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{{Short description|Hot dish of fried fish and fried potato}}
{{Redirect|Fish 'n' chips|other topics|Fish 'n' Chips (disambiguation)}}
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{{British cuisine}}
'''Fish and chips''' is a hot dish consisting of [[fried fish]] in [[batter (cooking)|batter]], served with [[French fries|chips]].
[[Fish and chip shop]]s first appeared in the UK in the 1860s, and by 1910 there were over 25,000 of them across the UK. This increased to over 35,000 by the 1930s, but eventually decreased to approximately 10,000 by 2009.<ref name="alexander" /> The British government safeguarded the supply of fish and chips during the [[First World War]] and again in the [[Second World War]]. It was one of the few foods in the UK [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|not subject to rationing]] during the wars, which further contributed to its popularity.<ref name="alexander" /><ref name="Northern Echo" />
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{{Main|English cuisine}}
The British tradition of eating fish battered and fried in oil
[[File:BCLM fish+chips.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Fish and chips, served in a paper wrapper ([[greaseproof paper]] inner and ordinary paper outer), as a
The location of the first [[fish and chip shop]] is unclear. The earliest known shops were opened in London during the 1860s by Eastern European Jewish immigrant Joseph Malin,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2003/jan/19/foodanddrink.restaurants|title=Enduring Love |access-date=19 January 2003 | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Jay | last=Rayner | date=3 November 2005 | quote=In 1860 a Jewish immigrant from Eastern Europe called Joseph Malin opened the first business in London's East End selling fried fish alongside chipped potatoes which, until then, had been found only in the Irish potato shops.}}</ref> and by John Lees in [[Mossley|Mossley, Lancashire]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10410058/Potted-histories-fish-and-chips.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10410058/Potted-histories-fish-and-chips.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Potted histories: fish and chips|last=Hyslop|first=Leah|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=30 October 2013|access-date=4 September 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk/pages/history--599.htm|title=Federation of Fish Friers - Serving the Fish and Chips Industry - History|website=www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk|access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> However, fried fish and chips had existed separately for at least 50 years prior to this, so the possibility that they had been combined at an earlier time cannot be ruled out.<ref name="Oxford Companion">{{cite book|first1=Alan|last1=Davidson|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA310|publisher=OUP Oxford|date=21 August 2014|isbn=
Deep-fried chips (slices or pieces of potato) as a dish may have first appeared in England in about the same period: the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' notes as its earliest usage of "chips" in this sense the mention in Charles Dickens' ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]'' (1859): "husky chips of potato, fried with some reluctant drops of oil".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/98/98-h/98-h.htm#link2H_4_0002|title=A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16391511|title=The master of the snippet|first=Matthew|last=Davis|work=BBC News|date=4 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c54xAQAAMAAJ&q=tale+of+two+cities|title=A Tale of Two Cities|first=Charles|last=Dickens|date=24 January 1866|publisher=Chapman and Hall|via=Google Books}}</ref>
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| date=3 November 2009 | page=17
| url=http://www.irishtimes.com
}}</ref> originated in the United Kingdom, although outlets selling fried food occurred commonly throughout Europe. Early fish-and-chip shops had only very basic facilities. Usually these consisted principally of a large cauldron of cooking fat, heated by a coal fire. The fish-and-chip shop later evolved into a fairly standard format, with the food served, in paper wrappings, to queuing customers, over a counter in front of the fryers.
