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{{Short description|
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{family name hatnote|Abduganiyevich|Karimov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
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| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|uz-Cyrl|Ислом Каримов}}<br />{{lang|uz-Latn|Islom Karimov|italic=no}}}}
| office = 1st [[President of Uzbekistan]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Karimov in
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| primeminister = [[Abdulhashim Mutalov]]
| successor = [[Nigmatilla Yuldashev]] {{small|(
| vicepresident = [[Shukrullo Mirsaidov]] {{small|(
| office2 = [[Communist Party of Uzbekistan|First Secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan]]
| predecessor2 = [[Rafiq Nishonov]]
| party = [[Communist Party of Uzbekistan]] {{small|(Before 1991)}}<br />[[People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan|People's Democratic Party]] {{small|(
| office1 = President of the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]]
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
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| birth_name = Islom Abdugʻaniyevich Karimov
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|1|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Samarkand]], [[Uzbek SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />(now Uzbekistan)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|9|2|1938|1|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]]
| spouse = Natalya Kuchmi {{small|(m. 1964; div. circa 1966)}}<br />[[Tatyana Karimova]] {{small|(m. 1967; 2016; his death)}}
| children = {{flatlist|
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| term_start2 = 23 June 1989
| term_end2 = 1 September 1991
| signature = Автограф Ислама Каримова.jpg
| website = {{URL|islomkarimov.uz}}
}}
{{Islam Karimov sidebar}}[[File:I Karimov W.jpg|thumb|Islam Karimov statue adjacent to Registon Square and Mausoleum.]]
'''Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov''' ({{
He declared Uzbekistan as an independent nation on 31 August
He ruled a repressive authoritarian regime in Uzbekistan where political opponents were assassinated, human rights were repressed, and dissent was prohibited;
==Early life and career==
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Karimov was born in [[Samarkand]] to Uzbek parents who were civil servants. According to official data his father was Abdug'ani Karimov, an [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]], and his mother was Sanobar Karimova. He was sent to an orphanage in 1941, brought back in 1942, and then returned to the orphanage in 1945. In 1955, he graduated from high school. In 1960, he graduated from the Central Asian Polytechnic Institute (now [[Tashkent State Technical University]]) with a degree in mechanical engineering.<ref name="echo">{{cite news|title=Биография Ислама Каримова|url=http://m.echo.msk.ru/blogs/detail.php?ID=1828908|access-date=2 September 2016|publisher=Echo Moscow|date=2 September 2016|language=ru|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918022918/http://m.echo.msk.ru/blogs/detail.php?ID=1828908|url-status=live}}</ref> He started his career as an engineer, eventually joining the Ministry of Water Resources of the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]]. In 1967, he earned a [https://tsue.uz/en/structure/faculties/iqtisodiyot-fakulteti master's degree in economics] from [[Tashkent State University of Economics]].<ref name="echo"/>
From 1966 to 1986, he worked his way up the ranks in the Uzbek State Planning Committee, from chief specialist, to department head, to Minister of Finance of the Uzbek SSR, chairman of the State Planning Committee and deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR.<ref name="echo"/> In 1986, Karimov assumed the post of first secretary of the [[Qashqadaryo Region|Kashkadarya Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan]] Committee of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR. In 1989, he became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR, after his predecessor [[Rafiq Nishonov]] failed to quell inter-ethnic clashes and instability in the [[Fergana Region]].<ref>Gulsen Aydin, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, [http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604690/index.pdf "Authoritarianism versus democracy in Uzbekistan: domestic and international factors"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801001052/http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604690/index.pdf |date=1 August 2017 }}, (Ankara: METU, 2004).</ref> From 1990 to 1991, he served as a member of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] and [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]]. On 24 March 1990, he was elected the first President of the Republic by the Uzbek Supreme Soviet.<ref name="echo" />
On 31 August 1991, 10 days after the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|attempted coup in Moscow]], Karimov declared Uzbekistan to be an independent republic, the second of the Central Asian republics to do so (after neighboring Kyrgyzstan); 1 September was declared Uzbekistan's Independence Day. The [[Communist Party of Uzbekistan|Uzbek Communist Party]] (UCP) changed its name to the [[People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan]] (O‘zXDP). In the [[1991 Uzbek presidential election|December 1991 presidential election]], 86 percent of the public cast their votes for Karimov and 12.3 percent for his rival [[Muhammad Salih]], chairman of the [[Erk Democratic Party|Erk (Freedom) Party]].<ref name="echo"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Armanini|first1=A. J.|title=Politics and Economics of Central Asia|date=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=9781590331828|pages=35–36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVVTONZmMKoC&pg=PA36|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817154114/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVVTONZmMKoC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Presidency==
