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{{bilateral|Hungarian-Mexican|Hungary|Mexico}}
 
'''Hungary–Mexico relations''' refer to foreignInitial relations between [[Hungary]] and [[Mexico]]. Relations date back to the short reign of the Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico]] from 1864 to 1867. Diplomatic relations with the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] were established in 1901, butand diplomatic relations continued between an independent Hungary and Mexico after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, however, diplomatic relations were once again suspended between 1941 and 1974. TheyDiplomatic relations were re-established between both nations on 14 May 1974 and have continued unabated since.<ref name=History>[http://www.sre.gob.mx/images/stories/docnormateca/manexte/embajadas/MOEMHungria.pdf History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Hungary (in Spanish)]</ref> Both nations are members of the [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] and the [[United Nations]].
 
Both nations are members of the [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] and the [[United Nations]].
==Country comparison==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! '''[[Hungary]]'''
! '''[[Mexico]]'''
|-
| '''Coat of Arms'''
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Coat of arms of Hungary.svg|65px]]
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Coat of arms of Mexico.svg|110px]]
|-
| '''[[List of countries by population|Population]]'''
| 9,830,485
| 122,273,000
|-
| '''[[List of countries and dependencies by area|Area]]'''
| 93,028&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (35,919 sq mi)
| 1,972,550&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (761,606 sq mi)
|-
| '''[[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density|Population Density]]'''
| 105.9/km<sup>2</sup> (274.3/sq mi)
| 61/km<sup>2</sup> (150/sq mi)
|-
| '''Government'''
| [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] constitutional republic
| [[Federalism|Federal]] [[presidential system|presidential]] constitutional republic
|-
| '''Capital'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Budapest]] – 1,759,407 (2,524,697 Metro)
|rowspan="2"| [[Mexico City]] – 8,918,653 (22,100,000 Urban)
|-
| '''Largest City'''
|-
| '''Official language'''
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] (''de facto'' and ''de jure'')
| None ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''de facto'')
|-
| '''Main religions'''
| 38.9% Catholicism {{small|([[Roman Catholicism in Hungary|Roman]], [[Hungarian Greek Catholic Church|Greek]])}}, 13.8% Protestantism {{small|([[Reformed Church in Hungary|Reformed]], [[Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary|Evangelical]])}}, 0.2% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Hungary|Orthodox]], 0.1% [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Jewish]], 1.7% other, 16.7% [[Irreligion|Non-religious]], 1.5% [[Atheism]], 27.2% ''undeclared''
| 82.7% [[Catholic Church in Mexico|Roman Catholicism]], 6.6% [[Protestantism in Mexico|Protestantism]] {{small|(Evangelical; Pentecostal)}}, 1.4% Jehovah's Witnesses, 1.9% other; 4.7% ''[[Irreligion in Mexico|none]]'', 2.7% ''unspecified''
|-
| '''Ethnic groups'''
| 83.7% [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]], 3.1% [[Romani people in Hungary|Roma]], 1.3% [[Germans of Hungary|German]], 14.7% not declared
| 62% [[Mestizo]], 28% [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] or predominantly Amerindian, 10% Other (mostly European)
|-
| '''[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP (nominal)]]'''
| $132.683 billion, $13,487 [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|per capita]]
| $1.283 trillion, $18,912 [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|per capita]]
|-
| '''External debt (nominal)'''
| $202 billion (2012 Q4) – 115 [[Debt-to-GDP ratio|% of GDP]]
| $352.9 billion (2012 Q4) – 20 [[Debt-to-GDP ratio|% of GDP]]
|-
| '''[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP)]]'''
| $265.037 billion, $26,941 [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|per capita]]
| $2.224 trillion, $18,857 [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|per capita]]
|-
| '''[[List of circulating currencies|Currency]]'''
| [[Hungarian forint]] (Ft) – HUF
| [[Mexican peso]] ($) – MXN
|-
| '''[[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]]'''
| 0.828 (<span style="color:#090;">very high</span>)
| 0.756 (<span style="color:#0c0;">high</span>)
|-
|}
 
== History ==
[[File:Maximilian around 1850.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Prince Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia and future [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Emperor of Mexico]].]]
 
