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{{Short description|
{{distinguish|text=the [[Iapydes]] or the [[Jasz people|Iasi]]}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}
[[File:IMG 7039 - Milano - Casa degli omenoni - Sarmata - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto - 8-Mar-2007.jpg|thumb|Sculpted image of a Sarmatian
{{good article}}
[[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|The Roman empire under [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138), showing the location of the Iazyges in the plain of the [[Tisza]] river
The '''Iazyges''' ({{IPAc-en|aɪ|ˈ|æ|z|ɪ|dʒ|iː|z}})
In their early relationship with [[Roman Empire|Rome]], the Iazyges were used as a [[buffer state]] between the Romans and the Dacians; this relationship later developed into one of overlord and [[client state]], with the Iazyges being nominally sovereign subjects of Rome. Throughout this relationship, the Iazyges carried out raids on Roman land, which often caused [[punitive expedition]]s to be made against them.
Almost all of the major events of the Iazyges, such as the two [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|Dacian Wars]]—in both of which the Iazyges fought, assisting Rome in subjugating the Dacians in the first war and conquering them in the second—are connected with war. Another such war is the [[Marcomannic War]] that occurred between 169 and 175, in which
[[File:Map after Ptolemy's Geographia (Burney MS 111, f.38v).png|thumb|The Ninth European Map (in two parts) from a 15th-century Greek manuscript edition of [[Claudius Ptolemy|Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Ptolemy's Geography|Geography]]'', showing the Wandering Iazyges in the northwest between [[Pannonia]] and [[Dacia]]
==Culture==
Although the Iazyges were [[nomad]]s before their migration to the Tisza plain, they became semi-sedentary once there, and lived in towns,{{sfn|Constantinescu|Pascu|Diaconu|1975|p=60}}{{sfn|Dise|1991|p=61}}{{sfn|Leslie|1999|p=168}}{{sfn|Kardulias|1998|p=249}}{{sfn|Castellan|1989|p=12}} although they migrated between these towns to allow their cattle to [[Grazing|graze]].{{sfn|
===Etymology===
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===Burial traditions===
[[File:Sarmatian Iazyges Grave Sites.png|thumb|Illustration of several Iazygian grave sites
The graves made by the Iazyges were often rectangular or circular,{{sfn|Bârcă|Simonenko|2009|p=463}} although some were ovoid, hexagonal, or even octagonal.{{sfn|Bârcă|Cociş|2013|p=41}} They were flat and were grouped like burials in modern cemeteries.{{sfn|Bacon|Lhote|1963|p=293}} Most of the graves' access openings face south, southeast, or southwest. The access openings are between {{convert|0.6|m|ft|0}} and {{
After their migration to the Tisza plain, the Iazyges were in serious poverty.{{sfn|Harmatta|1970|pp=43–45}} This is reflected in the poor furnishings found at burial sites, which are often filled with clay vessels, beads, and sometimes brooches. Iron daggers and swords were very rarely found in the burial site. Their brooches and arm-rings were of the [[La Tène culture|La Tène type]], showing the Dacians had a distinct influence on the Iazyges.{{sfn|Bacon|Lhote|1963|p=293}} Later tombs showed an increase in material wealth; tombs of the 2nd to early 4th
===Diet===
[[File:Sarmatian Iazyges Barrel Vessels.jpg|thumb|An illustration of several Iazygian barrel-shaped pots which have been discovered
Before their migration into the [[Pannonian Basin]], while still living north of [[Tyras]], on the north-western coast of the [[Black Sea]], the geographer [[Strabo]] states that their diet consisted largely of "honey, milk, and cheese".{{sfn|Higham|2018|p=44}} After their migration, the Iazyges were cattle breeders; they required salt to preserve their meat{{sfn|Groenman-Van Waateringe|1997|p=250}} but there were no salt mines within their territory.{{sfn|Vagalinski|2007|p=177}} According to [[Cassius Dio]], the Iazyges received grain from the Romans.{{sfn|Academia România|1980|p=224}}
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===Military===
The Iazyges wore heavy armor, such as [[
===Religion===
