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Editing Hiratsuka

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{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name = Hiratsuka
| name = {{raise|0.2em|Hiratsuka}}
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ja|平塚市}}}}
| native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|ja|平塚市}}}}}}
| official_name =
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[Special cities of Japan|Special city]]
| settlement_type = [[Special cities of Japan|Special city]]
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| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Hiratsuka
| image_caption = Hiratsuka City
| image_flag = Flag of Hiratsuka, Kanagawa.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Hiratsuka, Kanagawa.svg
| flag_alt =
| flag_alt =
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| image_map = Hiratsuka in Kanagawa Prefecture Ja.svg
| image_map = Hiratsuka in Kanagawa Prefecture Ja.svg
| map_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Hiratsuka in Kanagawa Prefecture
| map_caption = Location of Hiratsuka in [[Kanagawa Prefecture]]
| pushpin_map = Japan
| pushpin_map = Japan
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Kantō region|Kantō]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kantō region|Kantō]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanagawa Prefecture]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
<!-- established -->
<!-- established -->
| established_title = First official recorded
| established_title = First official recorded
| established_date = late 3rd century (official)
| established_date = 701 AD
| established_title2 = Town settled
| established_title2 = City Settled
| established_date2 = April 1, 1889
| established_date2 = April 1, 1932
| established_title3 = City settled
| established_date3 = April 1, 1932
| founder =
| founder =
| named_for =
| named_for =
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<!-- population -->
<!-- population -->
| population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| population_total = 257,316
| population_total = 257,877
| population_as_of = April 1, 2021
| population_as_of = April 1, 2017
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est =
| population_est =
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<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1 = City Symbols
| blank_name_sec1 = City Symbols
| blank1_name_sec1 = Tree
| blank1_name_sec1 = - Tree
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cinnamomum camphora|Camphor Laurel]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cinnamomum camphora|Camphor Laurel]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Flower
| blank2_name_sec1 = - Flower
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dianthus]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dianthus]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Bird
| blank3_name_sec1 = - Bird
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Egret]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Egret]]
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
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| blank1_info_sec2 = 9-1 Sengenchō, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken 254-8686
| blank1_info_sec2 = 9-1 Sengenchō, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken 254-8686
<!-- website, footnotes -->
<!-- website, footnotes -->
| website = {{Official website|1=http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp}}
| website = [http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp]
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}

[[file:Hiratsuka City Office 20150222.JPG|thumb|right|260px|Hiratsuka City Hall]]
{{Nihongo|'''Hiratsuka'''|平塚市|Hiratsuka-shi}} is a [[Cities of Japan|city]] located in [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], [[Japan]].
{{Nihongo|'''Hiratsuka'''|平塚市|Hiratsuka-shi}} is a [[Cities of Japan|city]] in [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], [[Japan]]. {{As of|2021|04|01}}, the city had an estimated [[population]] of 257,316 and a [[population density]] of 3800 persons per km².<ref name="Hiratsuka-hp">{{cite web |url=http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp/tokei/page-c_01771.html |title= Hiratsuka city official statistics|location= Japan|language= ja}}</ref> The total area of the city is {{convert|67.88|sqkm|sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp/common/100066394.pdf|editor=Hiratsuka City Hall|title=Hiratsuka-shi Statistical Documentation|access-date=March 11, 2016|archive-date=April 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413170406/http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp/common/100066394.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of April 1, 2017, the city has an estimated [[population]] of 257,877, with 109,020 [[household]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.city.yamato.lg.jp/web/soumu/jinkoutosetaisu.html|title= Statistics of Hiratsuka City|publisher= Hiratsuka City|location= Japan|language= ja|access-date= 6 May 2017}}</ref> and a [[population density]] of 3,800 persons per km². The total area is 67.88&nbsp;km².<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp/common/100066394.pdf|editor=Hiratsuka City Hall|title=Hiratsuka-shi Statistical Documentation|access-date=March 11, 2016}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
Hiratsuka is located on the western [[Kantō Plain]] midway between [[Tokyo]] and [[Mount Fuji]], and has a 5-kilometer coastline in the [[Shōnan|Shōnan area]] on the [[Pacific Ocean]] in [[Sagami Bay]].
[[File:Shonandaira 2023 august 7 various 22 33 50 490000.jpeg|500px|thumb|left|Hiratsuka from Shonandaira (The left side is the north, the center is Hiratsuka TV Tower, and on the right in the rear is Sagami Bay and the mouth of the [[Sagami River]].)]]
Hiratsuka is located in the [[Shōnan|Shōnan area]] on the right bank (west side) of the [[Sagami River]], almost in the center of Kanagawa Prefecture, and faces [[Sagami Bay]] to the south. The area from the Sagami River to the Kaname River is a plain to the northern end of the city area, and the urban area extends to the south. The west side of the Kaname River is a hilly area that is part of the Oiso Hills, and there is a lot of greenery. It is approximately midway between [[Tokyo]] and [[Mount Fuji]].