[[File:Stamps of Uzbekistan, 2006-
Uzbekistan under the Karimov government was classified as a hard authoritarian state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbedDQAAQBAJ&q=karimov+%22hard+authoritarian%22&pg=PA243|title=Regional Integration Processes in the Commonwealth of Independent States|page=243|author=Czerewacz-Filipowicz, Katarzyna, and Konopelko, Agnieszka|year=2017|publisher=Springer|place=Cham, Switzerland|isbn=9783319475639|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbedDQAAQBAJ&q=karimov+%22hard+authoritarian%22&pg=PA243|url-status=live}}</ref> The state's primary legitimacy claims are anti-Islamism and ethnic identity.<ref>Schatz, pp. 263–284.</ref> Karimov's primary authoritarian measures that were implemented following the brief period of "thaw" and political tolerance include the thwarting of alternative political leaders from coalition building.<ref>Bohr, pp. 5–29.</ref>
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===Election controversies===
In 1995, a few months before Karimov's term was due to expire, his term was extended until 2000 through a [[1995 Uzbek presidential term referendum|referendum]]. Results showed 99.6 percent of voters favoured extending Karimov's term.<ref>Bivens, Matt. [
At the time, Karimov publicly stated that he considered the referendum to be a re-election to a second term, which under the Constitution would have required him to leave office in 2000. However, the legislature passed a resolution opposing the decision, leading Karimov to announce he would run for reelection in 2000.<ref>[http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_eur/Uzbekistan.html Uzbekistan Human Rights Practices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711162529/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_eur/Uzbekistan.html |date=11 July 2010 }}. [[United States Department of State]], 1995</ref> In [[2000 Uzbek presidential election|
▲At the time, Karimov publicly stated that he considered the referendum to be a re-election to a second term, which under the Constitution would have required him to leave office in 2000. However, the legislature passed a resolution opposing the decision, leading Karimov to announce he would run for reelection in 2000.<ref>[http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_eur/Uzbekistan.html Uzbekistan Human Rights Practices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711162529/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_eur/Uzbekistan.html |date=11 July 2010 }}. [[United States Department of State]], 1995</ref> [[2000 Uzbek presidential election|In the election held at 9 January]], he was reelected with 91.9% of the vote. The United States said that this election "was neither free nor fair and offered Uzbekistan's voters no true choice".<ref name=NOTFREE>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/election/uzbekistan/bbu260100.htm US slams Uzbek election as unfree, unfair and laughable] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323161231/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/election/uzbekistan/bbu260100.htm |date=23 March 2004 }} EurasiaNet</ref> The sole opposition candidate, Abdulhafiz Jalalov, implicitly admitted that he entered the race only to make it seem democratic and publicly stated that he voted for Karimov. According to dissident writer Alisher Ilkhamov from the [[Open Society Foundations]], 99.6% had elected to keep Karimov in office after his term had expired, but ballots had been created such that it was much easier for voters to cast a "yes" vote than a "no" vote. Unmarked ballots, as well as ballots of those who did not vote, were automatically counted as "yes" votes, while a full black mark, under the supervision of authorities, was necessary to count as a "no" vote.<ref>Alisher Ilkhamov, [http://www.merip.org/mer/mer222/controllable-democracy-uzbekistan "Controllable Democracy in Uzbekistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929043956/http://www.merip.org/mer/mer222/controllable-democracy-uzbekistan |date=29 September 2017 }}, ''Middle East Report'', No. 222 (2002) pp. 8–10.</ref>
===Administrative policies===
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===Policies towards Islam===
{{see also|Freedom of religion in Uzbekistan}}
[[File:CSTO Meeting 2010.jpeg|thumb|220x220px|Karimov (2nd from right) at the 2010 [[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]] meeting in [[Moscow Kremlin]]]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin with Islam Karimov-3.jpg|thumb|225x225px|President [[Vladimir Putin|Putin]] with President Karimov at Durmen, the presidential residence in Tashkent, 2000]]▼
Karimov had originally cultivated Islamic symbols after independence in order to coopt religious opposition.<ref>Bohr, p. 17.</ref> In May 1999, as a response to the threat of Islamic radicalism, the [[Oliy Majlis]] revised the 'Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations' to impose new restrictions on religious groups. The construction of mosques, for example, required permission and specific documentation. An assassination attempt on Karimov in 1999 elicited even more repression of Islamic groups.<ref>Bohr, p. 64.</ref> After the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, Uzbekistan was considered a strategic ally in the United States' "[[War on Terror]]" campaign because of a mutual opposition to the [[Taliban]]. Uzbekistan hosted an 800-strong U.S. troop presence at the [[Karshi-Khanabad base]], also known as "K2", which supported U.S.-led efforts in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]].<ref name=INVASION>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/khanabad.htm Khanabad, Uzbekistan Karshi-Kanabad (K2) Airbase Camp Stronghold Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043656/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/khanabad.htm |date=22 February 2018 }} Global Security</ref> The move was criticized by Human Rights Watch which said the U.S. government subordinated the promotion of human rights to assistance in the War in Afghanistan. U.S.-Uzbek relations deteriorated in May 2005 when Karimov's government strongly encouraged the abandonment of the U.S. base in the face of U.S. government criticism of the [[Andijan massacre|government killings of protestors in Andijan]]. In July 2005 U.S. military forces left Karshi-Khanabad.<ref name=ANDIJAN>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4731411.stm US asked to leave Uzbek air base] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218021644/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4731411.stm |date=18 February 2006 }} BBC News.</ref>