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==Economy==
When the Iazyges migrated to the plain between the Tisza and the Danube, their economy suffered severely. Many explanations have been offered for this, such as their trade with the [[Pontic Steppe]] and Black Sea being cut off and the absence of any mineable resources within their territory making their ability to trade negligible. Additionally, Rome proved more difficult to raid than the Iazyges' previous neighbors, largely due to Rome's [[Roman army|well-organized army]].{{sfn|Harmatta|1970|pp=43–45}}{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=366}}{{sfn|Sedgwick|1921|p=171}}
The Iazyges' trade with the Pontic Steppe and Black Sea was extremely important to their economy; after the Marcomannic War, Marcus Aurelius offered them the concession of movement through Dacia to trade with the [[Roxolani]], which reconnected them with the Pontic Steppe trade network.{{Sfn|Harmatta|1970|pp=45–47}}{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=191}} This trade route lasted until 260, when the [[Goths]] took over [[Tyras]] and [[Olbia (
===Imports===
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The most commonly found imported ware was ''[[Terra sigillata]]''. At Iazygian cemeteries, a single complete ''terra sigillata'' vessel and a large number of fragments have been found in Banat. ''[[Terra sigillata]]'' finds in Iazygian settlements are confusing in some cases; it can sometimes be impossible to determine the timeframe of the wares in relation to its area and thus impossible to determine whether the wares came to rest there during Roman times or after the Iazyges took control. Finds of ''terra sigillata'' of an uncertain age have been found in [[Deta, Romania|Deta]], [[Kovačica–Čapaš]], [[Kuvin]], [[Banatska Palanka]], [[Pančevo]], [[Vršac]], [[Zrenjanin–Batka]], [[Dolovo, Pančevo|Dolovo]], [[Delibata]], [[Perlez]], [[Aradac]], [[Botoš]], and [[Bočar]]. Finds of ''terra sigillata'' that have been confirmed to having been made the time of Iazygian possession but of uncertain date have been found in [[Timișoara–Cioreni]], [[Hodoni]], [[Iecea Mică]], [[Timișoara–Freidorf]], [[Satchinez]], [[Criciova]], [[Becicherecu Mic|Becicherecul Mic]], and [[Foeni–Seliște]]. The only finds of ''terra sigillata'' whose time of origin is certain have been found in Timișoara–Freidorf, dated to the 3rd century AD. Amphorae fragments have been found in [[Timișoara–Cioreni]], [[Iecea Mică]], Timișoara–Freidorf, Satchinez, and [[Biled]]; all of these are confirmed to be of Iazygian origin but none of them have definite chronologies.{{sfn|Grumeza|2016|p=70}}
In [[Tibiscum]], an important Roman and later Iazygian settlement, only a very low percent of pottery imports were imported during or after the 3rd century. The pottery imports consisted of
==Geography==
Records of eight Iazygian towns have been documented; these are [[Uscenum]], [[Bormanum]], [[Abieta (ancient city)|Abieta]], [[Trissum]], [[Parca (city)|Parca]], [[Candanum]], [[Pessium]], and [[Partiscum]].{{sfn|Laurent|1830|p=157}}<ref>Klaudios Ptolemaios. Handbuch der Geographie. Griechisch-Deutsch. Herausgegeben von Alfred Stückelberger und Gerd Graßhoff. Schwabe Verlag Basel. 2006, p. 310-311</ref>
The area of plains between the Danube and Tisza rivers that was controlled by the Iazyges was similar in size to Italy and about {{
According to [[English people|English]] cartographer [[Aaron Arrowsmith]], the Iazyges Metanastæ lived east (sic) of the [Roman] Dacia separating it from [Roman] Pannonia and Germania.{{sfn|Arrowsmith|1839|p=105}} The Iazyges Metanastæ drove Dacians from Pannonia and Tibiscus River (today known as [[Timiș River]]).{{sfn|Arrowsmith|1839|p=105}}
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==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Crimea 2nd century BC map.png|thumb|Location of the Iazyges (J) before they moved westward
In the 3rd century BC the Iazyges lived in modern-day south-eastern Ukraine along the northern shores of the [[Sea of Azov]], which the Ancient Greeks and Romans called the [[Sea of Azov#Antiquity|Lake of Maeotis]]. From there, the