[[File:Harry Ramsden's, Marine Parade, Brighton (July 2020).JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Harry Ramsden's]] in Brighton, one of its 35 outlets in the UK and Ireland
In 1928, [[Harry Ramsden's|Harry Ramsden]] opened his first fish and chip shop in [[Guiseley|Guiseley, West Yorkshire]]. On a single day in 1952, the shop served 10,000 portions of fish and chips, earning a place in the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]''.<ref name="Northern Echo">{{cite news |title=Having a Whaler of a time |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/opinion/latest/10213308.whaler-time/ |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=Northern Echo|quote = "Fish 'n' chips (the "sixpenny supper") sustained national morale through two world wars, helped turn fishing ports into holiday resorts and made Friday night suppers the culinary highlight of the week for generations. George Orwell reckoned they were essential for keeping the masses happy – and he was right. More than 150 years after Joseph Malin opened his first shop, fish and chips are a British institution."}}</ref> In [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[The Road to Wigan Pier]]'' (1937), which documents his experience of working-class life in the [[North of England]], the author considered fish and chips chief among the 'home comforts' which acted as a panacea to the working classes.<ref>{{cite book|
During the [[Second World War]], fish and chips—a staple of the working class—remained one of the few foods in the United Kingdom [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|not subject to rationing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rls.org.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-001-467-L |title=Resources for Learning, Scotland: Rationing |publisher=Rls.org.uk |date=5 January 1998 |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] referred to the combination of fish and chips as "the good companions".<ref name="alexander"/>
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A prominent meal in British culture, fish and chips became popular in wider circles in London and South East England in the middle of the 19th century: [[Charles Dickens]] mentions a "fried fish warehouse" in ''[[Oliver Twist]]'', first published in 1838, while in the north of England a trade in deep-fried chipped potatoes developed.<ref name="BBC History"/> It remains unclear exactly when and where these two trades combined to become the modern [[fish and chip shop]] industry. A Jewish immigrant, Joseph Malin, opened the first recorded combined fish-and-chip shop in [[Bow, London|Bow]], East London, circa 1860; a Mr Lees pioneered the concept in the North of England, in [[Mossley]], in 1863.<ref name="BBC History">{{cite news |title=Chipping away at the history of fish and chips |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20130409-chipping-away-at-the-history-of-fish-and-chips |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Historic uk - the heritage accommodation guide |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/FishandChips.htm |title=Tradition Historic UK, Fish and Chips |publisher=Historic-uk.com |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> A century later, the [[National Federation of Fish Friers]], which made Malin's its first member, presented a plaque to Malin's as being the world's first fish and chip shop.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fish & chips: Drinks & dishes you might not have realised were invented in London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/galleries/drinks-and-dishes-invented-in-london/fish-and-chips/ |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=The Telegraph|quote=It was, the Federation declared, one Joseph Malin, a Jewish émigré of Cleveland Way, Whitechapel, who opened the first chippie around 1860.}}</ref> A [[blue plaque]] is located at the other main contender for the first fish and chip shop, the present site of [[Oldham]]'s Tommyfield Market.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaloner|first1=W. H.|last2=Henderson|first2=W. O.|title=Industry and Innovation: Selected Essays|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1990|isbn=0-7146-3335-6}}</ref> Located in [[Covent Garden]], The Rock & Sole Plaice, dating from 1871, is London's oldest fish and chip shop still in operation.<ref name="BBC History"/>
The concept of a sit-down fish restaurant—as opposed to takeaway—was introduced by Samuel Isaacs, an entrepreneur from [[Whitechapel]], East London who ran a thriving wholesale and retail fish business.<ref name="Isaacs"/> Dubbed the 'Fish Restaurant King', Isaacs' first restaurant opened in [[Lambeth]], South London in 1896 serving fish and chips, bread and butter, and tea for nine pence.<ref>England Eats Out by John Burnett - Published by Pearson Education, 2004 {{ISBN|0-582-47266-0}}</ref> It became instantly popular and led to a [[Chain store|chain]] which comprised 22 restaurants.<ref name="Isaacs"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=John K. |title=Fish and Chips, and the British Working Class, 1870-1940 |date=24 July 1998 |publisher=A&C Black |page=34 |isbn=0-7185-2120-X}}</ref> Isaacs' trademark was the phrase "This is the [[Plaice]]", combined with a picture of the punned-upon fish in question, which appeared in all of his restaurants.<ref name="Isaacs">{{cite book |last1=Jolles |first1=Michael A. |last2=Rubinstein |first2=W. |title=The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History |date=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-30466-6 |pages=457}}</ref> Isaacs' restaurants were carpeted, had table service, tablecloths, flowers, china and cutlery, and made the trappings of upmarket dining affordable to the working classes. They were located in [[Strand, London|the Strand]] and other London locations, as well as Brighton, [[Ramsgate]], [[Margate]] and other seaside resorts in southern England.<ref name="Isaacs"/> Menus were expanded in the early 20th century to include meat dishes and other variations. A glimpse of the old Brighton restaurant at No.1 Marine Parade can be seen in the background of [[Norman Wisdom]]'s 1955 film ''[[One Good Turn (1955 film)|One Good Turn]]'' just as Pitkin runs onto the seafront; this is now the site of a [[Harry Ramsden's]] fish and chips restaurant.
