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| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|uz-Cyrl|Ислом Каримов}}<br />{{lang|uz-Latn|Islom Karimov|italic=no}}}}
| office = 1st [[President of Uzbekistan]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Karimov in
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| primeminister = [[Abdulhashim Mutalov]]<br />[[Oʻtkir Sultonov]]<br />[[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]
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| birth_name = Islom Abdugʻaniyevich Karimov
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|1|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Samarkand]], [[Uzbek SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />(now Uzbekistan)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|9|2|1938|1|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]]
| spouse = Natalya Kuchmi {{small|(m. 1964; div. circa 1966)}}<br />[[Tatyana Karimova]] {{small|(m. 1967; 2016; his death)}}
| children = {{flatlist|
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}}
{{Islam Karimov sidebar}}[[File:I Karimov W.jpg|thumb|Islam Karimov statue adjacent to Registon Square and Mausoleum.]]
'''Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov''' ({{
He declared Uzbekistan as an independent nation on 31 August 1991. He subsequently won the [[1991 Uzbek presidential election|presidential election on 29 December 1991]], with 86% of the vote. Foreign observers and the opposition cited voting irregularities,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Armanini|first1=A. J.|title=Politics and Economics of Central Asia|date=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=9781590331828|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVVTONZmMKoC&pg=PA36|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817154114/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVVTONZmMKoC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> alleging state-run propaganda and a falsified vote count. Karimov's first presidential term was extended to 2000 by way of [[1995 Uzbek presidential term referendum|a referendum]], and he was re-elected in [[2000 Uzbek presidential election|2000]], [[2007 Uzbek presidential election|2007]] and [[2015 Uzbek presidential election|2015]], each time receiving over 90% of the vote. He died from a stroke on 2 September 2016, after being president of the country for 25 years.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375|title=Islam Karimov: Uzbekistan president's death confirmed|date=2 September 2016|website=BBC|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-date=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903231914/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37260375|url-status=live}}</ref>
He ruled a repressive authoritarian regime in Uzbekistan where political opponents were assassinated, human rights were repressed, and dissent was prohibited
==Early life and career==
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Karimov was born in [[Samarkand]] to Uzbek parents who were civil servants. According to official data his father was Abdug'ani Karimov, an [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]], and his mother was Sanobar Karimova. He was sent to an orphanage in 1941, brought back in 1942, and then returned to the orphanage in 1945. In 1955, he graduated from high school. In 1960, he graduated from the Central Asian Polytechnic Institute (now [[Tashkent State Technical University]]) with a degree in mechanical engineering.<ref name="echo">{{cite news|title=Биография Ислама Каримова|url=http://m.echo.msk.ru/blogs/detail.php?ID=1828908|access-date=2 September 2016|publisher=Echo Moscow|date=2 September 2016|language=ru|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918022918/http://m.echo.msk.ru/blogs/detail.php?ID=1828908|url-status=live}}</ref> He started his career as an engineer, eventually joining the Ministry of Water Resources of the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]]. In 1967, he earned a [https://tsue.uz/en/structure/faculties/iqtisodiyot-fakulteti master's degree in economics] from [[Tashkent State University of Economics]].<ref name="echo"/>
From 1966 to 1986, he worked his way up the ranks in the Uzbek State Planning Committee, from chief specialist, to department head, to Minister of Finance of the Uzbek SSR, chairman of the State Planning Committee and deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR.<ref name="echo"/> In 1986, Karimov assumed the post of first secretary of the [[Qashqadaryo Region|Kashkadarya Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan]] Committee of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR. In 1989, he became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR, after his predecessor [[Rafiq Nishonov]] failed to quell inter-ethnic clashes and instability in the [[Fergana Region]].<ref>Gulsen Aydin, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, [http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604690/index.pdf "Authoritarianism versus democracy in Uzbekistan: domestic and international factors"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801001052/http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604690/index.pdf |date=1 August 2017 }}, (Ankara: METU, 2004).</ref> From 1990 to 1991, he served as a member of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] and [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]]. On 24 March 1990, he was elected the first President of the Republic by the Uzbek Supreme Soviet.<ref name="echo" />
On 31 August 1991, 10 days after the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|attempted coup in Moscow]], Karimov declared Uzbekistan to be an independent republic, the second of the Central Asian republics to do so (after neighboring Kyrgyzstan); 1 September was declared Uzbekistan's Independence Day. The [[Communist Party of Uzbekistan|Uzbek Communist Party]] (UCP) changed its name to the [[People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan]] (O‘zXDP). In the [[1991 Uzbek presidential election|December 1991 presidential election]], 86 percent of the public cast their votes for Karimov and 12.3 percent for his rival [[Muhammad Salih]], chairman of the [[Erk Democratic Party|Erk (Freedom) Party]].<ref name="echo"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Armanini|first1=A. J.|title=Politics and Economics of Central Asia|date=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=9781590331828|pages=35–36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVVTONZmMKoC&pg=PA36|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817154114/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVVTONZmMKoC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===Election controversies===