[[File:
Karimov mobilized against the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]] and [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], two [[Islamism|Islamist]] organizations which have been designated as terrorist by his government.<ref name=IMUBOMBINGS>[http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=3610 Bombings and Shootings Rock Uzbekistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109163201/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=3610 |date=9 November 2007 }} Yale Global Online</ref> The Uzbek government sentenced [[Tohir Yoʻldosh]] and [[Juma Namangani]], leaders of the IMU, to death ''[[trial in absentia|in absentia]]''.<ref name=NAMANGANI>[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2000/11/17/uzbeki577.htm Latest in a Series of Show Trials Condemns Peaceful Opposition Along with Militants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020021345/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2000/11/17/uzbeki577.htm |date=20 October 2008 }} Human Rights Watch</ref> Namangani died in Afghanistan in 2001, and Tohir Yoʻldosh was killed in an air strike on 27 August 2009.<ref name=YULDASHEV>[http://cns.miis.edu/research/wtc01/imu.htm Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011007084352/http://cns.miis.edu/research/wtc01/imu.htm |date=7 October 2001 }} CNS.</ref> From 1991 to 2004, the government imprisoned over 7,000 Uzbeks for "Islamist extremism", and silenced Imams like Muhammad Rajab, who advocated for more open democracy in the early 1990s. These fears of extremism arose out of discourse among the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) of a "Jihad against the Karimov regime". The government of Uzbekistan retains fears of "large-scale all-encompassing anti-state conspiracies" and "echoes of [[Basmachi]]"<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stuart Horsman|title=Themes in Official Discourses on Terrorism in Uzbekistan|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=26|issue=1 |year=2005|pages=199–213|jstor=3993771|doi=10.1080/0143659042000322982|s2cid=144248829}}</ref> Among Karimov's anti-Islamist policies was the purge of Muslim leaders. Karimov led a crackdown on Adolat, a league of Muslim activists. Explicit fears of threats of Islamic extremism also led to a crackdown of displays of Islamic practice in public. The term "[[Wahhabis]]" became the umbrella term to refer to all strains of "extremist" Islam; it did not necessarily refer to the Islamic sect that originated in Saudi Arabia.<ref>Bohr, p. 29.</ref> Ordinary practicing Muslims have been targeted and jailed without trial,<ref name="USHR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3e918c468.html|title=Refworld {{!}} U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002 - Uzbekistan|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|website=Refworld|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213224925/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3e918c468.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and frequent use of torture and occasional "disappearances" have been reported.<ref name="USHR"/> In 2005 Karimov banned the [[Adhan|Muslim call to prayer]] from being broadcast in the country; the ban was lifted in November 2017 by his successor, [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A year after the despot's death: An Uzbek spring has sprung, but summer is still a long way off|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21732574-new-president-less-brutal-his-predecessor-no-democrat-uzbek-spring-has-sprung|access-date=16 December 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=14 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215134758/https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21732574-new-president-less-brutal-his-predecessor-no-democrat-uzbek-spring-has-sprung|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Re-elections===
Karimov sought another term in the [[2007 Uzbek presidential election|December 2007 presidential election]], despite arguments that he was ineligible because of the two-term limit on the presidency. On 6 November 2007, Karimov accepted the nomination of the [[Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party]] to run for a third term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://enews.ferghana.ru/article.php?id=2216|title=Islam Karimov agreed to remain the president another seven years|work=Ferghana.ru|access-date=13 November 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111054535/http://enews.ferghana.ru/article.php?id=2216|archive-date=11 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 19 November, the Central Election Commission announced the approval of Karimov's candidacy,<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/3597F25E-461B-4ED6-A905-D5FF22FA2139.html "Uzbek Election Watchdog Clears Karimov For Third Term"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211225300/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/3597F25E-461B-4ED6-A905-D5FF22FA2139.html |date=11 December 2007 }}, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 19 November 2007.</ref> a decision that Karimov's opponents condemned as illegal.<ref>Shukhrat Babajanov, [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/24d1a90d-dc50-4b5f-a423-dda940129072.html "Uzbekistan: Official Acquiescence In Karimov Presidential Bid Draws Fire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211225637/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/24D1A90D-DC50-4B5F-A423-DDA940129072.html |date=11 December 2007 }}, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 21 November 2007.</ref>