====Migration====
[[File:Roman provinces in a 1867 school atlas.jpg|thumb|Roman Balkans in the 1st century AD with the Jazyges Metanastæ between Roman Pannonia and Dacia
In the 2nd century{{nbsp}}BC, sometime before 179{{nbsp}}BC, the Iazyges began to migrate westward to the steppe near the [[Lower Dniester]]. This may have occurred because the [[Roxolani]], who were the Iazyges' eastern neighbors, were also migrating westward due to pressure from the [[Aorsi]], which put pressure on the Iazyges and forced them to migrate westward as well.{{sfn|Cook|Adcock|1965|p=93}}{{sfn|Cunliffe|2015|p=284}}{{sfn|Bunson|1995|p=367}}
The views of modern scholars as to how and when the Iazyges entered the Pannonian plain are divided. The main source of division is over the issue of if the Romans approved, or even ordered, the Iazyges to migrate, with both sides being subdivided into groups debating the timing of such a migration. [[Andreas Alföldi]] states that the Iazyges could not have been present to the north-east and east of the Pannonian Danube unless they had Roman approval. This viewpoint is supported by [[János Harmatta]], who claims that the Iazyges were settled with both the approval and support of the Romans, so as to act as a [[buffer state]] against the Dacians. [[András Mócsy]] suggests that [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur]], who was Roman consul in 26{{nbsp}}BC, may have been responsible for the settlement of the Iazyges as a buffer between Pannonia and Dacia. However, Mócsy also suggests that the Iazyges may have arrived gradually, such that they initially were not noticed by the Romans. [[John Wilkes (archaeologist)|John Wilkes]] believes that the Iazyges reached the Pannonian plain either by the end of [[Augustus]]'s rule (14{{nbsp}}AD) or some time between 17 and 20{{nbsp}}AD. [[Constantin Daicoviciu]] suggests that the Iazyges entered the area around 20{{nbsp}}AD, after the Romans called upon them to be a buffer state. [[Coriolan Opreanu]] supports the theory of the Iazyges being invited, or ordered, to occupy the Pannonian plain, also around 20{{nbsp}}AD.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=104}} [[Gheorghe Bichir]] and [[Ion Horațiu Crișan]] support the theory that the Iazyges first began to enter the Pannonian plain in large numbers under Tiberius, around 20{{nbsp}}AD.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|pp=104–105}} The most prominent scholars that state the Iazyges were not brought in by the Romans, or later approved, are [[Doina Benea]], [[Mark Ščukin]], and [[Jenő Fitz]]. Doina Benea states that the Iazyges slowly infiltrated the Pannonian plain sometime in the first half of the 1st century{{nbsp}}AD, without Roman involvement. Jenő Fitz promotes the theory that the Iazyges arrived ''en masse'' around 50{{nbsp}}AD, although a gradual infiltration preceded it. Mark Ščukin states only that the Iazyges arrived by themselves sometime around 50{{nbsp}}AD. [[Andrea Vaday]] argued against the theory of a Roman approved or ordered migration, citing the lack of strategic reasoning, as the Dacians were not actively providing a threat to Rome during the 20–50{{nbsp}}AD period.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=105}}
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The occupation of the lands between the Danube and Tisza by the Iazyges was mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder]] in his [[Natural History (Pliny)|''Naturalis Historia'']] (77–79{{nbsp}}AD), in which he says that the Iazyges inhabited the basins and plains of the lands, while the forested and mountainous area largely retained a Dacian population, which was later pushed back to the Tisza by the Iazyges. Pliny's statements are corroborated by the earlier accounts of [[Seneca the Younger]] in his ''[[Naturales quaestiones|Quaestiones Naturales]]'' (61–64{{nbsp}}AD), where he uses the Iazyges to discuss the borders that separate the various peoples.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=104}}
From 78 to 76{{nbsp}}BC, the Romans led an expedition to an area north of the