From their first appearance on the British [[High Street]] in the early 1860s, fish and chip shops spread rapidly in order to satisfy the needs of the growing industrial population.<ref>{{cite news |title=The History of Fish and Chips |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Fish-Chips/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |publisher=[[Historic England]] |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608152727/https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Fish-Chips/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1910, there were over 25,000 fish and chip shops across the UK, a figure that grew to over 35,000 shops by the 1930s.<ref name="alexander" /> Since then the trend has reversed, and in 2009 there were approximately 10,000 shops.<ref name="alexander" />
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===Ireland===
{{Main|Irish cuisine}}
In [[Ireland]], the first fish and chips were sold by an Italian immigrant, Giuseppe Cervi, who mistakenly stepped off a North America-bound ship at Queenstown (now [[Cobh]]) in [[County Cork]] in the 1880s and walked all the way to [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/food-drink/national-fish-and-chips-day-thank-cod-for-giuseppe-2656484.html |title=National Fish and Chips Day: Thank cod for Giuseppe |work=
===New Zealand===
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===Choice of fish===
In Britain and Ireland, [[cod]] and [[haddock]] appear most commonly as the fish used for fish and chips,<ref name=onplate>{{cite web|
[[File:Fish-and-chips-horseshoe-bay.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cod]] and chips, served with a lemon wedge and [[tartar sauce]]]]
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===Cooking===
[[File:Frying range.JPG|thumb|Frying range at a Portland Street establishment in [[Manchester]] in 2007]]
Traditional frying uses [[tallow|beef dripping]] or [[lard]]; however, [[vegetable oil]]s, such as [[palm oil]], [[rapeseed]] or [[peanut oil]] (used because of its relatively high [[smoke point]]) {{As of|2007|alt= now}} predominate, in part because it makes fried chips suitable for vegetarians and for adherents of certain faiths.<ref name="Grant2022">{{cite news |last1=Grant |first1=Katie |title=Fish and chips is a beloved national dish, but Britain can't agree on the best way to cook it |url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/food-and-drink/fish-chips-beloved-national-dish-britain-best-way-cook-1599166 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=I |date=28 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fort |first1=Matthew |title=The best fish and chips |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/jan/22/best-fish-and-chip-shop |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=22 January 2009}}</ref>
A minority of vendors in the [[North of England]] and [[Scotland]], and the majority of vendors in [[Northern Ireland]],{{cn|date=September 2024}} still use dripping or lard, as it imparts a different flavour to the dish.<ref
The fish part of the dish is filleted, and no bones should be found in the fish.<ref>{{cite news |title='Posh' fish and chips recipe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/posh_fish_and_chips_17532 |access-date=2 September 2023 |agency=BBC}}</ref>
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===Nutrition information===
An average serving of fish and chips consisting of {{convert|6
==Vendors==
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In the United Kingdom, [[Republic of Ireland]], Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa, fish and chips are usually sold by independent restaurants and [[take-away]]s known as [[fish and chip shop]]s. Outlets range from small affairs to chain restaurants. Locally owned seafood restaurants are also popular in many places, as are mobile "[[Mobile catering|chip van]]s".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobilecateringuk.co.uk/how-to-start-up-mobile-catering-business.htm |title=Starting a Mobile Catering Business in UK |publisher=Mobilecateringuk.co.uk |access-date=16 October 2012 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126014516/http://www.mobilecateringuk.co.uk/how-to-start-up-mobile-catering-business.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Canada, the outlets may be referred to as "chip wagons".
