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[[File:Selbstfahrerstudio-modern.jpg|thumb|An Internet radio studio]]
'''Internet radio''',
Internet radio is generally used to communicate and easily spread messages through the form of talk. It is distributed through a wireless communication network connected to a switch packet network (the internet) via a disclosed source.<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Internet radio communication system|pubdate=July 9, 2002|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US6418138|inventor-last=Cerf|inventor2-last=Huddle|inventor-first=Vinton|inventor2-first=Scott|country=US|number=6418138}}</ref>
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Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional [[broadcast radio]] stations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Digital Audio Essentials|last1=Fries|first1=Bruce|last2=Fries|first2=Marty|publisher=O'Reilly Media|year=2005|isbn=9780596008567|pages=[https://archive.org/details/digitalaudioesse0000frie/page/98 98–99]|url=https://archive.org/details/digitalaudioesse0000frie/page/98}}</ref> Many Internet radio services are associated with a corresponding traditional (terrestrial) radio station or [[radio network]], although low start-up and ongoing costs have allowed a substantial proliferation of independent Internet-only radio stations.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
The first Internet radio service was launched in 1993. As of 2017, the most popular Internet radio platforms and applications in the world include (but are not limited to) [[TuneIn Radio]], [[iHeartRadio]], and [[Sirius XM]]. In the U.S., unlike [[Wireless|over-the-air broadcast]] radio, an [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] license is not required to operate an Internet radio service.
==Internet radio technology==
Internet radio services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world with a suitable internet connection available; one could, for example, listen to an Australian station from Europe and America. This has made internet radio particularly suited to and popular among [[expatriate]] listeners.<ref>{{
Internet radio is also suited to listeners with special interests, allowing users to pick from a multitude of different stations and genres less commonly represented on traditional radio.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sanghoon|first=Jun|date=Spring 2013|title=SmartRadio: Cloning Internet Radio Broadcasting Stations|journal=International Information Institute (Tokyo). Information|volume=16|pages=2701–2709|via=School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University}}</ref>
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===Listening===
[[File:A Kerbango.jpg|thumbnail|An early [[Kerbango]] [[Internet radio receiver]]]]
Internet radio is typically listened to on a standard home [[personal computer|PC]] or similar device, through an embedded player program located on the respective station's website or on a [[smartphone]] app. In recent years, dedicated devices that resemble and offer the listener a similar experience to a traditional [[radio receiver]] have arrived on the market.<ref>{{
===Streaming===
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As Internet-radio listening rose among the 13-to-35 age group, listening to AM/FM radio, which now accounts for 24 percent of music-listening time, declined 2 percentage points. In the 36-and-older age group, by contrast, Internet radio accounted for just 13 percent of music listening, while AM/FM radio dominated listening methods with a 41 percent share.<ref name="npd.com"/>
As of
== Broadcasting freedoms ==
Some stations, such as [[Primordial Radio]], use Internet radio as a platform as opposed to other means such as [[FM broadcasting|FM]] or [[Digital audio broadcasting|DAB]], as it gives greater freedom to broadcast as they see fit, without being subject to regulatory bodies such as [[Ofcom]] in the UK. For example, Ofcom has very strict rules about presenters endorsing products and product placement;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0029/35876/adv_sponsorship_code.pdf|title=Radio Sponsorship Rules|website=www.ofcom.org.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051358/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0029/35876/adv_sponsorship_code.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> being an Internet radio station they are free of this constraint. One of the large controversies regarding internet radio revolved around a dispute between regulators over the amount of royalties Internet radio stations had to pay out. The Copyright Royalty Board initially wanted internet radio stations to pay out 100% royalties to the musicians whose songs were played compared to the 15% that satellite radio stations had to pay. This disagreement was temporarily postponed when the webmaster act of 2008 and 2009 was passed.<ref name="VirginiaLawRoyaltyStandard">{{Cite journal |last=Stockment |first=Andrew |date=2009 |title=Internet Radio: The Case for a Technology Neutral Royalty Standard |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27759978 |journal=Virginia Law Review |volume=95 |issue=8 |pages=2129–2179 |jstor=27759978 |issn=0042-6601}}</ref>
==History==
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In 1995, Scott Bourne founded NetRadio.com as the world's first Internet-only radio network. NetRadio.com was a pioneer in Internet radio. It was the first Internet-only network to be licensed by ASCAP. NetRadio eventually went on to an IPO in October 1999. Most of the current Internet radio providers followed the path that NetRadio.com carved out in digital media.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Net.radio
| title =
| author = Adam Bowie
| publisher = One Golden Square
| date = September 26, 2008
| url = http://onegoldensquare.com/2008/09/a-brief-history-of-virgin-radio-by-adam-bowie/
| access-date = March 30, 2009
| archive-date = December 2, 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081202020813/http://onegoldensquare.com/2008/09/a-brief-history-of-virgin-radio-by-adam-bowie/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> It broadcast its FM signal, live from the source, simultaneously on the Internet 24 hours a day.<ref>{{cite web
| title = An Introduction to Internet Radio
| publisher = European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
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| access-date = July 26, 2016}}</ref> On May 1, 1997, [[Radio306.com]] (now [[Pure Rock Radio]]) launched in Saskatoon, Canada. The internet-only station [[purerockradio.net]] celebrated 20 years on air in 2017 as the longest-running Canadian internet station.
