how water can get polluted with pathogens.

Although fecal–oral transmission is usually discussed as a route of transmission, it is actually a specification of the entry and exit portals of the pathogen, and can operate across several of the other routes of transmission.[1] Fecal–oral transmission is primarily considered as an indirect contact route through contaminated food or water. However, it can also operate through direct contact with feces or contaminated body parts, such as through anal sex.[2][3] It can also operate through droplet or airborne transmission through the toilet plume from contaminated toilets.[4][5]

F-Diagram

The foundations for the "F-diagram" being used today were laid down in a publication by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1958.[6] This publication explained transmission routes and barriers to the transmission of diseases from the focal point of human feces.

Modifications have been made over the course of history to derive modern-looking F-diagrams. These diagrams are used in many sanitation publications.[7] They are set up in a way that fecal–oral transmission pathways are shown to take place via water, hands, arthropods and soil. To make it easier to remember, words starting with the letter "F" are used for each of these pathways, namely fluids, fingers, flies, food, fields, fomites (objects and household surfaces).

Rather than only concentrating on human feces, animal feces should also be included in the F-diagram.[7]

The sanitation and hygiene barriers when placed correctly prevent the transmission of an infection through hands, water and food. The F-diagram can be used to show how proper sanitation (in particular toilets, hygiene, handwashing) can act as an effective barrier to stop transmission of diseases via fecal–oral pathways.

Examples

Transmission

The process of transmission may be simple or involve multiple steps. Some examples of routes of fecal–oral transmission include:

  • water that has come in contact with feces (for example due to groundwater pollution from pit latrines) and is then not treated properly before drinking;
  • by shaking someone's hand that has been contaminated by stool, changing a child's diapers, working in the garden, or dealing with domestic animals.
  • food that has been prepared in the presence of fecal matter;
  • eating soil (geophagia)
  • disease vectors, like houseflies, spreading contamination from inadequate fecal disposal such as open defecation;
  • poor or absent hand washing after using the toilet or changing diapers;
  • poor or absent cleaning of anything that has been in contact with feces;
  • sexual practices that may involve oral contact with feces, such as anilingus ("Rimjobs"), coprophilia or A2M sexual intercourse.
  • eating feces, in children, or in a mental disorder called coprophagia

Prevention

 
Modified F-diagram including interventions that can block human exposure to animal feces.[7]

One approach to changing people's behaviors and stopping open defecation is the community-led total sanitation approach. In this process "live demonstrations" of flies moving from food to fresh human feces and back are used. This can "trigger" villagers into action.[8]

Diseases

The list below shows the main diseases that can be passed via the fecal–oral route. They are grouped by the type of pathogen involved in disease transmission.

Bacteria

Viruses

Protozoans

Helminths

Waterborne diseases are diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that most commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. This is one particular type of fecal-oral transmission.

Neglected tropical diseases also contains many diseases transmitted via the fecal-oral route.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Principles of Epidemiology: Chain of Infection". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Infection. 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2020-07-21.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ LaMorte, Wayne W. (2016-01-06). "Common Vehicle Spread". Boston University School of Public Health. Retrieved 2020-07-21.
  3. ^ Whittier, Christopher A (2017-04-16), "Fecal-Oral Transmission", in Bezanson, Michele; MacKinnon, Katherine C; Riley, Erin; Campbell, Christina J (eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 1, doi:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0193, ISBN 978-1-119-17931-3
  4. ^ Johnson, David L.; Mead, Kenneth R.; Lynch, Robert A.; Hirst, Deborah V.L. (March 2013). "Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: A literature review with suggestions for future research". American Journal of Infection Control. 41 (3): 254–258. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330. PMC 4692156. PMID 23040490.
  5. ^ Jones, RM; Brosseau, L. M. (May 2015). "Aerosol transmission of infectious disease". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 57 (5): 501–8. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448. PMID 25816216. S2CID 11166016.
  6. ^ Wagner, E. G., and Lanoix, L. N. (1958). Excreta disposal for rural and small communities (PDF). WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 12.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b c Penakalapati, Gauthami; Swarthout, Jenna; Delahoy, Miranda J.; McAliley, Lydia; Wodnik, Breanna; Levy, Karen; Freeman, Matthew C. (2017-10-17). "Exposure to Animal Feces and Human Health: A Systematic Review and Proposed Research Priorities". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (20): 11537–11552. Bibcode:2017EnST...5111537P. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02811. ISSN 0013-936X. PMC 5647569. PMID 28926696.
  8. ^ Kal, K and Chambers, R (2008) Handbook on Community-led Total Sanitation Archived 2015-04-10 at the Wayback Machine, Plan UK Accessed 2015-02-26
  9. ^ Hale TL, Keusch GT (1996). Baron S, et al. (eds.). Shigella in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
  10. ^ Giannella RA (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.). Salmonella:Epidemiology in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
  11. ^ Finkelstein RA (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.). Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
  12. ^ a b c Intestinal Parasites and Infection Archived 2010-10-28 at the Wayback Machine fungusfocus.com – Retrieved on 2010-01-21
  13. ^ a b "Stool-To-Mouth or Fecal–Oral Route of Transmission of Infection | Healthhype.com". www.healthhype.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  14. ^ Zuckerman AJ (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.). Hepatitis Viruses in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
  15. ^ Wang L, Zhuang H (2004). "Hepatitis E: an overview and recent advances in vaccine research". World J Gastroenterol. 10 (15): 2157–62. doi:10.3748/wjg.v10.i15.2157. PMC 4724990. PMID 15259057.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Holshue ML, et al. (2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMC 7092802. PMID 32004427.
  17. ^ Pinghui, Zhuang (2020-02-02). "Coronavirus: scientists identify possible new mode of transmission in human faeces". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2020-02-04.
  18. ^ Meyer EA (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.). Other Intestinal Protozoa and Trichomonas Vaginalis in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
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