In Ireland, the majority of traditional vendors are migrants or the descendants of migrants from southern Italy. A trade organisation exists to represent this tradition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itica.ie/ |title=ITICA - Irish Traditional Italian Chipper Association, chippers in Ireland, Irish chippers, Fish and Chip Day — ITICA |publisher=Itica.ie |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> In New Zealand and Australia, fish-and-chip vendors are a popular business and source of income among the Asian community, particularly Chinese migrants.<ref>{{cite book|
Many British establishments have humorous or [[pun]]-based names, such as, "A Salt and Battery", "The Codfather", "The Frying Scotsman", "Oh My Cod", "Frying Nemo", "Rock and Sole" and "Jack the Chipper".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2012/jan/15/chip-shop-names-my-cod |title=Chip shops: oh my cod, the plaices I've seen |work=The Guardian |date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2 June 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A 'traditional' fish and chip shop is opening in Swansea's Wind Street |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink-news/jack-murphys-gaming-bar-chippy-23265358 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Wales Online}}</ref> The numerous competitions and awards for "best fish-and-chip shop"<ref name="seafish1">{{Cite web|url=https://seafish.org/promoting-seafood|title=Promoting Seafood|website=Seafish}}</ref> testify to the recognised status of this type of outlet in [[popular culture]].<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4670504.stm|title=Couple scoop best chip shop award|access-date=4 January 2007|work=BBC News| date=1 February 2006}}</ref>
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The British [[National Federation of Fish Friers]] was founded in 1913. It promotes fish and chips and offers training courses. It has about 8,500 members from around the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk/|title=NFFF home page|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref>
A previous world record for the "largest serving of fish and chips" was held by Gadaleto's Seafood Market in New Paltz, New York.<ref>Guinness World Record Claim ID# 45775</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gadaletos.com |title=Hudson Valleys Freshest Seafood and Lobster, retail market, restaurant |publisher=Gadaletos.com |date=16 April 2013 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> This 2004 record was broken by [[Yorkshire]] [[pub]] Wensleydale Heifer in July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14003627 |title=Giant fish and chip supper breaks world record |work=BBC News |date=2 July 2011 |access-date=16 July 2013}}</ref> An attempt to break this record was made by [[Doncaster]] fish and chip shop Scawsby Fisheries in August 2012, which served {{
==Cultural impact==
The long-standing [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] tradition of [[Friday Fast|not eating meat on Fridays]], especially during [[Lent]], and of substituting fish for meat on that day continues to influence habits even in predominantly Protestant, semi-[[secularism|secular]] and secular societies. Friday night remains a traditional occasion for eating fish and chips; many [[cafeteria]]s and similar establishments, while varying their menus on other days of the week, habitually offer fish and chips every Friday.<ref>{{cite book | title = Frying tonight: the saga of fish & chips |
In 1967, inspired by the use of salt and vinegar as condiments for fish and chips in the UK, the [[The Smith's Snackfood Company|Smiths Potato Crisps Company]] created Salt & Vinegar flavour [[Potato chip|crisps]].<ref name="saltandvinegar">{{cite news |title=Channel 4 documentary tells dramatic story of how Corby's huge crisp factory changed the world of snacks - and how it exploded|url=https://www.northantslive.news/whats-on/channel-4-documentary-tells-dramatic-5771498 |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=Northampton Chronicle|quote=This is when Smith's hit back with their own revolutionary flavour — salt and vinegar, inspired by the country's love for fish & chips.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From salt and vinegar crisps to the offside rule: 12 gifts the North East gave the world |newspaper=Evening Chronicle |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/salt-vinegar-crisps-offside-rule-12380648 |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>
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==Environment==
In the UK, waste oil from fish and chip shops has become a useful source of [[biodiesel]].<ref name="planetark-petrotec" /> The German biodiesel company Petrotec has outlined plans to produce biodiesel in the UK using waste oil from the British fish-and-chip industry.<ref name="planetark-petrotec">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/47581/story.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320134445/http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/47581/story.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 March 2008 |title=German Biodiesel Firm To Use Chip Fat In UK, US |
==See also==
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==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last1=Priestland|first1=Gerald|title=Frying tonight: the saga of fish & chips.|date=1972|publisher=Gentry Books|location=London|isbn=
* {{cite journal|last=Walton|first=John K.|title=Fish and Chips and the British Working Class, 1870–1930|journal=Journal of Social History|date=1989|volume=23|issue=2|pages=243–266|doi=10.1353/jsh/23.2.243|jstor=3787879}}
* {{cite book|last=Walton|first=John K.|title=Fish and Chips, and the British Working Class, 1870–1940|date=1994|publisher=Leicester University Press|location=Leicester|isbn=
==External links==
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