The effects of this migration have been observed in the ruins of burial sites left behind by the Iazyges; the standard grave goods made of gold being buried alongside a person were absent, as was the equipment of a warrior; this may have been because the Iazyges were no longer in contact with the Pontic Steppe and were cut off from all trade with them, which had previously been a vital part of their economy. Another problem with the Iazyges' new location was that it lacked both precious minerals and metals, such as iron, which could be turned into weapons. They found it was much more difficult to raid the Romans, who had organized armies around the area, as opposed to the disorganized armies of their previous neighbors. The cutting-off of trade with the Pontic Steppe meant they could no longer trade for gold for burial sites, assuming any of them could afford it. The only such goods they could find were the pottery and metals of the adjacent Dacian and Celtic peoples. Iron weapons would have been exceedingly rare, if the Iazyges even had them, and would likely have been passed down from father to son rather than buried because they could not have been replaced.{{sfn|Harmatta|1970|pp=43–45}}
====Post-migration====
[[File:Dacia 125.png|thumb|right|200px|Map showing Iazyges in
After the conquest of the Pannonian Basin, the Iazyges appear to have ruled over some measure of the remaining Germanic, Celtic, and Dacian populations, with the hilly areas north of modern-day Budapest retaining strong Germanic traditions, with a significant presence of Germanic burial traditions.{{sfn|Higham|2018|p=47}} Items of Celtic manufacturing appear up until the late 2nd century{{NBSP}}AD, in the northern area of the Carpathian Basin.{{sfn|Higham|2018|pp=47–48}}
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In the [[Year of Four Emperors]], 69{{nbsp}}AD, the Iazyges gave their support to [[Vespasian]], who went on to become the sole emperor of Rome.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}} The Iazyges also offered to guard the Roman border with the Dacians to free up troops for Vespasian's invasion of Italy; Vespasian refused, however, fearing they would attempt a takeover or defect. Vespasian required the chiefs of the Iazyges to serve in his army so they could not organize an attack on the undefended area around the Danube.{{sfn|McLaughlin|2016|p=147}}{{sfn|Hoyos|2013|p=221}}{{sfn|Henderson|1927|p=158}}{{sfn|Master|2016|p=135}}{{sfn|Saddington|1982|pp=41 & 115}} Vespasian enjoyed support from the majority of the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] and Dacian tribes.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}}
Domitian's campaign against Dacia was mostly unsuccessful; the Romans, however, won a minor skirmish that allowed him to claim it as a victory, even though he paid the King of Dacia, [[Decebalus]], an annual tribute of eight million sesterces in tribute to end the war.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}}{{sfn|Jones|1993|p=150}} Domitian returned to Rome and received an [[ovation]], but not a full [[Roman triumph|triumph]]. Considering that Domitian had been given the title of [[Imperator]]
In early 92{{nbsp}}AD the Iazyges, Roxolani, Dacians, and [[Suebi]] invaded the Roman province of
[[Tacitus]], a Roman Historian, records in his book ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'', which was written in 98{{nbsp}}AD, that the [[Osi (ancient tribe)|Osi]] tribes paid tribute to both the Iazyges and the Quadi, although the exact date this relationship began is unknown.{{sfn|Hastings|Selbie|Gray|1921|p=589}}
During the [[Flavian dynasty]], the princes of the Iazyges were trained in the Roman army, officially as an honor but in reality serving as a hostage, because the kings held absolute power over the Iazyges.{{sfn|Wellesley|2002|p=133}} There were offers from the princes of the Iazyges to supply troops but these were denied because of the fear they might revolt or desert in a war.{{sfn|Ash|Wellesley|2009|p=
===Dacian wars===
{{main|Trajan's Dacian Wars}}