▲[[File:Stamps of Uzbekistan, 2006-100.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Karimov on a postage stamp from 2006]]
Following the election on 23 December 2007, preliminary official results showed Karimov winning with 88.1% of the vote, on a turnout rate that was placed at 90.6%. Observers from groups allied to the Karimov administration such as the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] gave the election a positive assessment.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/12/66c01656-b3bf-4df6-be9d-8de161c309dd.html "Uzbek Incumbent Wins Presidential Poll Without 'Genuine Choice'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612224512/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/12/66C01656-B3BF-4DF6-BE9D-8DE161C309DD.html |date=12 June 2008 }}, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 24 December 2007.</ref> However, observers from the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] criticized the election as lacking a "genuine choice", while others deemed the election, a "political charade",<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3080265.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Torture an iron fist and twisted logic set stage for Islam Karimovs landslide victory | first=Tony | last=Halpin | date=21 December 2007 | access-date=5 May 2010 | archive-date=14 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814062617/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3080265.ece | url-status=
Karimov was reelected for a new term in the [[2015 Uzbek presidential election|2015 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news| url =https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/uzbek-leader-karimov-wins-presidential-election-by-landslide/article23681588/| title =Uzbek leader Karimov wins presidential election by landslide| work =[[The Globe and Mail]]| date =30 March 2015| access-date =30 March 2015| archive-date =17 September 2018| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180917210731/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/uzbek-leader-karimov-wins-presidential-election-by-landslide/article23681588/| url-status =live}}</ref> He won 90.39% of votes from a voter turnout of 91.08%. This was his third term under Uzbekistan's current constitution.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/30/islam-karimov-re-elected-uzbekistans-president-in-predicted-landslide| title =Islam Karimov re-elected Uzbekistan's president in predicted landslide| work =[[The Guardian]]| date =30 March 2015| access-date =30 March 2015| archive-date =30 March 2015| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150330205443/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/30/islam-karimov-re-elected-uzbekistans-president-in-predicted-landslide| url-status =live}}</ref> The election was criticized by the Western media and observers as being rigged, while the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation deemed the election open and democratic.
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=== Foreign policy ===
{{see also|Politics of Uzbekistan}}
▲[[File:Islam Karimov and Vladimir Putin,
[[File:Secretary Kerry Shakes Hands With President Karimov of Uzbekistan in Samarkand (22649086756).jpg
His isolationism defined foreign policy. Karimov was courted by the big powers for geopolitical leverage and Uzbekistan's gas supplies, but he kept all at arms' length, suspicious of Russia's post-colonial aims and the US-led "democratization" agenda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/80401|title=Uzbekistan: The Life and Legacy of Islam Karimov|last=Lillis|first=Joanna|date=2016-09-02|newspaper=EurasiaNet|access-date=2016-09-06|archive-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906153424/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/80401|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/69891|title=Uzbekistan: Will Next Address of Dictator's Daughter be a Prison Cell?|last=Lillis|first=Joanna|date=2014-09-08|newspaper=EurasiaNet|access-date=2016-09-06|archive-date=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830190519/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/69891|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, he criticised the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE) for paying too much attention to the protection of [[Human rights in Uzbekistan]], rather than concentrating on the security issues facing [[Central Asia]] and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS). "As long as [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|war continues]] in [[Afghanistan]], the threat to peace, security and democratic reforms in the neighbouring states of Central Asia will remain, and the source of international [[terrorism]] and its expansion well beyond the region's boundaries will be preserved."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/528646.stm|title=Uzbekistan voices security concerns|publisher=BBC|date=19 November 1999|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325172953/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/528646.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Criticism ==
===Human rights and press freedom===
{{main|Human rights in Uzbekistan}}
