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{{Short description|Amazonian ritual song}}
{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{original research|date=April 2018}}}}
{{other}}
[[File:Don Solón Tello ikareando a niño - Foto Jaime Torres Romero, Archivo Centro Takiwasi.jpg|thumb|Don Solón Tello singing an icaro to a child in a traditional medicine ritual in the northern Amazon of Peru]]
'''Icaro''' ({{lang-langx|qu|'''ikaro'''}}) is a [[South America]]n [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[and mestizo colloquialism]] for [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] song.<ref name="Nicole">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcatarchive.org/oclcdetails/42683849witchdoctorsappr0000maxw|title=Witch doctor's apprentice : hunting for medicinal plants in the Amazon|last=Nicole.|first=Maxwell,|date=1990-01-01|publisher=MJF Books|isbn=1567313035|oclc=42683849|url-access=registration}}</ref> Today, this term is commonly used to describe the medicine songs performed in ''[[Vegetalismo|vegetal]]'' [[Ceremony|ceremonies]], especially by [[Shamanism|shamans]] in [[ayahuasca]] ceremonies to induce a profound state of [[healing]], [[awareness]] or [[excitement]].<ref name="Ency2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HltJMMq1_60C&pg=PA220&lpg=PA220&dq|title=Ency of Shamanism|last=Pratt|first=Christina|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2007|pages=220|isbn=9781404210400}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Vegetalismo (Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion)|last=Luna|first=Luis Eduardo|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell Internat|year=1986|isbn=91-22-00819-5|authorlink=Luis Eduardo Luna}}</ref><ref name="Jung2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkYLhAKQMR8C&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq|title=Jung in the 21st Century: Synchronicity and science|last=Haule|first=John Ryan|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2011|pages=47–48}}</ref> It is also commonly used to describe a traditional [[artisan]]al [[pattern]] of the [[Shipibo-Conibo people|Shipibo]] tribe based on the [[vision (spirituality)|vision]]s induced by [[ayahuasca]].▼
 
Each Amazonian ethnic group has a specific term for this type of generic magical song: for example, [[eshuva]] for the [[Huachipaeri people|Huachipaire]] people,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Eshuva, Harákmbut sung prayers of Peru's Huachipaire people - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/USL/eshuva-harakmbut-sung-prayers-of-perus-huachipaire-people-00531 |access-date=2016-01-18 |website=www.unesco.org}}</ref> ''meye'' for the [[Piaroa people|Piaroa]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rodd |first1=Robin |last2=Sumabila |first2=Arelis |date=2011-03-28 |title=Yopo, Ethnicity and Social Change: A Comparative Analysis of Piaroa and Cuiva Yopo Use |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2011.566499 |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=36–45 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2011.566499 |issn=0279-1072}}</ref> ''mariri'' for the [[Kokama people|Kokama]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brabec de Mori |first=Bernd |url=https://www.academia.edu/5327195 |title=The internationalization of Ayahuasca |publisher=LIT-Verlag |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-643-90148-4 |editor-last=Jungaberle |editor-first=Hendrik |publication-place=Zurich |page=34 |chapter=Tracing Hallucinations: Contributing to a Critical Ethnohistory of Ayahuasca Usage in the Peruvian Amazon |editor-last2=Labate |editor-first2=Beatriz C.}}</ref> or ''rao bewá'' for the [[Shipibo-Conibo|Shipibo]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Favaron |first1=Pedro |last2=Bensho |first2=Chonon |date=2022-07-01 |title=Rao bewa: los cantos medicinales del pueblo shipibo-konibo |url=https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/lthc/article/view/102082 |journal=Literatura: Teoría, historia, crítica |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=139–165 |doi=10.15446/lthc.v24n2.102082 |issn=2256-5450|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Mural shipibo.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural%20shipibo.JPG|alt=icaro|thumb|404x404px|Kené patterns on a wall mural.]]
 