In 1861, French Emperor [[Napoleon III]] sought to expand his empire and invaded Mexico. The [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French Empire]], along with Hungarian [[hussar]]s, took control of the country.<ref>[httphttps://gisbywww.infonytimes.com/1864/04/28/archives/cgeneral-ausnews-the-mexican-question-reception-of-the-deputation-at.htm Thehtml Austrian VolunteerSoldiers Corps infor Mexico]</ref> The first official contact between the Kingdom of Hungary and Mexico commenced with the arrival of Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian]] of [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]], who ruled Mexico from 1864 to 1867 and was brother to [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]], Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.<ref name=Bilateral>{{cite[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/hungria/index.php/es/embajada/relaciones-bilaterales bookRelations between Mexico and Hungary (in Spanish)]</ref>
|title=The crown of Mexico: Maximilian and his Empress Carlota
|url=https://archive.org/details/crownofmexicomax00hasl
|url-access=registration
|author=Joan Haslip
|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston
|year=1971
|ISBN=0-03-086572-7}}</ref> Maximilian I resided in [[Chapultepec Castle]] while in Mexico City; it now serves as a museum that featuring furnishings and artwork from 1860s [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mnh.inah.gob.mx/colecciones/coleccion.html
|title=Museo Nacionale de Historia
|language=es
|access-date=2009-08-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810235408/http://www.mnh.inah.gob.mx/colecciones/coleccion.html
|archive-date=2009-08-10
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
 
During the [[Siege of Mexico City]], Hungarian soldiers fought to keep control of the city from Mexican Republican forces. In June 1867, Mexico City was taken by Republican forces and the remaining Hungarian soldiers were returned to Europe. In 1867, the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] broke diplomatic relations with Mexico after the assassination of Emperor Maximilian.<ref name=Bilateral>[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/hungria/index.php/es/embajada/relaciones-bilaterales Relations between Mexico and Hungary (in Spanish)]</ref> After [[World War I]], the Austro-Hungarian Empire broke apart and Hungary became again an independent nation in 1918. In 1925, Mexico accredited its first diplomatic legation to Hungary based in [[Italy]] and named Carlos Puig y Casauranc as its first delegate to Hungary in 1927.<ref name=Bilateral /> The first Hungarian representative accredited to Mexico was Count [[László Széchenyi]], head of the Hungarian legation based in [[Washington D.C.]] In 1925 Count Széchenyi visited Mexico.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,751335,00.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219124750/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,751335,00.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=February 19, 2012
|title=HUNGARY: Mexican Relations
|date=Jun 1, 1925
|publisher=Time Inc.
|access-date=2009-08-12}}</ref>
 
After [[World War I]], the Austro-Hungarian Empire broke apart and Hungary became again an independent nation in 1918. In 1925, Mexico accredited its first diplomatic legation to Hungary based in [[Italy]] and named Carlos Puig y Casauranc as its first delegate to Hungary in 1927.<ref name=Bilateral /> The first Hungarian representative accredited to Mexico was Count [[László Széchenyi]], head of the Hungarian legation based in [[Washington, D.C.]] In 1925 Count Széchenyi visited Mexico.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1925/05/20/archives/hungarymexico-parley-count-szechenyi-goes-to-arrange-for-diplomatic.html Hungary-Mexico Parley; Count Szechenyi Goes to Arrange for Diplomatic Relations.]</ref>
During [[World War II]], Mexico severed diplomatic relations with Hungary in 1941. Diplomatic relations between both nations were re-established on 14 May 1974. In September 1976, Mexico opened an embassy in Budapest.<ref name=Bilateral /> In 1977, [[Pál Losonczi]], Head of the Presidential Council of the [[People's Republic of Hungary]] visited Mexico. In April 1990, the Foreign Chancellor of Mexico [[Fernando Solana]] paid an official visit to Hungary. In October 1991 the State Secretary of the Hungarian Foreign Ministry, [[Ferenc Somogyi]] visited Mexico. The Hungarian [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Hungary)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Géza Jeszenszky]] visited Mexico in March 1992. In July 1992, President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] made the first state visit by a Mexican president to Hungary.<ref name=embhung>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mexicodiplomatico.org/embajadas/hungria.pdf
|language=es
|title=Relaciones México-Hungría
|publisher=Embajada de México, República de Hungría
|access-date=2009-08-12}}</ref>
 