Internet radio also provided new opportunities to mix music with advocacy messages. In February 1999, Zero24-7 Web Radio was launched.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1999/02/09/power-to-the-pirates/339938d0-1a0e-44c3-b030-efb9c2d5b1b9/|title=Power to the pirates|date=9 February 1999|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> It was the first
Internet radio attracted significant media and investor attention in the late 1990s. In 1998, the initial public stock offering for [[Broadcast.com]] set a record at the time for the largest jump in price in stock offerings in the United States. The offering price was US$18 and the company's shares opened at US$68 on the first day of trading.<ref name="Broadcast.comInNYTimes">{{cite news
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}}</ref> for US$5.7 billion.<ref name="Doc Searls" />
With the advent of streaming RealAudio over HTTP, streaming became more accessible to a number of radio shows. One such show, ''[[Techedge Radio|TechEdge Radio]]'' in 1997, was broadcast in three formats – live on the radio, live from a RealAudio server and streamed from the web over HTTP. In 1998, the longest running internet radio show,<ref name="The Vinyl Lounge">{{cite web
| url = http://www.screensound.gov.au/
| publisher = National Film & Sound Archive
| date = September 20, 2010
| author = National Film & Sound Archive
| title = National Film & Sound Archive
| access-date = February 27, 2011 | archive-date = November 25, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101125050455/http://www.screensound.gov.au/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> ''The Vinyl Lounge'', began netcasting from Sydney, Australia, from Australia's first Internet radio station, NetFM (www.netfm.net). In 1999, Australian telco "Telstra" launched The Basement Internet Radio Station but it was later shut down in 2003 as it was not a viable business for the company. From 2000 onwards, most Internet radio stations increased their stream quality as bandwidth became more economical. Today{{when|date=May 2019}}, most stations stream between 64 kbit/s and 128 kbit/s providing near CD quality audio.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} As of 2017 the [[mobile app]] [[Radio Garden]], a research project of the [[Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision]], was streaming approximately 8,000 radio stations to a global audience.<ref name="Radio Garden">{{Cite web |url=http://www.creativeapplications.net/js/radio-garden-radio-in-the-age-of-globalisation-and-digitisation/ |title=Radio Garden – Radio in the age of globalisation and digitisation |last=Visnjic |first=Filip |date=2017-07-09 |website=Creative Applications Network}}</ref>
===US royalty controversy===
In October 1998, the US Congress passed the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA), one result of which is that performance royalties are to be paid for [[satellite radio]] and Internet radio broadcasts in addition to publishing royalties. In contrast, traditional radio broadcasters pay only publishing royalties and no performance royalties.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Internet Radio: The Case for a Technology Neutral Royalty Standard | journal=Virginia Law Review | date
A rancorous dispute ensued over how performance royalties should be assessed for Internet broadcasters.<ref name="LastDays" /><ref name="Doc Searls">[[Doc Searls]], (July 17, 2002) [http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6218 "Why Are So Many Internet Radio Stations Still on the Air?"] ''[[Linux Journal]]''. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref><ref name="Michael Roberts" /><ref name="Collegian" /><ref name="Web North" /><ref name="HiawathaGray"/><ref name="reversal">{{cite news|url=http://news.cnet.com/Lawmakers++propose+reversal+of+Net+radio+fee+increases/2100-1028_3-6179627.html |title=Lawmakers propose reversal of Net radio fee increases |last=Broache |first=Anne |date=April 26, 2007 |publisher=[[CNet News]] |access-date=March 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119221154/http://news.cnet.com/Lawmakers--propose-reversal-of-Net-radio-fee-increases/2100-1028_3-6179627.html |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Some observers said that royalty rates that were being proposed were overly burdensome and intended to disadvantage independent Internet-only stations<ref name="Michael Roberts" />—that "while Internet giants like AOL may be able to afford the new rates, many smaller Internet radio stations will have to shut down."<ref name="HiawathaGray">Gray, Hiawatha (March 14, 2007). [http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2007/03/14/royalty_hike_could_mute_internet_radio/ Royalty hike could mute Internet radio: Smaller stations say rise will be too much], ''[[The Boston Globe]]''.</ref> The Digital Media Association (DiMA) said that even large companies, like Yahoo! Music, might fail due to the proposed rates.<ref name="LastDays">Olga Kharif, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070309122447/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2007/tc20070307_534338.htm The Last Days of Internet Radio?], March 7, 2007. Retrieved on March 7, 2007.</ref> Some observers said that some U.S.-based Internet broadcasts might be moved to foreign jurisdictions where US royalties do not apply.<ref name="Web North">Michael Geist (April 9, 2007). [https://www.thestar.com/sciencetech/article/200867 Web radio may stream north to Canada]. ''[[The Toronto Star]]''.</ref>
