Content deleted Content added
Shinkolobwe (talk | contribs) m →Aerospace: Space after * |
There's no actual evidence that SX refers to monocrystaline catered alloys in this instance. SX means SpaceX here. Monocrystalline casting isn't necessary in this application. |
||
| (44 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown) | |||
Line 2:
[[File:Inconel 718.JPG|thumb|Inconel 718 round bar]]
'''Inconel''' is a [[nickel]]-[[chromium]]-based [[superalloy]] often utilized in extreme environments where components are subjected to high temperature, pressure or [[Mechanical load|mechanical loads]]. Inconel alloys are [[oxidation]]- and [[corrosion]]-resistant
Inconel alloys are typically used in high temperature applications. Common trade names for various Inconel alloys include:
*
*
*
== History ==
The Inconel family of alloys was first developed before December 1932, when its [[trademark]] was registered by the US company [[International Nickel Company]] of Delaware and New York.<ref name="wmi">{{cite news |title=Word Mark : Inconel |url=https://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4810:9v10p.5.3 |agency=Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS) |publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office}}</ref><ref name="min">{{cite book |title=Monel, Inconel, Nickel, and Nickel Alloys |date=1947 |publisher=International Nickel Company |location=Development and Research Division}}</ref> A significant early use was found in support of the development of the [[Frank Whittle|Whittle]] jet engine,<ref name=ehj>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=T.L.|title=Frank Whittle's W2B Turbojet: United Kingdom versus United States Development|url=http://www.enginehistory.org/GasTurbines/W2B.shtml|website=EngineHistory.org|publisher=Aircraft Engine Historical Society, Inc|access-date=27 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052504/http://enginehistory.org/GasTurbines/W2B.shtml|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> during the 1940s by research teams at Henry Wiggin & Co of [[Hereford, England]] a subsidiary of the [[Mond Nickel Company]],<ref name="dbs32">{{cite book |title=Annual Report on the Mineral Production of Canada |date=1932 |publisher=Canada. Dominion Bureau of Statistics |page=88}}</ref> which merged with [[Inco]] in 1928. The Hereford Works and its properties including the Inconel trademark were acquired in 1998 by [[Special Metals Corporation]].<ref name=smch>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialmetals.com/history.php |title=Special Metals Corporation: History |access-date=2012-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421064350/http://www.specialmetals.com/history.php |archive-date=April 21, 2008 }}</ref>
==Specific data==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:
|-
! Alloy
! [[Solidus (chemistry)|Solidus]] °C (°F)
! [[Liquidus]] °C (°F)
|-
|align="left"| Inconel 600<ref>{{cite web |title = NINC30 |department=ASM Material Data Sheet |website=asm.matweb.com |url=http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=NINC30
| 1354 ({{convert|1354|C|F|disp=number}})
| 1413 ({{convert|1413|C|F|disp=number}})
|-
|align="left"| Inconel 617<ref>{{cite web |title = Inconel 617 Alloy |website = American Elements |url=https://www.americanelements.com/inconel-617-alloy
| 1332 ({{convert|1332|C|F|disp=number}})
| 1377 ({{convert|1377|C|F|disp=number}})
|-
|align="left"| Inconel 625<ref>{{cite web |title = Inconel 625 Alloy |website = American Elements |url=https://www.americanelements.com/inconel-625-alloy
| 1290 ({{convert|1290|C|F|disp=number}})
| 1350 ({{convert|1350|C|F|disp=number}})
|-
|align="left"| Inconel 690<ref>{{cite web |title = Inconel 690 Alloy |website = American Elements |url=https://www.americanelements.com/inconel-690-alloy
| 1343 ({{convert|1343|C|F|disp=number}})
| 1377 ({{convert|1377|C|F|disp=number}})
|-
|align="left"| Inconel 718<ref>{{cite web |title = Inconel 718 Alloy |website = American Elements |url=https://www.americanelements.com/inconel-718-alloy
| 1260 ({{convert|1260|C|F|disp=number}})
| 1336 ({{convert|1336|C|F|disp=number}})
|-
|align="left"| Inconel X-750<ref>{{cite web |title = NINC35 |department=ASM Material Data Sheet |website=asm.matweb.com |url=http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=NINC35
| 1390 ({{convert|1390|C|F|disp=number}})
| 1430 ({{convert|1430|C|F|disp=number}})
|}
Line 69:
|-