[[Western states]] repeatedly criticised the Karimov administration's record on human rights and [[press freedom]].<ref name="US Department of State 25 February 2004">{{cite web |url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27873.htm |title= Uzbekistan: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices |date= 25 February 2004 |website= [[United States Department of State]] |publisher= U.S. Department of State: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |access-date= 2 September 2016 |archive-date= 22 March 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200322005646/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27873.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> In particular, [[Craig Murray]], the British Ambassador from 2002 to 2004, described widespread torture, kidnapping, murder, rape by the police, financial corruption, religious persecution, censorship and other human rights abuses. This included the case of Karimov's security forces executing prisoners Muzafar Avazov and Khuzniddin Alimov by [[Death by boiling#Modern times|boiling them alive]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rashid |first=Ahmed |title=Descent into Chaos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GJO3XfjPO4C&q=avazov%20alimov%20boiled&pg=PT281 |access-date=12 September 2011 |publisher=Penguin |year=2009 |orig-year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-311557-1 |quote=Muzafar Avazov and Khuzniddin Alimov, who were accused of belonging to an Islamic extremist group [ [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] ] died on August 8, 2002, after being boiled to death in hot water. |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111190445/https://books.google.com/books?id=4GJO3XfjPO4C&q=avazov+alimov+boiled&pg=PT281 |url-status=live }}</ref> Murray became noted within the British government for memos disagreeing with official UK and US policy, which was at the time to back up Karimov as part of the [[global war on terror]]. Uzbekistan was used for [[extraordinary rendition]] and for the air base in [[Karshi-Khanabad Air Base|Karshi-Khanabad]]. Murray wrote a memoir about his experiences; ''[[Murder in Samarkand]]'', retitled ''Dirty Diplomacy'' in the United States.<ref>[[Craig Murray]]. ''Murder in Samarkand'', 2006, {{ISBN|978-1845961947}}, and Dirty Diplomacy, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1416548027}}, Scribner.</ref>
The United Nations found [[torture]] "institutionalized, systematic, and rampant" in [[Judiciary of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan's judicial system]].<ref name=TORTURE>[http://193.194.138.190/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/29d0f1eaf87cf3eac1256ce9005a0170?Opendocument Civil and political rights, including the questions of torture and detention] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928012154/http://193.194.138.190/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/29d0f1eaf87cf3eac1256ce9005a0170?Opendocument |date=28 September 2007 }} United Nations Economic and Social Council</ref> For several years, [[Parade (magazine)|''Parade'' magazine]] selected Karimov as one of the world's worst dictators, citing his tactics of torture, [[media censorship]] and [[Election|fake elections]].<ref>[http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2007/edition_02-11-2007/Dictators The World's Worst Dictators-2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501152404/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2007/edition_02-11-2007/Dictators |date=1 May 2008 }}. Parade.com. Retrieved on 4 April 2012.</ref>
Karimov's Party apparatus gained effective control over the media during the immediate independence period. Because of a poor human rights and democratization record, the Karimov administration worked to improve its image by allowing broadcasts from [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]. A tarnished record had harmed the efforts to gain greater access to developmental aid and foreign investment.<ref>Bohr, p. 61.</ref>
According to the [[Constitution of Uzbekistan|Uzbek Constitution]] freedom of expression in the media is nominally guaranteed; Article 67 explicitly states, "Censorship is not permitted." However, under the Karimov government, all media publications had to be "held accountable for the reliability" of the information released. This "accountability" actually introduces an opportunity for government censorship, as the definition of "accountability" was left to the Karimov and now is left to the successive Presidential administration's discretion. Article 29 states that all freedom of media expression is to be allowed with the exceptions of releasing state secrets and statements against the Constitution. The printed media of Uzbekistan has a high number of publications, but is dominated by three: ''Khalq Sozi'', its Russian edition ''Narodnoye Slovo'', and another Russian-language publication, ''Pravda Vostoka''. The state owns almost all media, and the State Control Inspecorate, located in Tashkent, secures tight editorial control. Topics deemed "sensitive" are not considered for publishing. A ban is in place that prevents publications that give space to "unregistered opinions". Arrests of journalists have been documented in Tashkent and Samarkand.
As a propaganda tool, the state strictly controls the tone and subject material of all published works. State censors give preference to works that provide a positive, uplifting ideology to its readers. Criticism that passes the censors is limited to low and mid-level officers. Although the Karimov regime during the 1990s assumed a greater tolerance for foreign media, the state has heavily limited foreign publications during the past decade{{when|date=July 2018}}. There has been a considerable reduction of Russian-sponsored broadcasting, and Western media has diminished in publication as well.<ref name=hrw>Human Rights Watch, [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a7d10.html ''Violations of Media Freedom: Journalism and Censorship in Uzbekistan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090251/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a7d10.html |date=11 August 2011 }} (1 May 1996), D07.</ref>
▲[[File:Secretary Kerry Shakes Hands With President Karimov of Uzbekistan in Samarkand (22649086756).jpg|left|thumb|223x223px|U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry shakes hands with President Karimov in [[Samarkand]], on November 1, 2015.]]
