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Historically, since the [[Neolithic]] era, the populations that have inhabited Sardinia have always exploited the mineral wealths and varieties present in its subsoil. These mining activities grew considerably between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: in 1850 there were more than 250 mining concessions. This period was dominated by the extraction of [[lead]] and [[zinc]] which made the fortune of [[Arbus, Sardinia|Arburese]], [[Iglesias, Sardinia|Iglesiente]] and the Barony of [[Siniscola]] regions. The sector, however, went into crisis after the Second World War and many of these mines were closed or downsized. On the contrary, however, in the same period there has been a boom in the [[fluorine]] and [[barium]] extraction sector, especially in [[Gerrei]] area. Therefore, many entrepreneurs, supported by the [[Regional Council of Sardinia|Autonomous Region of Sardinia]] through the ''Sardinian Mining Authority'' (it. ''Ente Minerario Sardo''), chose to invest in this new business. Among these figures there was also Count Enrico Giulini, who already obtained the first mining concessions in 1953<ref name=tresMontis>{{cite web|url=http://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/2008/11/12/SD3SD_SD304.html|title=Il ritorno del conte Giulini: sarà la Fluorite sarda a rilanciare Genna Tres Montis|author=Giancarlo Bulla|date=12 November 2008|access-date=28 July 2021|website=La Nuova Sardegna}}</ref> and a few years later, on April 17, [[1969]], he founded ''Fluorsid'' based in the ''Genna Tres Montis'' mine, in the municipality of [[Silius]]. The company was specialized in the production of synthetic [[cryolite]] and [[aluminum fluoride]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Ignazio De Magistris|url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,7/articleid,0137_01_1971_0107_0025_4580743/|title=Nelle miniere del Sulcis|publisher=[[La Stampa]]|date=12 May 1971|access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref>. It immediately built on site a drying and bagging plant for [[fluorspar]] as well as one for briquetting the [[fluorite]] for steel and wet process, implemented in 1972<ref name = fluorsidchisiamo>{{cite web|url=https://fluorsid.com/who-we-are/|title=Fluorsid - Who we are|access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>. This process will be used until 1988, when it was decided to switch to dry production.
At the end of the 1980s, however, the problem of the enlargement of the [[ozone hole]] emerged: [[chlorofluorocarbon]]s were considered the main culprits and some of these compounds were banned by the 1987 [[Montreal Protocol]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilpost.it/2015/05/16/buco-nell-ozono/|title=Il buco nell'ozono, 30 anni fa|editor=ilpost.it|date=16 May 2015|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>. This led to a strong crisis in the chemical industry linked to the production of florides (in particular [[hydrofluoric acid]]), for which the Silìus mine also entered into crisis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.silius.ca.it/conoscere-silius/miniere|title=Le miniere - Comune di Silius|editor=|date=|access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>. The Autonomous Region of Sardinia therefore decided to separate the mining sector from the production and commercial side, taking charge of the first aspect and contributing to 80% of the capital of the mines in Gerrei. Since 1990, Fluorsid left [[Silius]]<ref name=tresMontis/> and its business focused in the production and marketing of fluoroderivatives purchasing the raw material from other mines in the world, such as in [[South Africa]], [[Morocco]] and [[China]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Fluorsid|date=March 2007|title=Domanda di autorizzazione integrata ambientale|url=https://va.minambiente.it/File/Documento/266156|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>. In 2006, 100% of the raw materials were imported<ref name="assoInd">{{cite web|author=Fluorsid|title=Il recupero energetico dalla produzione di acido solforico nello stabilimento Fluorsid di Macchiareddu|url=http://www.assindca.it/docs/convegno_135_86701.pdf|date=5 October 2012|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>.
However, Sardinia had not been abandoned, on the contrary the industrial site of Macchiareddu was expanded, in the industrial area of [[Assemini]], near [[Cagliari]]: in 2002 the [[sulfuric acid]] plant was started up with the production of steam by electricity and at the same time in the new Millennium the company began to grow at worldwide level and acquire other companies in the sector, also thanks to the arrival in 2005 of Tommaso Giulini, son of the founder, Count Enrico, who inherited the head of the company in 2005. With the closure of the Sardinian mines, in fact, the goal was to take advantage of the energy produced on site and, at the same time, increase production capacity, focus on innovative technologies and diversify production by focusing on the [[aluminum]] sector in order to seek new outlets in the Arab and Persian Gulf markets<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sport/2016/01/22/news/lezione-del-patron-giulini-ai-giovani-di-confindustria-1.12823471|title=Lezione del patron Giulini ai giovani di Confindustria|editor=[[La Nuova Sardegna]]|date=22 January 2016|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>.
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