During [[World War II]], Mexico severed diplomatic relations with Hungary in 1941. Diplomatic relations between both nations were re-established on 14 May 1974.<ref name=History /> In September 1976, Mexico opened an embassy in Budapest.<ref name=Bilateral /><ref>[https://mexikovaros.mfa.gov.hu/mex/page/politikai-kapcsolatok Relaciones Políticas Hungría-México (in Spanish)]</ref>
At the start of 1997, the Hungarian State Secretary of Foreign Affairs [[István Szent-Iványi]] visited [[Cuba]] and Mexico.<ref name=un1997>{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.int/hungary/0509hula.htm
|title=Hungary Seeks Closer Ties with Latin America
|publisher=PERMANENT MISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY TO THE UNITED NATIONS
|date=May 9, 1997
|access-date=2009-08-12
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606134736/http://www.un.int/hungary/0509hula.htm
|archive-date=June 6, 2011
}}</ref> In April 1997, Hungarian President [[Árpád Göncz]] paid a state visit to Mexico, the first since relations had been re-established, meeting Mexican President [[Ernesto Zedillo]].<ref name=gov1997>{{cite web
|url=http://zedillo.presidencia.gob.mx/welcome/PAGES/briefingroom/sv_hungary97.html
|title=State Visit by the President of Hungary
|publisher=Presidency of the Republic of Mexico
|date=April 15, 1997
|access-date=2009-08-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722153107/http://zedillo.presidencia.gob.mx/welcome/PAGES/briefingroom/sv_hungary97.html
|archive-date=July 22, 2011
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> In November 2001, Hungarian Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] visited Mexico, where he attended a meeting of Leaders of Christian-Democratic Parties.<ref name=embhung/> In 2004, Mexican President [[Vicente Fox]] visited Hungary to discuss a future economic cooperation agreement that would boost economic and trade relations.<ref name=allbus>{{cite web
|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/government/international-organizations-bodies/9512765-1.html
|title=Mexico to form tighter relations with Hungary.
|publisher=Internet Securities
|date=April 13, 2004
|access-date=2009-08-12}}</ref>
 
In 1977, [[Pál Losonczi]], Head of the Presidential Council of the [[People's Republic of Hungary]] visited Mexico. In April 1990, Mexican Foreign Secretary [[Fernando Solana]] paid an official visit to Hungary. In October 1991 the State Secretary of the Hungarian Foreign Ministry, [[Ferenc Somogyi]] visited Mexico. The Hungarian Foreign Minister [[Géza Jeszenszky]] visited Mexico in March 1992. In July 1992, President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] made the first state visit by a Mexican president to Hungary.<ref name=History />
In May 2014, both nations celebrated 40 years of diplomatic relations.<ref>[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/hungria/index.php/es/noticias/175-40-aniversario-del-restablecimiento-de-relaciones-diplomaticas-entre-mexico-y-hungria Conmemoramos el 40 Aniversario del Restablecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre México y Hungría (in Spanish)]</ref>
 
At the start of 1997, the Hungarian State Secretary of Foreign Affairs [[István Szent-Iványi]] visited [[Cuba]] and Mexico. In April 1997, Hungarian President [[Árpád Göncz]] paid a state visit to Mexico, the first since relations had been re-established, meeting Mexican President [[Ernesto Zedillo]].<ref name=History /> In November 2001, Hungarian Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] visited Mexico, where he attended a meeting of Leaders of Christian-Democratic Parties. In 2004, Mexican President [[Vicente Fox]] visited Hungary to discuss a future economic cooperation agreement that would boost economic and trade relations.<ref name=History />
 
In January 2023, Hungarian Foreign Minister [[Péter Szijjártó]] paid a visit to Mexico and met with his counterpart [[Marcelo Ebrard]]. The two foreign minister discussed cooperation and trade and stated that both Mexico and the European Union required an upgraded cooperation agreement which was signed 20 years previously.<ref>[https://www.budapesttimes.hu/diplomacy/szijjarto-hungary-economy-benefits-from-cooperation-with-mexico/ Szijjártó: Hungary economy benefits from cooperation with Mexico]</ref>
 
In 2024, both nations celebrated 50 years of diplomatic relations.<ref>[https://www.gob.mx/sre/videos/hoy-celebramos-el-50-aniversario-de-relaciones-diplomaticas-entre-mexico-y-hungria Hoy celebramos el 50 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Hungría (in Spanish)]</ref>
 