In 1995, a few months before Karimov's term was due to expire, his term was extended until 2000 through a [[1995 Uzbek presidential term referendum|referendum]]. Results showed 99.6 percent of voters favoured extending Karimov's term.<ref>Bivens, Matt. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-04-23-mn-58018-story.html Kazakhstan Leader Tightens Grip on Reins of Power] . [[Los Angeles Times]], 1995-04-23.</ref> The United States criticised the referendum for its "lack of public debate," and noted several instances where one person cast the votes of an entire family. Following the referendum, in 1996, restrictions on opposition were further tightened through the Law on Political Parties. This law ensured the right to meetings, publications and elections of opposition parties, but only to those who had registered with the Ministry of Justice. This policy allowed for government blockage of unapproved parties. Political parties based on ethnic, religious, military or subversive ideas were prohibited.<ref>Bohr, p. 41.</ref>
At the time, Karimov publicly stated that he considered the referendum to be a re-election to a second term, which under the Constitution would have required him to leave office in 2000. However, the legislature passed a resolution opposing the decision, leading Karimov to announce he would run for reelection in 2000.<ref>[http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_eur/Uzbekistan.html Uzbekistan Human Rights Practices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711162529/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_eur/Uzbekistan.html |date=11 July 2010 }}. [[United States Department of State]], 1995</ref> In [[2000 Uzbek presidential election|
===Administrative policies===
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Karimov sought another term in the [[2007 Uzbek presidential election|December 2007 presidential election]], despite arguments that he was ineligible because of the two-term limit on the presidency. On 6 November 2007, Karimov accepted the nomination of the [[Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party]] to run for a third term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://enews.ferghana.ru/article.php?id=2216|title=Islam Karimov agreed to remain the president another seven years|work=Ferghana.ru|access-date=13 November 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111054535/http://enews.ferghana.ru/article.php?id=2216|archive-date=11 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 19 November, the Central Election Commission announced the approval of Karimov's candidacy,<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/3597F25E-461B-4ED6-A905-D5FF22FA2139.html "Uzbek Election Watchdog Clears Karimov For Third Term"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211225300/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/3597F25E-461B-4ED6-A905-D5FF22FA2139.html |date=11 December 2007 }}, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 19 November 2007.</ref> a decision that Karimov's opponents condemned as illegal.<ref>Shukhrat Babajanov, [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/24d1a90d-dc50-4b5f-a423-dda940129072.html "Uzbekistan: Official Acquiescence In Karimov Presidential Bid Draws Fire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211225637/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/24D1A90D-DC50-4B5F-A423-DDA940129072.html |date=11 December 2007 }}, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 21 November 2007.</ref>
Following the election on 23 December 2007, preliminary official results showed Karimov winning with 88.1% of the vote, on a turnout rate that was placed at 90.6%. Observers from groups allied to the Karimov administration such as the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] gave the election a positive assessment.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/12/66c01656-b3bf-4df6-be9d-8de161c309dd.html "Uzbek Incumbent Wins Presidential Poll Without 'Genuine Choice'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612224512/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/12/66C01656-B3BF-4DF6-BE9D-8DE161C309DD.html |date=12 June 2008 }}, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 24 December 2007.</ref> However, observers from the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] criticized the election as lacking a "genuine choice", while others deemed the election, a "political charade",<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3080265.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Torture an iron fist and twisted logic set stage for Islam Karimovs landslide victory | first=Tony | last=Halpin | date=21 December 2007 | access-date=5 May 2010 | archive-date=14 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814062617/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3080265.ece | url-status=
Karimov was reelected for a new term in the [[2015 Uzbek presidential election|2015 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news| url =https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/uzbek-leader-karimov-wins-presidential-election-by-landslide/article23681588/| title =Uzbek leader Karimov wins presidential election by landslide| work =[[The Globe and Mail]]| date =30 March 2015| access-date =30 March 2015| archive-date =17 September 2018| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180917210731/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/uzbek-leader-karimov-wins-presidential-election-by-landslide/article23681588/| url-status =live}}</ref> He won 90.39% of votes from a voter turnout of 91.08%. This was his third term under Uzbekistan's current constitution.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/30/islam-karimov-re-elected-uzbekistans-president-in-predicted-landslide| title =Islam Karimov re-elected Uzbekistan's president in predicted landslide| work =[[The Guardian]]| date =30 March 2015| access-date =30 March 2015| archive-date =30 March 2015| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150330205443/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/30/islam-karimov-re-elected-uzbekistans-president-in-predicted-landslide| url-status =live}}</ref> The election was criticized by the Western media and observers as being rigged, while the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation deemed the election open and democratic.