An alliance between the Iazyges and the Dacians led the Romans to focus more on the Danube than the Rhine.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=315}} This is shown by the placement of the Roman legions; during the time of Augustus's rule there were eight legions stationed along the Rhine, four stationed in [[Mainz]], and another four in [[Cologne]]. Within a hundred years of Augustus' rule, however, Roman military resources had become centered along the Danube rather than the Rhine,{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}} with nine legions stationed along the Danube and only one at the Rhine. By the time of Marcus Aurelius, however, twelve legions were stationed along the Danube.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=315}} The Romans also built a series of forts along the entire right bank of the
====First Dacian War====
[[Trajan]], with the assistance of the Iazyges, led his legions{{efn|Presumably around nine of them, because during this period nine legions were permanently stationed around the Danube.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=315}}}} into Dacia against King Decebalus, in the year 101.{{sfn|
====Second Dacian War====
As soon as Trajan returned to Rome, however, Decebalus began to lead raids into Roman territory and also attacked the Iazyges, who were still a client-tribe of Rome.{{sfn|Bunson|2002|p=170}}{{sfn|Hoyos|2013|p=255}} Trajan concluded that he had made a mistake in allowing Decebalus to remain so powerful.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=319}} In 106{{nbsp}}AD, Trajan again invaded Dacia, with 11 legions, and, again with the assistance of the Iazyges
===After the Dacian Wars===
[[File:028 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssäule, Tafel XXVIII.jpg|thumb|Roman cavalry (left) fighting Sarmatian cavalry (right)
[[File:Limes4-en.png|thumb|The
Ownership of the region of [[Oltenia]] became a source of dispute between the Iazyges and the Roman empire. The Iazyges had originally occupied the area before the Dacians seized it; it was taken during the Second Dacian War by Trajan, who was determined to constitute Dacia as a province.{{sfn|
In 117, the Iazyges and the Roxolani invaded Lower Pannonia and Lower Moesia, respectively. The war was probably brought on by difficulties in visiting and trading with each other because Dacia lay between them. The Dacian provincial governor [[Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus]] was killed in the invasion. The Roxolani surrendered first, so it is likely the Romans exiled and then replaced their client king with one of their choosing. The Iazyges then concluded peace with Rome.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=100}} The Iazyges and other Sarmatians invaded Roman Dacia in 123, likely for the same reason as the previous war; they were not allowed to visit and trade with each other. [[Marcius Turbo]] stationed 1,000 legionaries in the towns [[Potaissa]] and Porolissum, which the Romans probably used as the invasion point into [[Rivulus Dominarum]]. Marcius Turbo succeeded in defeating the Iazyges; the terms of the peace and the date, however, are not known.{{sfn|Grumeza|2009|p=200}}
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===Marcomannic Wars===
{{see also|Marcomannic Wars}}
[[File:Marcomannia e Sarmatia 171-175 dC.jpg|thumb|The
In 169, the Iazyges, Quadi, [[Suebi]], and Marcomanni once again invaded Roman territory. The Iazyges led an invasion into
In 173, the Quadi rebelled and overthrew Furtius and replaced him with [[Ariogaesus]], who wanted to enter into negotiations with Marcus. Marcus refused to negotiate because the success of the Marcomannic wars was in no danger.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=189}} At that point the Iazyges had not yet been defeated by Rome. having not acted, Marcus Aurelius appears to have been unconcerned, but when the Iazyges attacked across the frozen Danube in late 173 and early 174, Marcus redirected his attention to them. Trade restrictions on the Marcomanni were also partially lifted at that time; they were allowed to visit the Roman markets at certain times of certain days. In an attempt to force Marcus to negotiate, Ariogaesus began to support the Iazyges.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=190}} Marcus Aurelius put out a bounty on him, offering 1,000 [[aurei]] for his capture and delivery to Rome or 500 aurei for his severed head.{{sfn|Beckmann|2011|p=198}}{{efn| The most likely reason Marcus Aurelius offered more for him alive than dead is that he planned to parade him in a triumph, which was the standard Roman treatment of captured leaders.{{sfn|Beard|2009|p=121}}}} After this, the Romans captured Ariogaesus but rather than executing him, Marcus Aurelius sent him into exile.{{sfn|Bunson|2002|p=36}}