==High-level visits==
'''High-level visits from Hungary to Mexico'''<ref name=History /><ref name=Bilateral />
 
* Chairman [[Pál Losonczi]] (1977)
Line 144 ⟶ 34:
* Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] (2001)
* Prime Minister [[Péter Medgyessy]] (2004)
* Foreign Minister [[Péter Szijjártó]] (2015, 2019, 2023)
 
'''High-level visits from Mexico to Hungary'''<ref name=History /><ref name=Bilateral />
 
* Foreign MinisterSecretary [[Fernando Solana]] (1990)
* President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] (1992)
* Foreign MinisterSecretary [[Rosario Green]] (1998)
* President [[Vicente Fox]] (2004)
* Foreign Undersecretary Lourdes Aranda Bezaury (2005 & 2010)
 
== Bilateral agreements ==
Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as a Trade Agreement (1975); AgreementAgreements on Scientificthe Abolition of Visas in Non-Ordinary and TechnicalOrdinary CooperationPassports (19931990); Agreement on TouristicScientific and Technical Cooperation (19941992); Agreement on AirTouristic TransportationCooperation (19971992); Agreement on EducationalAir and Cultural CooperationTransportation (1997); Agreement on Investments (1997); Agreement on Economic Cooperation (20092007); Agreement on theEducational Avoidanceand ofCultural Cooperation (1998); Avoid Double Taxation and on FiscalPrevent Tax Evasion in the Matter of Income Taxes (2011); Agreement between the Hungarian National Trading House and [[ProMéxico]] (2015); and a Memorandum of Understanding on theAcademic-Diplomatic CollaborationCooperation between both nations Diplomaticdiplomatic Institutionsacademies (20152020).<ref name=Senado>[httphttps://wwwcja.senadosre.gob.mx/comisionestratadosmexico/relext_europabuscador?keywords=&category_id=&theme_id=&country_id=67&organization_id= Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Hungry (in Spanish)]</reuref><ref>[https:/docs/dictamen_270417_1embamex.pdf Relaciones entresre.gob.mx/hungria/index.php/es/noticias/boletines/821-mexico-y-hungria-firman-acuerdo-de-cooperacion-para-fortalecer-las-capacidades-de-sus-cuerpos-diplomaticos México y Hungría firman acuerdo de cooperación para fortalecer las capacidades de sus cuerpos diplomáticos (in Spanish)]</ref>
 
== Economic relationsTrade ==
In 1997, Mexico signed a [[Free Trade Agreement between Mexico and the European Union|Free Trade Agreement]] with the [[European Union]] (which includes Hungary). In 2023, total trade between Hungary and Mexico totaled US$2.3 billion.<ref name=Trade>[https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/en/profile/country/hungria Data México: Hungary]</ref> Hungary's main exports to Mexico include: compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines; motor cars and other vehicles, parts and accessories for motor vehicles, instruments, appliances, and machines; articles of iron and steel, articles of plastic, medicines, and fiberglass. Mexico's main exports to Hungary include: parts and accessories for machines, data processing machines, telephones and mobile phones, parts and accessories for motor vehicles, articles of stone and minerals, nickel, chemical based products, hides, and alcohol.<ref name=Trade />
During the 1960s and 1970s, Hungarian exports to [[Latin America]] accounted for over 6% of Hungary's total exports, supplying low-cost but reasonable-quality manufactured goods and medicines. Exports declined greatly from that peak in the 1980s and 1990s. However, from a low of about US$5 million in 1990, trade with Mexico has expanded steadily.<ref name=gestio>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gestiopolis.com/economia/integracion-comercial-entre-hungria-y-latinoamerica.htm
|title=Short review of the economic and trade relationships between Hungary and Latin America (1990-2004)
|date=2009-02-16
|publisher=GestioPolis
|access-date=2009-08-12}}</ref> In April 1997, President Göncz stressed the future of bilateral trade, which he said had quadrupled over the last two years to US$22.8 million, with Hungarian exports totaling US$6.1 million.<ref name=gov1997/> Another source gives 1996 Hungarian exports, mainly machinery, at somewhat below US$7 million, while Mexican imports amounted to US$29 million.<ref name=un1997/> In 2004, Gyula Németh, Hungarian ambassador to Mexico, said he expected relations between Mexico and Hungary to grow even stronger after Hungary joined the European Union later that year. He noted that Mexico was already the second-most important Latin American trade partner for Hungary.<ref name=allbus/>
 