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===Funeral and tributes===
After the death of Karimov, the prime minister, [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], was appointed the head of the committee organizing the funeral of the president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/3080895|title=Комиссию по организации похорон Каримова возглавил премьер Шавкат Мирзиёев|date=2 September 2016|publisher=Kommersant|language=ru|access-date=3 September 2016|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235456/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3080895|url-status=live}}</ref> A large number of world leaders, including the Presidents of the United States, China, Russia, and India immediately expressed their condolences. Uzbekistan declared three days of mourning and Uzbek embassies opened the book of condolences. Azeri President [[Ilham Aliyev]], Latvian President [[Raimonds Vējonis|Raimonds Vejonis]], Chinese Prime Minister [[Li Keqiang]], and Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] visited Uzbek embassies to sign the book.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uzdaily.com/articles-id-36817.htm|title=Ilham Aliyev visited Embassy of Uzbekistan|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915094350/http://uzdaily.com/articles-id-36817.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uzdaily.com/articles-id-36819.htm|title=Latvian President visits Embassy of Uzbekistan|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915091856/http://uzdaily.com/articles-id-36819.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Xinhua:Chinese premier mourns passing of Uzbek president</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/APP79-05PM-Islamabad.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917051519/http://www.app.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/APP79-05PM-Islamabad.jpg |archive-date=17 September 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
On 3 September, thousands of people lined the streets of Tashkent for Karimov's funeral procession, throwing flowers at the cortege,<ref>{{cite news|title=Uzbekistan Mourns Karimov|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/uzbekistan-karimov/3490984.html|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=Voice of America|date=3 September 2016|archive-date=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903013809/http://www.voanews.com/a/uzbekistan-karimov/3490984.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as he was taken to the airport to be flown to his native Samarkand, where he was buried. His funeral service was held at [[Registan|Registan Square]], a UNESCO World Heritage site. The ceremony was attended by delegations of 17 foreign countries, including [[Emomali Rahmon]], president of [[Tajikistan]], [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]], president of [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Ashraf Ghani]], president of [[Afghanistan]], as well as Russian Prime Minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] Prime Minister [[Karim Massimov]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]n Prime Minister [[Giorgi Kvirikashvili]], [[Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey]] [[Yıldırım Tuğrul Türkeş]], and [[Iran]]ian Foreign Minister [[Mohammad Javad Zarif]], among other various level state representatives from the [[China|People's Republic of China]], [[India]], [[South Korea]], [[Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], [[Japan]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Strongman Uzbek leader Karimov buried|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/uzbekistan-buries-late-strongman-karimov/3097266.html|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=Channel News Asia|date=3 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903124232/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/uzbekistan-buries-late-strongman-karimov/3097266.html|archive-date=3 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uzbeks Bury Late Strongman Karimov|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/thousands-line-tashkent-streets-for-karimov-funeral/27964688.html|access-date=3 September 2016|agency=Radio Free Europe|date=9 March 2016|language=en|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910144235/http://www.rferl.org/content/thousands-line-tashkent-streets-for-karimov-funeral/27964688.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Zarif attends Islam Karimov funeral|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/406049/Zarif-attends-Islam-Karimov-funeral|access-date=4 September 2016|work=Tehran Times|date=3 September 2016|archive-date=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903184227/http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/406049/Zarif-attends-Islam-Karimov-funeral|url-status=live}}</ref> The State Council of [[Cuba]] declared 5 September as an official day of mourning due to the death of the President of Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-36808.htm|title=Cuba declares mourning over death of Islam Karimov|last=UzDaily.com|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908034618/http://uzdaily.com/articles-id-36808.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
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|[[Order of Civil Merit|Sash of Collar of Order of Civil Merit]] (Spain)
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|[[Grand Order of Mugunghwa]] ([[South Korea]])
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