In the winter of 173, the Iazyges launched a raid across the frozen Danube but the Romans were ready for pursuit and followed them back to the Danube. Knowing the Roman legionaries were not trained to fight on ice, and that their own horses had been trained to do so without slipping, the Iazyges prepared an ambush, planning to attack and scatter the Romans as they tried to cross the frozen river. The Roman army, however, formed a solid square and dug into the ice with their shields so they would not slip. When the Iazyges could not break the Roman lines, the Romans counter-attacked, pulling the Iazyges off of their horses by grabbing their spears, clothing, and shields. Soon both armies were in disarray after slipping on the ice and the battle was reduced to many brawls between the two sides, which the Romans won. After this battle the
The Iazyges surrendered to the Romans in March or early April of 175.{{sfn|Helmolt|1902|p=444}}{{sfn|Erdkamp|2007|p=1026}}{{sfn|Levick|2014|p=171}} Their prince [[Banadaspus]] had attempted peace in early 174 but the offer was refused and Banadaspus was deposed by the Iazyges and replaced with [[Zanticus]].{{efn|[[Cassius Dio]] claims it was Marcus Aurelius rather than the Iazyges who imprisoned Banadaspus.{{sfn|Watson|1884|p=211}}}}{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=190}} The terms of the peace treaty were harsh; the Iazyges were required to provide 8,000 men as auxiliaries and release 100,000 Romans they had taken hostage,{{Efn|This number is significant, as the Marcomanni, for whom the war is named after, took only 30,000 hostages. The disparity was enough that Cassius Dio said that the war should have been called the Iazygian War.{{sfn|Williams|1997|p=178}}}} and were forbidden from living within ten [[Roman miles]] (roughly {{Convert|9|miles|km}} of the Danube. Marcus had intended to impose even harsher terms; it is said by Cassius Dio that he wanted to entirely exterminate the Iazyges{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=360}} but was distracted by the rebellion of [[Avidius Cassius]].{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=190}} During this peace deal, Marcus Aurelius broke from the Roman custom of Emperors sending details of peace treaties to the Roman Senate; this is the only instance in which Marcus Aurelius is recorded to have broken this tradition.{{sfn|Sabin|Wees|Whitby|2007|p=7}} Of the 8,000 auxiliaries, 5,500 of them were sent to [[Britannia]]{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=368}} to serve with the [[Legio VI Victrix]],{{sfn|Snyder|2008|p=55}} suggesting that the situation there was serious; it is likely the British tribes, seeing the Romans being preoccupied with war in [[Germania]] and Dacia, had decided to rebel. All of the evidence suggests the Iazyges' horsemen were an impressive success.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=368}} The 5,500 troops sent to Britain were not allowed to return home, even after their 20-year term of service had ended.{{sfn|Piotrovsky|1976|p=151}} After Marcus Aurelius had beaten the Iazyges; he took the title of ''Sarmaticus'' in accordance with the [[Roman military decorations and punishments#Victory titles|Roman practice of victory titles]].{{sfn|Loetscher|Jackson|1977|p=175}}
[[Image:Iazyges-en.png|thumb|The land of the Iazyges in the 2nd–3rd century
===After the Marcomannic Wars===