▲'''Icaro''' ({{lang-qu|'''ikaro'''}}) is a [[South America]]n [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[colloquialism]] for [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]].<ref name="Nicole">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42683849|title=Witch doctor's apprentice : hunting for medicinal plants in the Amazon|last=Nicole.|first=Maxwell,|date=1990-01-01|publisher=MJF Books|isbn=1567313035|oclc=42683849}}</ref> Today, this term is commonly used to describe the medicine songs performed in ''[[Vegetalismo|vegetal]]'' [[Ceremony|ceremonies]], especially by [[Shamanism|shamans]] in [[ayahuasca]] ceremonies to induce a profound state of [[healing]], [[awareness]] or [[excitement]].<ref name="Ency2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HltJMMq1_60C&pg=PA220&lpg=PA220&dq|title=Ency of Shamanism|last=Pratt|first=Christina|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2007|pages=220}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Vegetalismo (Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion)|last=Luna|first=Luis Eduardo|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell Internat|year=1986|isbn=91-22-00819-5|authorlink=Luis Eduardo Luna}}</ref><ref name="Jung2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkYLhAKQMR8C&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq|title=Jung in the 21st Century: Synchronicity and science|last=Haule|first=John Ryan|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2011|pages=47–48}}</ref> It is also commonly used to describe a traditional [[artisan]]al [[pattern]] of the [[Shipibo-Conibo people|Shipibo]] tribe based on the [[vision (spirituality)|vision]]s induced by [[ayahuasca]].
 
== Etymology ==
 
The word ''icaro'' is believed to derive from the [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] verb ''ikaray'', which means "to blow smoke in order to heal".<ref name="Jung2">{{cite book|last=Haule|first=John Ryan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkYLhAKQMR8C&pg=PA47|title=Jung in the 21st Century: Synchronicity and science|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2011|isbn=9780203833605|pages=47–48}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2020}}
 
In the book [https://books.google.com/books?id=3wRvPwAACAAJ&dq=the+witchdoctor%27s+apprentice&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y The Witchdoctor's Apprentice], [[wikt:pioneer|pioneering]] [[Botany|botanist]] [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/24/world/nicole-maxwell-a-bold-seeker-of-medical-herbs-dies-at-92.html Nicole Maxwell] accounts her experience among the first to trek through the [[Peru]]vian [[Amazon rainforest]] seeking ancient medicines from [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous tribes]]. She commonly encounters tribes using the word ''icaro'' to describe the seemingly [[supernatural]] powers of shamans or [[witch doctor]]s to evoke their will. Usually, this term was used by the natives to describe instances of [[Black magic|dark magic]], such as the means by which [[Brujería|brujos]] would summon jungle predators or illnesses to kill their enemies, but it has also been used to describe positive things, like the knowledge of medicinal [[Spell (paranormal)|spells]], formulas and [[plant]]s.<ref name="Nicole"/>
 
== In healing ceremonies ==
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=== Medicine songs ===
 
[[File:Pwanchir Pitu, Shaman et chef spirituel du peuple Achuar.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pwanchir%20Pitu,%20Shaman%20et%20chef%20spirituel%20du%20peuple%20Achuar.jpg|alt=Shamans usually use icaros to heal with the power of music.|thumb|192x192px|Amazonian shaman.]]
Icaro is most commonly used to describe the [[medicine]] [[song]]ssongs used by [[Shamanism|shamans]] in [[healing]] [[Ceremony|ceremonies]], such as with the [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] brew [[ayahuasca]]. Traditionally, these songs can be performed by [[whistling]], [[singing]] with the [[Human voice|voice]] or [[vocable]]s, or playing an [[Musical instrument|instrument]] such as the [[didgeridoo]] or [[flute]],.{{Citation and usually involve a mastery of advanced techniques to evoke the healing effects.needed|date=December 2020}}
 
Traditionally, icaros may come to a shaman during a ceremony, be passed down from previous lineages of healers, or come to a shaman during a 'dieta' where plant spirits are believed to teach icaros to the shaman directly. The singing or whistling of icaros is sometimes accompanied by a [[chakapa]], a rattle of bundled leaves.<ref>{{cite book
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| isbn = 978-0-8263-4729-9
| quote = some songs, such as calling in the spirit of ayahuasca at the start of a ceremony, are performed without rhythmic accompaniment, while healings are all performed with the shacapa. }}</ref> Due to the complexity of certain performance techniques, it may take many years to learn certain icaros, and experienced shamans may be able to recite hundreds of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sciencenotes.ucsc.edu/2011/pages/ayahuasca/ayahuasca.html|title=Meet Mother Ayahuasca|last=Rozendal|first=Keith|accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref>
 