| 600<ref>[http://www.specialmetals.com/assets/smc/documents/alloys/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf Inconel alloy 600] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127104028/https://www.specialmetals.com/assets/smc/documents/alloys/inconel/inconel-alloy-600.pdf |date=2021-01-27 }}, Special Metals Corporation</ref>
| ≥72.0{{efn|Includes [[cobalt]]}}
| 14.0–17.0
| 6.0–10.0
Line 194:
When heated, Inconel forms a thick and stable [[Passivation (chemistry)|passivating]] oxide layer protecting the surface from further attack. Inconel retains strength over a wide temperature range, attractive for high-temperature applications where [[aluminium]] and [[steel]] would succumb to [[Creep (deformation)|creep]] as a result of thermally induced crystal vacancies (see [[Arrhenius equation]]). Inconel's high temperature strength is developed by [[solid solution strengthening]] or [[precipitation strengthening]], depending on the alloy. In [[age hardening|age-hardening]] or precipitation-strengthening varieties, small amounts of [[niobium]] combine with [[nickel]] to form the [[intermetallic]] compound Ni<sub>3</sub>Nb or [[Superalloy#Families of superalloys|gamma double prime]] (γ″). Gamma prime forms small cubic crystals that inhibit [[Slip (materials science)|slip]] and creep effectively at elevated temperatures. The formation of gamma-prime crystals increases over time, especially after three hours of a heat exposure of {{Convert|850|C|F}}, and continues to grow after 72 hours of exposure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/miclib/full_record.php?id=716|title=DoITPoMS - Full Record|website=www.doitpoms.ac.uk}}</ref>
== Strengthening
The most prevalent hardening mechanisms for Inconel alloys are [[Precipitation hardening|precipitate strengthening]] and [[solid solution strengthening]]. In Inconel alloys, one of the two often dominates. For alloys like Inconel 718, precipitate strengthening is the main strengthening mechanism. The majority of strengthening comes from the presence of gamma double prime (γ″) precipitates.<ref name="Mignanelli-2017">{{Cite journal |
Secondary precipitate strengthening comes from gamma prime (γ') precipitates. The γ' phase can appear in multiple compositions such as Ni<sub>3</sub>(Al, Ti).<ref name="Devaux-2008" /><ref name="Hosseini-2019" /><ref name="Shankar-2001" /> The precipitate phase is coherent and has an FCC structure, like the γ matrix;<ref name="Deng-2018" /><ref name="Tucho-2017" /><ref name="Bennett-2021" /><ref name="Li-2020" /><ref name="Glerum-2021" /> The γ' phase is much less prevalent than γ″. The volume fraction of the γ″ and γ' phases are approximately 15% and 4% after precipitation, respectively.<ref name="Devaux-2008" /><ref name="Hosseini-2019" /> Because of the coherency between the γ matrix and the γ' and γ″ precipitates, strain fields exist that obstruct the motion of dislocations. The prevalence of carbides with MX(Nb, Ti)(C, N) compositions also helps to strengthen the material.<ref name="Hosseini-2019" /> For precipitate strengthening, elements like niobium, titanium, and tantalum play a crucial role.<ref name="Aeether">{{Cite web |author=Aeether Co Limited |title=What is Solid Solution? Why do Nickel Alloy / Superalloy need Solution Treatment? |url=https://www.aeether.com/AEETHER/media/media-29/media.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=aeether.com |language=en}}</ref>
Because the γ″ phase is metastable, over-aging can result in the transformation of γ″ phase precipitates to delta (δ) phase precipitates, their stable counterparts.<ref name="Hosseini-2019" /><ref name="Tucho-2017" /> The δ phase has an orthorhombic structure, a Ni<sub>3</sub>(Nb, Mo, Ti) composition, and is incoherent.<ref>{{Cite journal |
Another common phase in Inconel alloys is the Laves intermetallic phase. Its compositions are (Ni, Cr, Fe)<sub>x</sub>(Nb, Mo, Ti)<sub>y</sub> and Ni<sub>y</sub>Nb, it is brittle, and its presence can be detrimental to the mechanical behavior of Inconel alloys.<ref name="Tucho-2017" /><ref name="Deng-2018" /><ref name="Sohrabi-2018">{{Cite journal |
For alloys like Inconel 625, solid-solution hardening is the main strengthening mechanism. Elements like Mo {{clarification needed | date= July 2024}} are important in this process. Nb and Ta can also contribute to solid solution strengthening to a lesser extent.<ref name="Aeether" /> In solid solution strengthening, Mo atoms are substituted into the γ matrix of Inconel alloys. Because Mo atoms have a significantly larger radius than those of Ni (209 pm and 163 pm, respectively), the substitution creates strain fields in the crystal lattice, which hinder the motion of dislocations, ultimately strengthening the material.