In 177, the Iazyges, the [[Buri tribe|Buri]], and other Germanic tribes{{efn|The only Germanic tribe that is named is the Buri, but there were more.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=191}}}} invaded Roman territory again.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=191}} It is said that in 178, Marcus Aurelius took the bloody spear from the [[Temple of Bellona, Rome|Temple of Bellona]] and hurled it into the land of the Iazyges.{{sfn|Ulanowski|2016|p=362}} In 179, the Iazyges and the Buri were defeated, and the Iazyges accepted peace with Rome. The peace treaty placed additional restrictions on the Iazyges but also included some concessions. They could not settle on any of the islands of the Danube and could not keep boats on the Danube. They were, however, permitted to visit and trade with the Roxolani throughout the Dacian Province with the knowledge and approval of its governor, and they could trade in the Roman markets at certain times on certain days.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=191}}{{sfn|Găzdac|2010|p=51}} In 179, the Iazyges and the Buri joined Rome in their war against the Quadi and the Marcomanni after they secured assurances that Rome would prosecute the war to the end and not quickly make a peace deal.{{sfn|Regenberg|2006|p=191}}
As part of a treaty made in 183, [[Commodus]] forbade the Quadi and the Marcomanni from waging war against the Iazyges, the Buri, or the [[Vandals]], suggesting that at this time all three tribes were loyal client-tribes of Rome.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=423}}{{sfn|Merrills|Miles|2010|p=28}} In 214, however, [[Caracalla]] led an invasion into the Iazyges' territory.{{sfn|Sydenham|Sutherland|Carson|1936|p=84}} In 236, the Iazyges invaded Rome but were defeated by Emperor [[Maximinus Thrax]], who took the title Sarmaticus Maximus following his victory.{{sfn|Giurescu|Matei|1974|p=32}} The Iazyges, Marcomanni, and Quadi raided Pannonia together in 248,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2009|p=111}}{{Sfn|Marks|Beatty|1976|p=37}} and again in 254.{{sfn|Drăgan|1985|p=73}} It is suggested the reason for the large increase in the amount of Iazyx raids against Rome was that the Goths led successful raids, which emboldened the Iazyges and other tribes.{{sfn|Matyszak|2014|p=141}} In 260, the Goths took the cities of [[Tyras]] and [[Olbia (
The Iazyges and [[Carpi (people)|Carpi]] raided Roman territory in 293, and [[Diocletian]] responded by declaring war.{{sfn|Neusner|1990|p=231}} From 294 to 295, Diocletian waged war upon them and won.{{sfn|Syme|1971|p=226}}{{sfn|Boak|1921|p=319}} As a result of the war, some of the Carpi were transported into Roman territory so they could be controlled.{{sfn|Duruy|1887|p=373}} From 296 to 298, [[Galerius]] successfully campaigned against the Iazyges.{{sfn|
===Late history and legacy===
[[File:Pannonia03 en.png|thumb|Iazyges in the 4th century at left bank of Danube ([[Gepids]], [[Hasdingi]]), neighboring [[Gotini]] are replaced with [[Suebic]] [[Quadi]]]]
In [[late antiquity]], historic accounts become much more diffuse and the Iazyges generally cease to be mentioned as a tribe.{{sfn|Constantinescu|Pascu|Diaconu|1975|p=65}}{{sfn|Zahariade|1998|p=82}} Beginning in the 4th century, most Roman authors cease to distinguish between the different Sarmatian tribes, and instead refer to all as Sarmatians.{{sfn|Ţentea|Opriș|Popescu|2009|p=129}} In the late 4th century, two Sarmatian peoples were
==Foreign relations==
===The Roman Empire===
The Iazyges often harassed the Roman Empire after their arrival in the Pannonian Basin,
Another key part of the relationship between the Roman Empire and the Sarmatian tribes was the settling of tribes in Roman lands, with emperors often accepting refugees from the Sarmatian tribes into nearby Roman territory.{{sfn|Ricci|2015|p=19}} When the Huns arrived in the Russian steppes and conquered the tribes that were there, they often lacked the martial ability to force the newly conquered tribes to stay, leading to tribes like the [[Greuthungi]], [[Vandals]], [[Alans]], and [[Goths]] migrating and settling within the Roman Empire rather than remaining subjects of the Huns.{{sfn|Ricci|2015|p=22}} The Roman Empire benefited from accepting these refugee tribes, and thus continued to allow them to settle, even after treaties were made with Hunnic leaders such as [[Rugila]] and [[Attila]] that stipulated that the Roman Empire would reject all refugee tribes, with rival or subject tribes of the Huns being warmly received by Roman leaders in the Balkans.{{sfn|Ricci|2015|p=27–29}}