===Surrounding municipalities===
===Surrounding municipalities===
Kanagawa Prefecture
*[[Atsugi, Kanagawa|Atsugi]]
*[[Chigasaki, Kanagawa|Chigasaki]]
*[[Chigasaki, Kanagawa|Chigasaki]]
*[[Hadano, Kanagawa|Hadano]]
*[[Hadano, Kanagawa|Hadano]]
*[[Atsugi, Kanagawa|Atsugi]]
*[[Isehara, Kanagawa|Isehara]]
*[[Isehara, Kanagawa|Isehara]]
*[[Samukawa, Kanagawa|Samukawa]]
*[[Nakai, Kanagawa|Nakai]]
*[[Nakai, Kanagawa|Nakai]]
*[[Oiso, Kanagawa|Oiso]]
*[[Ninomiya, Kanagawa|Ninomiya]]
*[[Ninomiya, Kanagawa|Ninomiya]]
*[[Oiso, Kanagawa|Oiso]]
*[[Samukawa, Kanagawa|Samukawa]]

===Climate===
Hiratsuka has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Köppen ''Cfa'') characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Hiratsuka is 14.6&nbsp;°C. The average annual rainfall is 2144&nbsp;mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.2&nbsp;°C, and lowest in January, at around 4.4&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hiratsuka climate: Temperature Hiratsuka & Weather By Month |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/japan/kanagawa/hiratsuka-764643/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Per Japanese census data,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hiratsuka (Kanagawa, Japan) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/japan/kanagawa/_/14203__hiratsuka/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> the population of Hiratsuka grew rapidly during the late 20th century but has plateaued in the 21st.

{{Historical populations
| 1950 | 49,638
| 1960 | 108,279
| 1970 | 163,671
| 1980 | 214,293
| 1990 | 245,950
| 2000 | 254,633
| 2010 | 260,780
| 2020 | 258,422
|align = none
| footnote =
}}


==History==
==History==
The area around Hiratsuka has been settled since prehistoric times, and mention of the area as part of ancient [[Ōsumi District, Kanagawa|Ōsumi District]], [[Sagami Province]] is found in [[Nara period]] records. From the [[Heian period]] through [[Kamakura period]], the area was divided into ''[[shōen]]'' controlled by various [[samurai]] clans and in the [[Sengoku period]] was the site of several battles between the [[later Hōjō clan]] of Odawara and the [[Miura clan]]. After the defeat of the Odawara at the [[Siege of Odawara (1590)|Battle of Odawara]] by [[Hideyoshi Toyotomi]], the area came under the control of [[Ieyasu Tokugawa]], who built a summer palace (the ''Nakahara Goten'') in 1596 at the site now occupied by the Hiratsuka City Nakahara Elementary/Primary School. Hiratsuka was retained as ''[[tenryō]]'' territory after the establishment of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], and flourished as [[Hiratsuka-juku]], a [[shukuba|post town]] on the [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]] connecting [[Edo]] with [[Kyoto]]. As the 7th station, it is often depicted in the series of [[ukiyo-e]] about the [[53 Stations of the Tōkaidō]] made among others by artists such [[Hokusai]] and [[Hiroshige]].
The area around Hiratsuka has been settled since prehistoric times, and mention of the area as part of ancient [[Ōsumi District, Kanagawa|Ōsumi District]], [[Sagami Province]] is found in [[Nara period]] records. From the [[Heian period]] through [[Kamakura period]], the area was divided into ''[[shōen]]'' controlled by various [[samurai]] clans and in the [[Sengoku period]] was the site of several battles between the [[later Hōjō clan]] of Odawara and the [[Miura clan]]. After the defeat of the Odawara at the [[Siege of Odawara (1590)|Battle of Odawara]] by [[Hideyoshi Toyotomi]], the area came under the control of [[Ieyasu Tokugawa]], who built a summer palace (the ''Nakahara Goten'') in 1596 at the site now occupied by the Hiratsuka City Nakahara Elementary/Primary School. Hiratsuka was retained as ''[[tenryō]]'' territory after the establishment of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], and flourished as [[Hiratsuka-juku]], a [[shukuba|post town]] on the [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]] connecting [[Edo]] with [[Kyoto]]. As the 7th station, it is often depicted in the series of [[ukiyo-e]] about the [[53 Stations of the Tōkaidō]] made among others by artists such [[Hokusai]] and [[Hiroshige]].