The combination of elemental composition and strengthening mechanisms is why Inconel alloys can maintain their favorable mechanical and physical properties, such as high strength and fatigue resistance, at elevated temperatures, specifically those up to 650°C.<ref name="Mignanelli-2017" />
==Machining==
Inconel is a difficult metal to shape and to machine using traditional [[cold forming]] techniques due to rapid [[work hardening]]. After the first machining pass, work hardening tends to plastically deform either the workpiece or the tool on subsequent passes. For this reason, age-hardened Inconels such as 718 are typically machined using an aggressive but slow cut with a hard tool, minimizing the number of passes required. Alternatively, the majority of the machining can be performed with the workpiece in a "solutionized" form,{{clarification needed|date=September 2022}} with only the final steps being performed after age hardening. However some claim{{
External [[screw thread|threads]] are machined using a [[lathe]] to "single-point" the threads or by rolling the threads in the solution treated condition (for hardenable alloys) using a [[screw machine (automatic lathe)|screw machine]]. Inconel 718 can also be roll-threaded after full aging by using [[induction heat]] to {{Convert|700|C|-1}} without increasing the grain size.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Holes with internal threads are made by threadmilling. Internal threads can also be formed using a sinker [[electrical discharge machining]] (EDM).{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
Line 216:
==Uses==
[[File:Astra_Rocket_Engine_—_Delphin_3.0.jpg|thumb|
Inconel is often encountered in extreme environments. It is common in [[gas turbine]] blades, seals, and combustors, as well as [[turbocharger]] rotors and seals, electric submersible well pump motor shafts, high temperature fasteners, chemical processing and [[pressure vessel]]s, [[heat exchanger]] tubing, steam generators and core components in nuclear [[pressurized water reactors]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialmetals.com/documents/Inconel%20alloy%20625.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090226220715/http://www.specialmetals.com/documents/Inconel%20alloy%20625.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-02-26|title=''Inconel alloy 625'', Specials Metals, 2015}}</ref> [[natural gas processing]] with contaminants such as H<sub>2</sub>S and CO<sub>2</sub>, [[firearm]] [[suppressor|sound suppressor]] blast baffles, and [[Formula One racing|Formula One]], [[NASCAR]], [[National Hot Rod Association|NHRA]], and [[Audi Performance and Racing|APR, LLC]] exhaust systems.<ref>[http://www.specialmetals.com/power.php Power Generation] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120914045808/http://www.specialmetals.com/power.php |date=2012-09-14 }}, Special Metals Corporation.</ref><ref>[http://www.specialmetals.com/chemical.php Chemical Processing] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130202213225/http://www.specialmetals.com/chemical.php |date=2013-02-02 }}, Special Metals Corporation.</ref> It is also used in the turbo system of the 3rd generation [[Mazda RX7]], and the exhaust systems of high powered [[Wankel engine]]
===Aerospace===
* The [[Space Shuttle]] used four Inconel studs to secure the solid rocket boosters to the launch platform, eight total studs supported the entire weight of the ready to fly Shuttle system. Eight [[frangible nut]]s are encased on the outside of the solid rocket boosters, at launch explosives separated the nuts releasing the Shuttle from its launch platform.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* [[North American Aviation]] constructed the skin of the [[North American X-15]] [[
* [[Rocketdyne]] used Inconel X-750 for the thrust chamber of the [[F-1 (rocket engine)|F-1 rocket engine]] used in the first stage of the [[Saturn V]] booster.<ref>Anthony Young, "The Saturn V Booster: Powering Apollo into History", Springer-Verlag, 2009.</ref>
* [[SpaceX]] uses
* In a first for [[3D-printer|3D printing]], the SpaceX [[SuperDraco]] [[rocket engine]] that provides [[launch escape system]] for the [[Dragon V2]] crew-carrying [[space capsule]] is fully printed. In particular, the engine combustion chamber is printed of Inconel using a process of [[direct metal laser sintering]], and operates at very high temperature and a [[chamber pressure]] of {{convert|1000|psi|MPa|disp=flip}}.<ref name=ludiInco/><ref name=aw20140530>{{cite news |last=Norris |first=Guy |title=SpaceX Unveils 'Step Change' Dragon 'V2' |url=http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2 |access-date=2014-05-30 |newspaper=Aviation Week |date=2014-05-30 |archive-date=2014-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110355/http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=sdc20140529>{{cite news |last=Kramer|first=Miriam |title=SpaceX Unveils Dragon V2 Spaceship, a Manned Space Taxi for Astronauts — Meet Dragon V2: SpaceX's Manned Space Taxi for Astronaut Trips |url=http://www.space.com/26063-spacex-unveils-dragon-v2-manned-spaceship.html |access-date=2014-05-30 |newspaper=space.com |date=2014-05-30 }}</ref><ref name=nsf20140530>