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===Roxolani===
The Iazyges also had a strong relationship with the Roxolani, another Sarmatian tribe, both economically and diplomatically.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=191}}{{sfn|
===Quadi===
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* [[Gesander (prince)|Gesander]] ?{{snd}}?{{sfn|Stover|2012|p=130}}{{sfn|Kleywegt|2005|p=44}}{{sfn|Kramer|Reitz|2010|p=448}}
* [[Banadaspus]]: ?{{snd}}174{{nbsp}}AD{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=190}}
* [[Zanticus (prince)|Zanticus]]: 174{{nbsp}}AD{{
* [[Benga (prince)|Benga]] and [[Babaï (prince)|Babaï]]: co-rulers in 470{{ndash}}471{{nbsp}}AD{{sfn|Le Beau|1827|p=44}}
==See also==
* [[
* [[Gothic Wars]]
* [[Pannonian Avars]]
==
{{notelist}}
==
{{reflist|20em}}
==Sources==
===Primary sources===
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{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite web|last1=Bulat|first1=V.|title=Ethno-Political map of ancient Eurasia|url=http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/chronosophy/atlasIAD.htm#atlasIAD-047|website=gumilevica.kulichki.net|access-date=7 January 2017|language=ru|ref=CITEREFEthno-Political map of ancient Eurasia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701224125/http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/chronosophy/atlasIAD.htm|archive-date=1 July 2018}}
* {{cite web|title=The British Library MS Viewer|url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=burney_ms_111_fs001r|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=7 January 2017|ref=CITEREFMap after Ptolemy's Geographia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/
* {{cite web|last1=Muscalu|first1=Bogdan|title=Views concerning barrel‑shaped vessels in the Sarmatian Iazyges environment|url=https://www.academia.edu/7869274|access-date=18 January 2017|ref=CITEREFViews concerning barrel‑shaped vessels in the Sarmatian Iazyges environment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701224235/https://www.academia.edu/7869274/VIEWS_CONCERNING_BARREL_SHAPED_VESSELS_IN_THE_SARMATIAN_IAZYGES_ENVIRONMENT_Acta_Musei_Napocensis_47_48_I_2010_2011_2012_p._219_228|archive-date=1 July 2018}}
{{refend}}
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* Bennett, Julian. (1997). ''Trajan: Optimus Princeps'', Indianapolis University Press, Bloomington. {{ISBN|978-0-415-24150-2}}
* Birley, Anthony. (1987). ''Marcus Aurelius: A Biography'', Yale University Press, New Haven. {{ISBN|978-0-415-17125-0}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Iazyges|page=215|ref=none}} {{OCLC|954463552}}
* Christian, David. (1999). ''A History of Russia, Mongolia and Central Asia'', Vol. 1. Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20814-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Istvánovits |first1=Eszter |last2=Kulcsár |first2=Valéria |title=Sarmatians on the Borders of the Roman Empire: Steppe Traditions and Imported Cultural Phenomena |journal=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia |date=2020 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=391–402 |doi=10.1163/15700577-12341381|s2cid=234571926 |ref=none}}
* Kerr, William George. (1995). ''A Chronological Study of the Marcomannic Wars of Marcus Aurelius'', Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{oclc|32861447}}
* [[Gyula Kristó|Kristó, Gyula]]. (1998). ''Magyarország története – 895–1301 (The History of Hungary – From 895 to 1301)'', Budapest: Osiris. {{ISBN|963-379-442-0}}.
* Macartney, C.A. (1962). ''Hungary: A Short History'', Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. {{ISBN|978-0-00-612410-8}}
* Peck, Harry Thurston. (1898). ''Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'', New York. Harper and Brothers. {{ISBN|978-1-163-24933-8}}
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[[Category:Serbia in the Roman era]]
[[Category:Roman buffer states]]
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