Banned publications under the Karimov administration included ''Mustaqil Haftalik'' and ''Erk'', the respective publications of the [[Unity (Uzbekistan)|Birilik]] and [[Erk Democratic Party|Erk]] opposition parties. The Karimov government charged each publication on the grounds of being "disloyal to the current regime".<ref>Bohr, p. 15.</ref> In December 1995, Karimov was quoted in describing local journalists as "toothless".<ref name=hrw/> Karimov had essentially called for more criticism in printed material, but only "approved" criticism.<ref>Bohr, p. 16.</ref>
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In 2015, Karimov came under widespread criticism when he was elected to a fourth term in office from the [[Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights]] of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/uzbekistan|title=Uzbekistan|date=2016-01-05|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2017-06-21|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628035519/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/uzbekistan|url-status=live}}</ref>
===2005 Andijan
{{main|Andijan massacre}}
According to detailed accounts, on 13 May 2005, some 400 of the 500 protesters staging an anti-government demonstration were killed after being driven deliberately into a trap – authorities had blocked all the exits from Bobur Square with [[armoured personnel carrier]]s, preventing people from dispersing home. Instead, they drove the crowd into a closed street, Chulpon Avenue, where snipers and police shot to kill. These scenes of deliberate killings prompted eyewitnesses to allege that troops not only shot to disperse the demonstration, but to summarily execute anyone who took part in it. Later, some tortured detainees recounted that police said they had received orders supposedly emanating from the president himself to shoot to kill.<ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62372 Andijan Refugees' Report Yields New Findings on 2005 Massacre by Government Forces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209220102/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62372 |date=9 December 2011 }}. EurasiaNet.org (13 November 2010). Retrieved on 2012-04-04.</ref>
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==Personal life==
[[File:
[[File:
Karimov married his first wife, Natalya Petrovna Kuchmi, in 1964 and they had a son together, Petr, before divorcing.<ref name=rfe>{{cite news |first=Bruce |last=Pannier |title=Orphaned Dictator: The Making Of Uzbekistan's Islam Karimov |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/the-making-of-islam-karimov-uzbekistan/26917396.html |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=2015-03-24 |access-date=2016-09-03 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194059/http://www.rferl.org/content/the-making-of-islam-karimov-uzbekistan/26917396.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Karimov's wife, [[Tatyana Karimova|Tatyana Akbarovna Karimova]], whom he married in 1967, is of [[Tatars|Tatar]] origin. She is an economist.<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/811/000044679/ Karimov's wife, T.A. Karimova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314012245/http://www.nndb.com/people/811/000044679/ |date=14 March 2009 }}. Nndb.com. Retrieved on 4 April 2012.</ref><ref name=FAMILY>[http://www.gov.uz/en/section.scm?sectionId=1746 Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104101332/http://www.gov.uz/en/section.scm?sectionId=1746 |date=4 January 2007 }} Government of Uzbekistan</ref> They had two daughters and five grandchildren.
His elder daughter [[Gulnara Karimova]] is an Uzbekistani diplomat, professor and businessperson. She is the founder and chairperson of [[
It has been reported that since February 2014, Gulnara has been under house arrest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/16/uzbekistan-first-daughter-gulnara-karimova-house-arrest|work=The Guardian|author=Shaun Walker|date=16 September 2014|title=Uzbekistan's first daughter 'pictured under house arrest'|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917210745/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/16/uzbekistan-first-daughter-gulnara-karimova-house-arrest|url-status=live}}</ref> She has been under investigation on charges of corruption, but has said that the "charges against her are politically motivated".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/24/gulnara-uzbekistan-daughter-corruption|work=The Guardian|title=Uzbekistan's first daughter accused of pocketing $1bn in phone deals|date=24 March 2015|author=Joanna Lillis|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824193414/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/24/gulnara-uzbekistan-daughter-corruption|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/08/uzbekistan-gulnara-karimova-faces-corruption-charges|title=Uzbekistan's autocratic ruler may have found a way to silence his daughter|date=8 September 2014|author=Joanna Lillis|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204213056/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/08/uzbekistan-gulnara-karimova-faces-corruption-charges|url-status=live}}</ref>
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==Illness and death==
[[File:Vladimir Putin in Uzbekistan (2016-09-06) 04.jpg
[[File:Visit of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation 02.jpg
{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-karimov/27964982.html Uzbekistan Announces The Death Of President Islam Karimov] by [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}
Karimov's health problems were a public conversation, but until 2016, Karimov's health was never discussed by government officials and any information was closely guarded.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abdurasulov|first1=Abdujalil|title=Uzbekistan opens up on president's health – BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37212624|access-date=1 September 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=29 August 2016|archive-date=31 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831224824/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37212624|url-status=live}}</ref> There were rumors in March 2013 that he had suffered a heart attack,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kramer|first1=Andrew E.|title=Rumors About Uzbekistan Leader's Health Set Off Succession Debate|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/world/asia/rumors-set-off-succession-debate-in-uzbekistan.html|access-date=1 September 2016|work=The New York Times|date=6 April 2013|archive-date=3 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103033609/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/world/asia/rumors-set-off-succession-debate-in-uzbekistan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which were denied.<ref>{{cite news|title=Daughter of Uzbek leader tweets to deny health reports|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uzbekistan-karimov-idUSBRE92P0NP20130326|access-date=1 September 2016|work=Reuters|date=26 March 2013|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915040255/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-uzbekistan-karimov-idUSBRE92P0NP20130326|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===Funeral and tributes===
After the death of Karimov, the prime minister, [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], was appointed the head of the committee organizing the funeral of the president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/3080895|title=Комиссию по организации похорон Каримова возглавил премьер Шавкат Мирзиёев|date=2 September 2016|publisher=Kommersant|language=ru|access-date=3 September 2016|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235456/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3080895|url-status=live}}</ref> A large number of world leaders, including the Presidents of the United States, China, Russia, and India immediately expressed their condolences.