{{cite news |last=Bergin|first=Chris |title=SpaceX lifts the lid on the Dragon V2 crew spacecraft |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/05/spacex-lifts-the-lid-dragon-v2-crew-spacecraft/ |access-date=2015-03-06 |newspaper=NASAspaceflight.com |date=2014-05-30 }}</ref><ref name=nsj20140530>{{cite news |last=Foust|first=Jeff |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2014/05/30/spacex-unveils-its-21st-century-spaceship/|title=SpaceX unveils its "21st century spaceship" |access-date=2015-03-06 |newspaper=NewSpace Journal |date=2014-05-30}}</ref><ref name=sx20140801>{{cite web |title=SpaceX Launches 3D-Printed Part to Space, Creates Printed Engine Chamber for Crewed Spaceflight |url=http://www.spacex.com/news/2014/07/31/spacex-launches-3d-printed-part-space-creates-printed-engine-chamber-crewed |publisher=SpaceX |access-date=2015-03-06 |quote=''Compared with a traditionally cast part, a printed [part] has superior strength, ductility, and fracture resistance, with a lower variability in materials properties. ... The chamber is regeneratively cooled and printed in Inconel, a high performance superalloy. Printing the chamber resulted in an order of magnitude reduction in lead-time compared with traditional machining – the path from the initial concept to the first hotfire was just over three months. During the hotfire test, ... the SuperDraco engine was fired in both a launch escape profile and a landing burn profile, successfully throttling between 20% and 100% thrust levels. To date the chamber has been fired more than 80 times, with more than 300 seconds of hot fire.'' |archive-date=2017-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825191053/http://www.spacex.com/news/2014/07/31/spacex-launches-3d-printed-part-space-creates-printed-engine-chamber-crewed |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- this source also has an excellent-quality photo of the printed SuperDraco rocket engine combustion chamber, but I am unsure how Fair Use works and whether it might be possible to use the image on Wikipedia. -->
* SpaceX cast the [[Raptor (SpaceX)|Raptor]] rocket engine manifolds from SX300, later SX500, which are
===Automotive===
* [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]]
* [[Ford Motor Company]] is using Inconel to make the turbine wheel in the turbocharger of its [[EcoBlue]] diesel engines introduced in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Ford EcoBlue turbodiesel engine debuts amid diesel woes|date=April 26, 2016|publisher=Autoblog.com|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/04/26/ford-ecoblue-turbodiesel-engine-transit-van/}}</ref>
* The exhaust valves on NHRA Top Fuel and Funny Car drag racing engines are often made of Inconel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhra.com/news/2020/piping-power-how-choose-best-headers-your-combination|title=Piping for Power: How to choose the best headers for your combination|first=Evan|last=J. Smith|date=22 March 2020|access-date=9 August 2022|work=[[NHRA]]}}</ref>
* [[Ford Australia]] used Inconel valves in their turbocharged [[Ford Barra engine|Barra]] engines. These valves have been proven very reliable, holding in excess of 1900 horsepower.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hKpRTrGT54 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/2hKpRTrGT54| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Inside a 7-second Ford Barra street car <nowiki>|</nowiki> fullBOOST|website=YouTube|date=2021-05-09}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[BMW]] has since used Inconel in the exhaust manifold of its high performance luxury car, the BMW M5 E34 with the S38 engine, withstanding higher temperatures and reducing backpressure.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Abhinav|last1=Shard|author2=Deepshikha|first3=Vishal|last3=Gupta|first4=M P|last4=Garg|title=The Comprehensive Review on machining of Inconel 718 superalloy|journal=[[Journal of Physics: Conference Series|IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering]]|date=2021|volume=1033|issue=1 |page=012069 |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/1033/1/012069 |bibcode=2021MS&E.1033a2069S |s2cid=234133836 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Jaguar Cars]] has fit, in their [[Jaguar F-Type]] SVR high performance sports car, a new lightweight Inconel titanium exhaust system as standard which withstands higher peak temperatures, reduces backpressure and eliminates {{convert|16|kg|abbr=on}} of mass from the vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarusa.com/about-jaguar/news/jaguar-introduces-f-type-svr-ahead-of-geneva-debut.html|title=Jaguar Introduces Ultra-High Performance F-Type SVR ahead of Geneva Debut|website=www.jaguarusa.com|access-date=2016-06-29|archive-date=2016-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509140958/http://www.jaguarusa.com/about-jaguar/news/jaguar-introduces-f-type-svr-ahead-of-geneva-debut.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[DeLorean Motor Company (Texas)|DeLorean Motor Company]] offers Inconel replacements for failure prone OE trailing arm bolts on the [[DMC DeLorean|DMC-12]]. Failure of these bolts can result in loss of the vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.delorean.com/kb/a72/trailing-arm-bolts.aspx|title=Trailing Arm Bolts|website=www.delorean.com}}</ref>