InHungarian 2018,multinational totalcompanies trade[[Graphisoft]] betweenand Hungary[[Gedeon andRichter Mexico(company)|Gedeon totaledRichter]] US$1.7operate billionin Mexico.<ref>[httphttps://wwwmexikovaros.economia-sncimfa.gobgov.mxhu/sic_phpmex/pages/estadisticaspage/kereskedelmi-kapcsolatok MexicanRelaciones MinistryComerciales of the Economy: HungaryHungría-México (in Spanish)]</ref> Hungary's main exports to Mexico include: piston engines, transport automobiles and turbojets. Mexico's main exports to Hungary include: parts and accessories of mechanical devices; process units and connecting rods.<ref name=Senado /> Mexican multinational companies such as [[Cemex]] andcompany [[Nemak]] operate in Hungary. Nemak operates a production plant in the Hungarian city of [[Győr]].<ref>[https://www.nemak.com/plants/europe-asia/hungary/ name=SenadoNemak Hungary]</ref>
 
==Cultural and scientific links==
The Hungarian [[Géza Maróti]] contributed the bronze sculpture group on top of the dome of the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] and other works inside this building, completed in 1934.<ref>{{cite[https://mexicocity.cdmx.gob.mx/venues/bellas-artes/?lang=es webPalacio de Bellas Artes (in Spanish)]</ref> [[Jorge Mester]], a conductor and violinist was born in Mexico City to parents who had emigrated from Hungary. He has conducted many of the world's leading ensembles, including the [[Boston Symphony]], the [[Detroit Symphony]], and the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref>[https://www.milkenarchive.org/artists/view/jorge-mester Jorge Mester]</ref> [[George Rosenkranz]], born in Hungary in 1916, was a prominent scientist in steroid research who spent most of his life in Mexico.<ref>[https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/scientific-biographies/george-rosenkranz/ George Rosenkranz]</ref>
|url=http://www.explorandomexico.com/about-mexico/5/13/
|title=The Bellas Artes Palace
|publisher=Explorando Mexico
|access-date=2009-08-12}}</ref> [[Gunther Gerzso]], another Mexican of Hungarian descent, was a painter, designer and director and screenwriter for film and theatre.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0314957/
|title=Gunther Gerszo
|publisher=IMDB - Internet Movie Database
|access-date=2009-08-12}}</ref> [[Jorge Mester]], a conductor and violinist was born in Mexico City to parents who had emigrated from Hungary. He has conducted many of the world's leading ensembles, including the [[Boston Symphony]], the [[Detroit Symphony]], and the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.naxos.com/conductorinfo/Jorge_Mester/30951.htm
|title=Jorge Mester, conductor
|publisher=Naxos Digital Services Ltd.
|access-date=2009-08-12}}</ref> [[George Rosenkranz]], born in Hungary in 1916, is a prominent scientist in steroid research who spent most of his life in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ops-oms.org/English/DPI/Number13_article4_1.htm
|title=Mexico's Pill Pioneer
|publisher=Pan American Health Organization
|access-date=2009-08-12
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513002843/http://www.ops-oms.org/English/DPI/Number13_article4_1.htm
|archive-date=2010-05-13
}}</ref>
 
[[Paprika]], a key ingredient in Hungarian dishes such as [[goulash]], originated in Mexico and was perhaps brought to Hungary by way of [[Turkey]] in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite[https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/paprika_peppers_america_turkey_hot-spice_goulash_chili_vitamin-c/ webPaprika and Peppers: A Brief History of the Essential Ingredients of Hungarian Cuisine]</ref>
|url=http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Caps_ann.html
|title=Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.)
|publisher=Gernot Katzer’s Spice Pages
|access-date=2009-08-12
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130101209/http://uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Caps_ann.html
|archive-date=2010-11-30
}}</ref>
 
==Resident diplomatic missions==
* Hungary has an embassy in [[Mexico City]].<ref>[https://mexikovaros.mfa.gov.hu/espmex Embassy of Hungary in Mexico]</ref>
* Mexico has an embassy in [[Budapest]].<ref>[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/hungria/ Embassy of Mexico in Hungary]</ref>
 
<gallery class="center">
Line 209 ⟶ 66:
</gallery>
 
==See also==
* [[Hungarian diasporaMexicans]]
 
== References ==