Many of these critics organized SaveNetRadio.org, "a coalition of listeners, artists, labels and webcasters"<ref name="Collegian">{{cite web| url=http://media.www.dailycollegian.com/media/storage/paper874/news/2007/04/26/News/Stagnant.Royalty.Rates.May.Bring.End.To.Internet.Radio-2881008.shtml| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209025141/http://media.www.dailycollegian.com/media/storage/paper874/news/2007/04/26/News/Stagnant.Royalty.Rates.May.Bring.End.To.Internet.Radio-2881008.shtml | title=Stagnant royalty rates may bring end to Internet radio| publisher=[[The Daily Collegian]]| author= Carlos Militante| work= Spartan Daily (San Jose State U.)| date=April 26, 2007| archive-date=February 9, 2008| access-date=March 14, 2010 }}</ref> that opposed the proposed royalty rates. To focus attention on the consequences of the impending rate hike, many US Internet broadcasters participated in a "Day of Silence" on June 26, 2007. On that day, they shut off their audio streams or streamed ambient sound, sometimes interspersed with brief [[public service announcement]]s voiced, written and produced by popular voiceover artist Dave Solomon.<ref>[http://www.radioprofile.com/savenetradio/ Official SaveNetRadio PSAs & Day Of Silence Network Audio]. ''[[The Toronto Star]]''.</ref> Notable participants included [[Rhapsody (online music service)|Rhapsody]], [[Live365]], [[MTV]], [[Pandora (music service)|Pandora]], [[Digitally Imported]] and [[SHOUTcast]].
<ref name="VirginiaLawRoyaltyStandard" />
Some broadcasters did not participate, such as [[Last.fm]], which had just been purchased for US$280 million by [[CBS Music Group]].<ref>Duncan Riley (May 30, 2007). [https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/30/cbs-acquires-lastfm-for-280m/ CBS Acquires Europe’s Last.FM for $280 million] [[Techcrunch]]. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref> According to a Last.fm employee, they were unable to participate because participation "may compromise ongoing license negotiations."<ref>Russ Garrett (June 25, 2007). [http://www.last.fm/forum/23/_/296674/2#f4141933 Post by Russ on Last.fm Forum
[[SoundExchange]], representing supporters of the increase in royalty rates, pointed out that the rates were flat from 1998 through 2005 (see above), without being increased to reflect cost-of-living increases. They also declared that if Internet radio is to build businesses from the product of recordings, the performers and owners of those recordings should receive fair compensation.
On May 1, 2007, SoundExchange came to an agreement with certain large webcasters regarding the minimum fees that were modified by the determination of the [[Copyright Royalty Board]]. While the CRB decision imposed a $500 per station or channel minimum fee for all webcasters, certain webcasters represented through DiMA negotiated a $50,000 "cap" on those fees with SoundExchange.<ref>{{cite web | title=Webcasters and SoundExchange Shake Hands | work=BusinessWeek.com | author=Olga Kharif | date = August 23, 2007 | access-date=August 24, 2007 | url=http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2007/08/web_radio_and_m.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016073600/http://businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2007/08/web_radio_and_m.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 16, 2007 }}</ref> However, DiMA and SoundExchange continue to negotiate over the per song, per listener fees.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}
SoundExchange has also offered alternative rates and terms to certain eligible small webcasters, that allow them to calculate their royalties as a percentage of their revenue or expenses, instead of at a per performance rate.<ref>{{cite web | title=SoundExchange Offers Discounted Music Rates To Small Webcasters | work=DigitalMediaWire.com | author=Mark Hefflinger | date=August 22, 2007 | access-date=August 24, 2007 | url=http://www.dmwmedia.com/news/2007/08/22/soundexchange-offers-discounted-music-royalties-to-small-webcasters | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092602/http://www.dmwmedia.com/news/2007/08/22/soundexchange-offers-discounted-music-royalties-to-small-webcasters | archive-date=September 29, 2007 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> To be eligible, a webcaster had to have revenues of less than US$1.25 million a year and stream less than 5 million "listener hours" a month (or an average of 6830 concurrent listeners).<ref>Rusty Hodge, (August 1, 2007) [http://somafm.com/blogs/rusty/2007_08_01_archive.html SoundExchange extends (not very good) offer to small webcasters]. [[SomaFM]]. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref> These restrictions would disqualify independent webcasters like [[AccuRadio]], [[Digitally Imported]], Club977 and others from participating in the offer, and therefore many small commercial webcasters continue to negotiate a settlement with SoundExchange.<ref>David Oxenford (September 19, 2007) [http://www.broadcastlawblog.com/archives/internet-radio-soundexchange-announces-24-agreements-but-not-one-a-settlement-with-small-webcasters.html SoundExchange Announces 24 Agreements