Rolled Inconel was frequently used as the recording medium by engraving in [[flight recorder|black box]] recorders on aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/5729507/the-secret-sauce-of-airplanes-black-box|title=The Secret Sauce of an Airplane's Black Box|first=Brian|last=Barrett|date=10 January 2011 }}</ref>
Line 242:
==Inconel alloys==
[[Alloy]]s of
* Inconel 188: Readily fabricated for commercial gas turbine and aerospace applications.
* Inconel 230: Alloy 230 Plate & Sheet mainly used by the power, aerospace, chemical processing and industrial heating industries.
* Inconel 600: In terms of high-temperature and corrosion resistance, Inconel 600 excels.<ref>{{Cite web |author=thepipingmart |date=2023-06-28 |title=Inconel 600 Plates vs Inconel 625 Plates: Which One Should You Choose? |url=https://steemit.com/inconel/@thepipingmart/inconel-600-plates-vs-inconel-625-plates-which-one-should-you-choose
* Inconel 601
* Inconel 617: Solid solution strengthened (nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum), high-temperature strength, corrosion and oxidation resistant, high workability and weldability.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2005 |title=Inconel alloy 617 |url=https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical-bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-617.pdf |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> Incorporated in [[ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code]] for high temperature nuclear applications such as [[molten salt reactor]]s {{circa}} April, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commercial alloy qualified for new use, expanding nuclear operating temperature|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy [[Idaho National Laboratory]]|date=April 28, 2020|url=https://inl.gov/article/a-new-material-expands-nuclear-operating-temperature/}}</ref>
* [[Inconel 625]]: Acid resistant, good weldability.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refractorymetal.org/inconel-625/ |title=Inconel 625 |website=Advanced Refractory Metal |access-date=Aug 11, 2024}}</ref> The LCF version is typically used in [[bellows]]. It is commonly used for applications in [[aeronautic]], aerospace, marine, chemical and petrochemical industries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oliveira |first1=Mauro |last2=Couto |first2=Antonio |year=2019 |title=Mechanical Behavior of Inconel 625 at Elevated Temperatures |journal=Metals |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=301 |doi=10.3390/met9030301 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is also used for reactor-core and control-rod components in pressurized water reactors and as heat exchanger tubes in ammonia cracker plants for heavy water production.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shankar |first1=Vani |last2=Rao |first2=K.B. |year=2001 |title=Microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 superalloy |journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials |volume=288 |issue=2-3 |pages=222-232 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00723-6}}</ref>
* Inconel 690: Low cobalt content for nuclear applications, and low resistivity<ref>[http://www.ndt-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/Conductivity_Iron.pdf Inconel alloy 690] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112040149/http://www.ndt-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/Conductivity_Iron.pdf |date=2013-11-12 }}, NDT Resource Center</ref>
* Inconel 706
* Inconel 713C: Precipitation hardenable nickel-chromium base cast alloy<ref name="nickelinstitute.org" />
* Inconel 718: Gamma double prime strengthened with good weldability<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gpiprototype.com/blog/dmls-in-aluminum-inconel-or-titanium-is-it-worth-it.html|title=DMLS in Aluminum, Inconel or Titanium - Is it worth it? - Blog|website=gpiprototype.com}}</ref>
* Inconel 738
* Inconel X-750: Commonly used for gas turbine components, including blades, seals and rotors.
* Inconel 751: Increased
* Inconel 792: Increased
* Inconel 907
* Inconel 909
Line 275:
==References==
{{reflist|
[[Category:Nickel–chromium alloys]]
[[Category:Refractory metals]]
| |||