After the [[Meiji Restoration]], Hiratsuka town was founded on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the municipalities system, as part of the new [[Naka District, Kanagawa|Naka District]] within Kanagawa Prefecture. It merged with neighboring Suma Town on April 1, 1929, and was proclaimed Hiratsuka City on April 1, 1932.
After the [[Meiji Restoration]], Hiratsuka town was founded on April 1, 1889, as part of the new [[Naka District, Kanagawa|Naka District]] within Kanagawa Prefecture. It merged with neighboring Suma Town on April 1, 1929, and was proclaimed Hiratsuka City on April 1, 1932.


Prior to [[World War II]], Hiratsuka was the location of the {{nihongo|[[Hiratsuka Navy Ammunitions Arsenal]]|平塚海軍火薬廠}} of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] and {{nihongo|[[Japan International Aircraft Industries]]|日本国際航空工業|}}, a [[Nissan]] group military aircraft factory. Hiratsuka was largely destroyed on July 16, 1945, during the [[Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II]]. Due to its strategic location and wide beaches, it was also one of the targets for the [[Operation Downfall#Coronet|planned invasion of Japan]] during the final stages of World War II.
Prior to [[World War II]], Hiratsuka was the location of the {{nihongo|[[Hiratsuka Navy Ammunitions Arsenal]]|平塚海軍火薬廠}} of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] and {{nihongo|[[Japan International Aircraft Industries]]|日本国際航空工業|}}, a [[Nissan]] group military aircraft factory. Hiratsuka was largely destroyed on July 16, 1945, during the [[Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II]]. Due to its strategic location and wide beaches, it was also one of the targets for the [[Operation Downfall#Coronet|planned invasion of Japan]] during the final stages of World War II.


The city quickly rebuilt after the war, annexing several neighboring villages in the mid-1950s to attain its current area. The population exceeded 200,000 by 2001 and Hiratsuka became a [[Special cities of Japan|special city]] with increased autonomy from the central government. The current mayor is the independent Katsuhiro Ochai (落合克宏) who was elected April 24, 2011, and assumed office on April 30. Previously he had served two terms on the Hiratsuka city council and as council chairperson for the majority of the second term. Ochai succeeded Ritsuko Okura, the city's first female mayor, who served from 2003 to 2011.
The city quickly rebuilt after the war, annexing several neighboring villages in the mid-1950s to attain its current area. The population exceeded 200,000 by 2001 and Hiratsuka became a [[Special cities of Japan|special city]] with increased autonomy from the central government. The current mayor is the independent Katsuhiro OCHIAI (落合克宏) who was elected April 24, 2011, and assumed office on April 30. Previously he had served two terms on the Hiratsuka city council and as council chairperson for the majority of the second term. OCHIAI succeeded Ritsuko ÔKURA the city's first female mayor who served from 2003 to 2011.

==Government==
Hiratsuka has a [[mayor-council]] form of government with a directly elected mayor and a [[unicameral]] city council of 26 members. Hiratsuka contributes three members to the Kanagawa Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Kanagawa 15th district of the [[House of Representatives of Japan|lower house]] of the [[Diet of Japan]].