▲[[File:Vladimir Putin in Uzbekistan (2016-09-06) 04.jpg|left|thumb|224x224px|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] and the Prime Minister of Uzbekistan [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] laying flowers at the burial site of Karimov on September 6, 2016]]
▲After the death of Karimov, the prime minister, [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], was appointed the head of the committee organizing the funeral of the president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/3080895|title=Комиссию по организации похорон Каримова возглавил премьер Шавкат Мирзиёев|date=2 September 2016|publisher=Kommersant|language=ru|access-date=3 September 2016|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235456/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3080895|url-status=live}}</ref> A large number of world leaders, including the Presidents of the United States, China, Russia, and India immediately expressed their condolences. Uzbekistan declared three days of mourning and Uzbek embassies opened the book of condolences. Azeri President [[Ilham Aliyev]], Latvian President [[Raimonds Vejonis]], Chinese Prime Minister [[Li Keqiang]], and Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] visited Uzbek embassies to sign the book.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uzdaily.com/articles-id-36817.htm|title=Ilham Aliyev visited Embassy of Uzbekistan|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915094350/http://uzdaily.com/articles-id-36817.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uzdaily.com/articles-id-36819.htm|title=Latvian President visits Embassy of Uzbekistan|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915091856/http://uzdaily.com/articles-id-36819.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Xinhua:Chinese premier mourns passing of Uzbek president</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/APP79-05PM-Islamabad.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917051519/http://www.app.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/APP79-05PM-Islamabad.jpg |archive-date=17 September 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
On 3 September, thousands of people lined the streets of Tashkent for Karimov's funeral procession, throwing flowers at the cortege,<ref>{{cite news|title=Uzbekistan Mourns Karimov|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/uzbekistan-karimov/3490984.html|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=Voice of America|date=3 September 2016|archive-date=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903013809/http://www.voanews.com/a/uzbekistan-karimov/3490984.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as he was taken to the airport to be flown to his native Samarkand, where he was buried. His funeral service was held at [[Registan|Registan Square]], a UNESCO World Heritage site. The ceremony was attended by delegations of 17 foreign countries, including [[Emomali Rahmon]], president of [[Tajikistan]], [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]], president of [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Ashraf Ghani]], president of [[Afghanistan]], as well as Russian Prime Minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] Prime Minister [[Karim Massimov]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]n Prime Minister [[Giorgi Kvirikashvili]], [[Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey]] [[Yıldırım Tuğrul Türkeş]], and [[Iran]]ian Foreign Minister [[Mohammad Javad Zarif]], among other various level state representatives from the [[China|People's Republic of China]], [[
On 6 September, [[Russia]]n [[President of Russia|President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] arrived in Samarkand to pay tribute to Karimov. Kneeling in front of the grave of the first President of Uzbekistan, the Russian leader laid a bouquet of red roses. In addition, Putin met with the relatives of the deceased and expressed condolences to them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/52838|title=Визит в Узбекистан|date=6 September 2016 |access-date=6 September 2016|archive-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907151655/http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/52838|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 September, Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] also visited Karimov's burial site. He laid a bouquet of red roses, prayed beside his grave, and met Karimov's wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-36867.htm|title=Nazarbayev lays flowers to burial site of Islam Karimov|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305091139/https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-36867.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/article/2948005|title=Nazarbayev laid flowers to tomb of late Uzbek President Islam Karimov|date=12 September 2016|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725113122/https://www.inform.kz/en/article/2948005|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 October, Belarusian President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] paid a working visit to Uzbekistan. He laid roses to Karimov's grave, met his wife, and held talks with Interim President Mirziyoyev.<ref>[http://president.gov.by/en/news_en/view/working-visit-to-uzbekistan-14580/]{{dead link|date=November 2017}}</ref> Turkish Foreign Minister [[Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu]] laid a wreath at Karimov's grave on 20 October.<ref>Çavuşoğlu, Semerkant'ta Eski Özbekistan Cumhurbaşkanı Kerimov'un Kabrini Ziyaret Etti</ref> Other high-ranking officials of [[Azerbaijan]], [[India]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], as well as Under Secretary for Political Affairs of the United States [[Thomas A. Shannon Jr.|Thomas Shannon]] also paid tribute to Karimov.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-37413.htm|title=Minister of State for External Affairs of India visits grave of Islam Karimov|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215647/https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-37413.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-37352.htm|title=US Under Secretary Shannon to visit Uzbekistan|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215507/https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-37352.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 November, a square in the Yakimanka district in the center of [[Moscow]] was named after Islam Karimov.<ref>Uzbekistan Daily : Square in center of Moscow named after Islam Karimov▼