An August 16, 2008 ''Washington Post'' article reported that although Pandora was "one of the nation's most popular Web radio services, with about 1 million listeners daily...the burgeoning company may be on the verge of collapse" due to the structuring of performance royalty payment for webcasters. "Traditional radio, by contrast, pays no such fee. Satellite radio pays a fee but at a less onerous rate, at least by some measures." The article indicated that "other Web radio outfits" may be "doomed" for the same reasons.<ref>Peter Whoriskey (August 16, 2008) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/15/AR2008081503367.html Giant Of Internet Nears Its 'Last Stand']. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</ref>
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The Webcaster Settlement Act of 2009 expired in January 2016, ending a 10-year period in which smaller online radio stations, [[Live365]] among them, could pay reduced royalties to labels. On January 31, 2016, webcasters who are governed by rules adopted by the Copyright Royalty Board were required to pay to SoundExchange an annual, nonrefundable minimum fee of $500 for each channel and station,<ref>{{cite web | title =2016 Broadcasters Calendar | website = wbklaw.com | publisher =Wilkinson Barker Knauer LLP | url =http://www.wbklaw.com/uploads/2016%20Important%20Dates%20for%20Broadcasters.pdf | access-date = 2016-02-01}}</ref> the fee for services with greater than 100 stations or channels being $50,000 annually.<ref>{{cite web | title =commercial webcaster 2016 rates | website =soundexchange.com | publisher =soundexchange | url =http://www.soundexchange.com/service-provider/rates/commercial-webcaster/ | access-date = 2016-02-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Caitlin |date=2020-11-01 |title=Listen to the Globe |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/31/at-home/global-radio-stations.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Internet|Radio}}
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Comparison of streaming media
*[[
*[[Internet radio audience measurement]]
*[[TuneIn
* [[Internet radio device]]
*[[Internet radio licensing]]
*[[Internet talk radio]]
*[[List of Internet radio stations]]
*[[List of campus radio stations]]
*[[List of college radio stations in the United States#Web-based (internet-only stations|List of college web-only stations in the U.S.]]
*[[List of streaming media systems]]
*[[Mbone]], experimental "multicast backbone"
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==Further reading==
*{{cite journal
*[http://www.chriskern.net/history/voaFirstOnTheInternet.html "VOA: First on the Internet," by Chris Kern] (2006)▼
| last=DiCola | first=Peter
| title=Copyright Equality: Free Speech, Efficiency, and Regulatory Parity in Distribution
| journal=Boston University Law Review
| volume=93 | issue=6
| url=http://www.bu.edu/bulawreview/files/2014/01/DICOLA.pdf
| access-date=March 17, 2015 }}
*{{cite web
| last=Kern | first=Chris | year=2006
| title=VOA: First on the Internet
▲
| access-date=2023-04-19 }}
*{{cite book
| last=Priestman | first=Chris
| title=Web Radio: Radio Production for Internet Streaming
| year=2001 | publisher=Focal Press | isbn=978-0-240-51635-6
| url-access=registration | access-date=2023-04-19
| url=https://archive.org/details/webradioradiopro0000prie }}
*{{cite journal
| last=Stockment
| first=Andrew
| title=Internet Radio: The Case for a Technology Neutral Royalty Standard
| journal=Virginia Law Review
| date=2009
| volume=95
| issue=8
| pages=2129–2179
| url=http://www.virginialawreview.org/volumes/content/internet-radio-case-technology-neutral-royalty-standard
| jstor=27759978
| access-date=March 17, 2015
| archive-date=December 6, 2014
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206114702/http://www.virginialawreview.org/volumes/content/internet-radio-case-technology-neutral-royalty-standard
| url-status=dead
}}
*{{cite journal
| last=Villasenor | first=John
| title=Digital Music Broadcast Royalties: The Case for a Level Playing Field
| journal=Issues in Technology Innovation
| date=2012 | volume=19
| url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/8/07%20music%20royalties%20technology%20villasenor/cti_19_villasenor.pdf
| access-date=March 17, 2015 }}
{{Broadcasting}}
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