==Economy==
==Economy==
Hiratsuka has a mixed economy, with tax revenue coming from bets made at the Shonan Bank Cycling Velodrome and, several industries located in industrial parks in the outskirts of town. Major plants are operated by [[Nissan Shatai]], [[Yokohama Rubber Company]], [[Canon Inc.|Canon]], [[Furukawa Electric]], [[Pilot (pen company)|Pilot]] the famous Namiki pens are produced at Hiratsuka, [[Kansai Paint]], and [[Mitsubishi Plastics]]. Nissan Shatai is the largest employer in the city, but announced plans to move a factory to [[Kanda, Fukuoka|Kanda]]. Western firms such as Moog and MacDermid Performance Solutions also have a strong presence in this city.<ref>{{cite news|title=MacDermid Performance Solutions Completes Major Expansion of Japan Facility|work=[[Yahoo! Finance]]|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/macdermid-performance-solutions-completes-major-082000703.html|date=4 November 2016|access-date=2017-06-29 |quote=''MacDermid Performance Solutions’ state-of-the-art R&D facility is located in Hiratsuka City and now equipped with enhanced capabilities to accommodate the changing requirements of Japanese customers of both plating chemistry and assembly materials.''}}</ref> Hiratsuka is also a [[bedroom community]] for [[Yokohama]] and [[Tokyo]], with residents attracted by the "[[Shōnan]] lifestyle".
Hiratsuka has a mixed economy, with tax revenue coming from bets made at the Shonan Bank Cycling Velodrome and, several industries located in industrial parks in the outskirts of town. Major plants are operated by [[Nissan Shatai]], [[Yokohama Rubber Company]], [[Canon (company)|Canon]], [[Furukawa Electric]], [[Pilot (pen company)]] - the famous Namiki pens are produced at Hiratsuka, [[Kansai Paint]], and [[Mitsubishi Plastics]]. Nissan Shatai is the largest employer in the city, but announced plans to move a factory to [[Kanda, Fukuoka|Kanda]]. Western firms such as Moog and MacDermid Performance Solutions also have a strong presence in this city.<ref>{{cite news|title=MacDermid Performance Solutions Completes Major Expansion of Japan Facility|work=[[Yahoo! Finance]]|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/macdermid-performance-solutions-completes-major-082000703.html|date=4 November 2016|access-date=2017-06-29 |quote=''MacDermid Performance Solutions’ state-of-the-art R&D facility is located in Hiratsuka City and now equipped with enhanced capabilities to accommodate the changing requirements of Japanese customers of both plating chemistry and assembly materials.''}}</ref> Hiratsuka is also a [[bedroom community]] for [[Yokohama]] and [[Tokyo]], with residents attracted by the "[[Shōnan]] lifestyle".

==Education==
Hiratsuka has 28 public elementary schools and 15 public middle schools operated by the city government. The city has five public high schools operated by the Kanagawa Prefectural Board of Education and one private high school. The prefecture also operates four special education schools for the handicapped. A private junior college, the [[Tokai University Junior College of Nursing and Technology]] is located within Hiratsuka, which also has branch campuses of [[Kanagawa University]], [[Shoin University]] and [[Tokai University]].


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
===Railway===
===Railway===
[[File:JR logo (east).svg|20px]] [[East Japan Railway Company|JR East]] [[Tōkaidō Main Line]], [[Shōnan Shinjuku Line]]
*[[East Japan Railway Company|JR East]] - [[Tōkaidō Main Line]], [[Shōnan Shinjuku Line]]
*{{STN|Hiratsuka}}
**[[Hiratsuka Station]]


===Highway===
===Highway===
*[[Japan National Route 1]], to [[Tokyo]] or [[Kyoto]]
*{{jct|country=JPN|Exp|E85}}
*[[Japan National Route 129]], to [[Sagamihara, Kanagawa|Sagamihara]]
*{{jct|country=JPN|Route|1}}, to [[Tokyo]] or [[Kyoto]]
*{{jct|country=JPN|Route|129}}, to [[Sagamihara, Kanagawa|Sagamihara]]
*[[Japan National Route 134]], to [[Yokosuka, Kanagawa|Yokosuka]] via [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]
*{{jct|country=JPN|Route|134}}, to [[Yokosuka, Kanagawa|Yokosuka]] via [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]
*[[Japan National Route 271]], to [[Atsugi, Kanagawa|Atsugi]] or [[Odawara, Kanagawa|Odawara]] (toll)
*[[Odawara-Atsugi Road]]
*{{jct|country=JPN|Route|271}}, to [[Atsugi, Kanagawa|Atsugi]] or [[Odawara, Kanagawa|Odawara]] (toll)
*[[Shinshōnan Bypass]]
*[[Shinshōnan Bypass]]


==Tourist attractions==
==Tourist attractions==
[[File:Hiratsuka Tanabata 2008 daytime-1.jpg|thumb|right|Hiratsuka Tanabata festival]]
[[File:Hiratsuka Tanabata 2008 daytime-1.jpg|thumb|right|Hiratsuka Tanabata festival]]