▲On 3 September, thousands of people lined the streets of Tashkent for Karimov's funeral procession, throwing flowers at the cortege,<ref>{{cite news|title=Uzbekistan Mourns Karimov|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/uzbekistan-karimov/3490984.html|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=Voice of America|date=3 September 2016|archive-date=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903013809/http://www.voanews.com/a/uzbekistan-karimov/3490984.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as he was taken to the airport to be flown to his native Samarkand, where he was buried. His funeral service was held at [[Registan|Registan Square]], a UNESCO World Heritage site. The ceremony was attended by delegations of 17 foreign countries, including [[Emomali Rahmon]], president of [[Tajikistan]], [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]], president of [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Ashraf Ghani]], president of [[Afghanistan]], as well as Russian Prime Minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] Prime Minister [[Karim Massimov]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]n Prime Minister [[Giorgi Kvirikashvili]], [[Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey]] [[Yıldırım Tuğrul Türkeş]], and [[Iran]]ian Foreign Minister [[Mohammad Javad Zarif]], among other various level state representatives from the [[China|People's Republic of China]], [[Prime Minister of India]], [[South Korea]], [[Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], [[Japan]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Strongman Uzbek leader Karimov buried|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/uzbekistan-buries-late-strongman-karimov/3097266.html|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=Channel News Asia|date=3 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903124232/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/uzbekistan-buries-late-strongman-karimov/3097266.html|archive-date=3 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uzbeks Bury Late Strongman Karimov|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/thousands-line-tashkent-streets-for-karimov-funeral/27964688.html|access-date=3 September 2016|agency=Radio Free Europe|date=9 March 2016|language=en|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910144235/http://www.rferl.org/content/thousands-line-tashkent-streets-for-karimov-funeral/27964688.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Zarif attends Islam Karimov funeral|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/406049/Zarif-attends-Islam-Karimov-funeral|access-date=4 September 2016|work=Tehran Times|date=3 September 2016|archive-date=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903184227/http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/406049/Zarif-attends-Islam-Karimov-funeral|url-status=live}}</ref> The State Council of [[Cuba]] declared 5 September as an official mourning due to the death of the President of Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-36808.htm|title=Cuba declares mourning over death of Islam Karimov|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908034618/http://uzdaily.com/articles-id-36808.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
▲[[File:Visit of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation 02.jpg|left|thumb|226x226px|Mausoleum of Karimov (pictured in 2018)]]
▲On 6 September, [[Russia]]n [[President of Russia|President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] arrived in Samarkand to pay tribute to Karimov. Kneeling in front of the grave of the first President of Uzbekistan, the Russian leader laid a bouquet of red roses. In addition, Putin met with the relatives of the deceased and expressed condolences to them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/52838|title=Визит в Узбекистан|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907151655/http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/52838|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 September, Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] also visited Karimov's burial site. He laid a bouquet of red roses, prayed beside his grave, and met Karimov's wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-36867.htm|title=Nazarbayev lays flowers to burial site of Islam Karimov|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305091139/https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-36867.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/article/2948005|title=Nazarbayev laid flowers to tomb of late Uzbek President Islam Karimov|date=12 September 2016|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725113122/https://www.inform.kz/en/article/2948005|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 October, Belarusian President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] paid a working visit to Uzbekistan. He laid roses to Karimov's grave, met his wife, and held talks with Interim President Mirziyoyev.<ref>[http://president.gov.by/en/news_en/view/working-visit-to-uzbekistan-14580/]{{dead link|date=November 2017}}</ref> Turkish Foreign Minister [[Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu]] laid a wreath at Karimov's grave on 20 October.<ref>Çavuşoğlu, Semerkant'ta Eski Özbekistan Cumhurbaşkanı Kerimov'un Kabrini Ziyaret Etti</ref> Other high-ranking officials of [[Azerbaijan]], [[India]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], as well as Under Secretary for Political Affairs of the United States [[Thomas A. Shannon Jr.|Thomas Shannon]] also paid tribute to Karimov.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-37413.htm|title=Minister of State for External Affairs of India visits grave of Islam Karimov|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215647/https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-37413.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-37352.htm|title=US Under Secretary Shannon to visit Uzbekistan|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215507/https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-37352.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 November, a square in the Yakimanka district in the center of [[Moscow]] was named after Islam Karimov.<ref>Uzbekistan Daily : Square in center of Moscow named after Islam Karimov
01 November 2016 17:06</ref> Chinese Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] paid tribute to Karimov in Samarkand on 12 November.<ref>CCTV News Content - Samarkand, Uzbekistan - Nov 12, 2016
3. Wang paying tribute to late Uzbek President Islam Karimov</ref> President of Turkey [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] visited the grave of Islam Karimov on 18 November, as a part of his official visit to Uzbekistan.<ref>Uzbekistan Daily: President of Turkey to pay official visit to Uzbekistan</ref> Kyrgyz President [[Almazbek Atambayev]] paid tribute to Karimov on 24 December, during his working visit to Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-37961.htm|title=Almazbek Atambaev lays flowers to grave of Islam Karimov|last=UzDaily.com|website=UzDaily.com|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204935/https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-37961.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 March 2017, Presidents of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] and [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] opened the first monument of Islam Karimov in the Turkmen city of [[Türkmenabat]]. On 10 June, during his official visit to Uzbekistan, UN Secretary General [[António Guterres]] visited Karimov's grave.
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