=== Other healing practices ===
 
The word ''icaro'' may be used for other ritual actions taken by a healer during a ceremony for the sake of affecting consciousness.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
In ayahuasca ceremonies of [[Iquitos]], Peru, you may find any of the following are considered an icaro:
* Shaking a [[chakapa]] at a consistent tempo
* Shaking a [[chakapa]] in different corners of the room
* Blowing [[mapacho]] smoke
* Mouth-made sound effects of wind or fast-moving air
* Purging sounds and mannerisms
* Invitations of spirits or forces
* [[Hypnosis|Hypnotic]] speaking
 
== Shipibo Artisanal Patterns ==
[[File:Masato chomo (beer jar, Shipibo-Conibo, N E Peru), World Museum Liverpool (1).JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masato%20chomo%20(beer%20jar,%20Shipibo-Conibo,%20N%20E%20Peru),%20World%20Museum%20Liverpool%20(1).JPG|thumb|192x192px|Pattern on a Shipibo artisanal pot.]]
Icaro is also a modern [[colloquialism]] used to describe a decorative pattern common in the [[Artifact|artifacts]] and [[Artisan|artisanal goods]] made by the [[Shipibo-Conibo people|Shipibo]] people. In Western Peru, these patterns are officially known as kené, and are said to represent vibrations.
 
Kené are generally employed by women, and come to artists in the same manner as icaros: from other artists, during plant medicine ceremonies, as part of a 'dieta', in dreams and in trance states. With their [[Geometry|geometric]] shapes and [[Contrast (vision)|contrasting]] colors, these patterns have been [[Scientific method|Scientifically]] identified as an effect of [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], the active [[Hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compound in [[Ayahuasca|ayahuasca]].
 
== Neoshamanism ==
[[File:Foo_Fighters_Stage_with_Dave_Grohl_(169898458).jpg|alt=neoshamanism, icaro, dj|thumb|192x192px|Today, musicians, bands and DJs play the role of shaman in modern healing ceremonies, often using cutting edge technology to enhance their icaros.]]
In modern times, the domain of the [[Shamanism|shaman]] has split into many social [[Role|roles]] or [[Career|careers]]: most notably are the [[Physician|doctor]], the [[priest]], and the [[artist]]. From a [[Neoshamanism|neoshamanic]] perspective, the modern form of "icaro" may describe anything from [[Pharmaceutical drug|pharmaceuticals]] to [[MRI machine|MRI machines]], [[Sacrament|sacrements]] to [[Religious text|holy books]], and [[Printer (computing)|printers]] to subwoofers. This is because all of these tools are used to manifest the will of the shaman and can, with the necessary skill, be used to modify consiousness and reality.
 
=== In Music ===
Today, [[Musician|musicians]], [[Musical ensemble|bands]] and [[Disc jockey|DJs]], most notably at [[Music festival|music festivals]], bear a close resemblance to shamans performing music during medicinal ceremonies. Music festivals are the most common place for people to ingest [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] [[Psychedelic therapy|medicines]], and performers commonly design their songs and musical experiences to be immersive, and in many cases, healing. In this sense, modern musical icaros are performed using everything between acoustic instruments, microphones, amplifiers, MIDI keyboards, DJ decks, light or [[laser]] shows and projections.
 
=== Visionary Art ===
The [[visionary art]] movement may be considered a modern equivalent of the [[Shipibo-Conibo people|Shipibo]] artisanal icaro patterns or "kené", as its works often attempt to portray the [[Hallucination|visions]] of [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]] states induced by [[Psychedelic experience|psychedelic]] experiences.
 
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
* {{cite magazine|url=https://www.elmundomagico.org/wp-content/themes/elmundomagico/docs/ICAROS.pdf|magazine=Sacred Hoop|year=2010|issue=68|first=Francesco|last=Sammarco|title=Icaros{{--}}Magical songs of the Amazon}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Icaro}}
[[Category:Peruvian musicsongs]]
[[Category:Music of Peru]]
[[Category:Shamanism of the Americas]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of Peru]]
[[Category:Shipibo-Conibo]]
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