*[[Tanabata]] festival
*[[Tanabata]] festival
*[[Shonan Bellmare]] [[football (soccer)|football]] club, three-time Japanese champions based at [[Hiratsuka Athletics Stadium]]
*[[Shonan Bellmare]] [[football (soccer)|football]] club, three-time Japanese champions based at [[Hiratsuka Athletics Stadium]]
*[[Kana Garden (Hiratsuka, Japan)|Kana Garden]]
*[[Hiratsuka Hachiman-gu]], Shinto shrine
*Hiratsuka Museum of Art


==Nearby tourist destination==
<gallery>
[[File:Minato_Mirai_In_Blue.jpg|thumb|right|Yokohama MinatoMirai district]]
Hiratsuka MOA.JPG|Hiratsuka Museum of Art
*[[Yokohama]] The largest city after Tokyo. The modern cityscape with the Yokohama Port and Chinatown are popular with tourists.
Hiratsuka20100102 4.JPG|Hiratsuka Athletics Stadium
[[File:Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg|thumb|right|Kamakura Daibutsu(Great Buddha)]]
Yawatayamayoukan.jpg|Building of former Hiratsuka Navy Ammunitions Arsenal
*[[Kamakura]] The ancient capital of the Kamakura period (1185? - 1333), where many historical sites such as the Great Buddha and temples and shrines remain.
</gallery>
[[File:View_of_Mount_Fuji_from_Lake_Ashi.jpg|thumb|right|Hakone Ashinoko-Lake]]
*[[Hakone]] Hakone is one of the most famous hot spring resorts in Japan. You can enjoy the view of Mt. Fuji and nature such as volcano.


==Sister cities==
==Sister cities==
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Alytus]], Lithuania, since 2017
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]], [[Gifu Prefecture|Gifu]], Japan, since October 22, 1982
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hanamaki, Iwate|Hanamaki]], [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]], Japan, since April 27, 1984
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Hanamaki, Iwate|Hanamaki]], [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]], Japan, since April 27, 1984
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Izu, Shizuoka|Izu]], [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]], Japan, since February 6, 2013
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Izu, Shizuoka|Izu]], [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]], Japan, since February 6, 2013
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Kaunas]], Lithuania, since November 25, 2023
*{{flagdeco|US}} [[Lawrence, Kansas]], United States, since September 21, 1990
*{{flagicon|US}} [[Lawrence, Kansas]], United States, since September 21, 1990
*{{flagdeco|LTU}} [[Alytus]], Lithuania, since 2017
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]], [[Gifu Prefecture|Gifu]], Japan, since October 22, 1982


==Notable people from Hiratsuka==
==Notable people from Hiratsuka==
*[[Izumi Sakai]] - singer, songwriter, vocal of [[Zard]]
*[[Yukari Fukui]], voice actress
*[[Yukari Fukui]] - voice actress
*[[Yamanashi Hanzō]], general, politician
*[[Yamanashi Hanzō]] - general, politician
*[[Lalla Hirayama]], [[Japanese people in South Africa|Japanese-born South African]] television host, [[actress]], [[dancer]] and [[Model (person)|model]]
*[[You Can't Do That on Television#Cast|Michael Hora]], former child actor
*[[You Can't Do That on Television#Cast|Michael Hora]] - former child actor
*[[Phongchi]] - Japanese idol of Vietnamese descent
*[[Michiko Kawai]], actress
*[[Yuki Kubota]], actress, model
*[[Kansuke Naka]], novelist, essayist
*[[Phongchi]], Japanese idol of Vietnamese descent
*[[Izumi Sakai]], singer, songwriter, vocal of [[Zard]]
*[[Hokuto Shimoda]], professional [[Association football|football]] player
*[[Mitsunori Takaboshi]], racing driver


== References ==
== References ==
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Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶   # ∞   ‹› «»   ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥   ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦   𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪   © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ   B b   C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç   D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð   E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə   F f   G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ   H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ   I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị   J j Ĵ ĵ   K k Ķ ķ   L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ   M m Ṃ ṃ   N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ   O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ   Ɔ ɔ   P p   Q q   R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ   S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß   T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ   U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ   V v   W w Ŵ ŵ   X x   Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ   Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž   ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ   Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ   Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ   Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ   Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π   Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ   Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω   {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г   Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ   Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж   З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і   Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к   Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м   Н н Њ њ О о П п   Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ   У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х   Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш   Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь   Э э Ю ю Я я   ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ   ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ   ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ   ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ   ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ   ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ   ɥ ʍ ɧ   ʼ   ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ   ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ   ɨ ʉ ɯ   ɪ ʏ ʊ   ø ɘ ɵ ɤ   ə ɚ   ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ   æ   ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ   ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ   ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪   {{IPA|}}

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