Mari, Syria: Difference between revisions

'''Mari''' ([[Cuneiform]]: <small>{{cuneiform|𒈠𒌷𒆠}}</small>, ''ma-ri^ki'', modern '''Tell Hariri'''; {{lang-langx|ar|تل حريري}}) was an ancient [[Semitic people|Semitic]] [[city-state]] in modern-day [[Syria]]. Its remains form a [[Tell (archaeology)|tell]] 11&nbsp;kilometers north-west of [[Abu Kamal]] on the [[Euphrates|Euphrates River]] western bank, some 120&nbsp;kilometers southeast of [[Deir ez-Zor]]. It flourished as a trade center and hegemonic state between 2900&nbsp;BC and 1759&nbsp;BC.{{#tag:ref|Dates are estimated according to the [[Middle chronology]] unless otherwise stated.|group=note}} The city was built in the middle of the Euphrates trade routes between [[Sumer]] in the south and the [[Ebla|Eblaite kingdom]] and the [[Levant]] in the west.

[[File:Mari-ki in cuneiform on the statue of Iddi-Ilum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|"CountryThe name of Mari" ([[Cuneiform]]: <small>{{cuneiform|𒈠𒌷𒆠}}</small>, ''Marima-ri^ki''), on the [[statue of Iddi-Ilum]], c. 2090 BC]]

===TheEarly firstBronze kingdomAge===

===The second=Second kingdom====

[[Image:Ebish-Il Louvre AO17551.jpg|thumb|150 px|left| [[Statue of Ebih-Il]], a superintendent in Mari. (25th century BC)]]

At the heart of the city, a [[Royal Palace of Mari|royal palace]] was built that also served as a temple.{{sfn|Margueron|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA136 136]}} Four successive architectural levels from the second kingdom's palace have been unearthed (the oldest is designated ''P3'', while the latest is ''P0''). The last two levels are dated to the [[History of Sumer#Akkadian Empire|Akkadian period]].{{sfn|Margueron|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA137 137]}} The first two levels were excavated;{{sfn|Margueron|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA137 137]}} the findings include a temple (Enceinte Sacrée or Sacred[[sacred Enclosureenclosure]]) dedicated to an unknown deity,{{sfn|Margueron|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA137 137]}}{{sfn|Margueron|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA527 527]}} a pillared throne room, and a hall with three double wood pillars leading to the temple.{{sfn|Margueron|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA137 137]}}

Six smaller temples were discovered in the city, including the temple called the Massif Rouge (unknown dedication), and temples dedicated to [[{{ill|Ninni-Zaza]]|it}} (INANA.ZA.ZA),<ref>Parrot, André, "Les Temples d’Ishtarat et de Ninni-zaza", Mission Archéologique de Mari, vol. 3, Librairie Orientaliste. Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1967</ref> [[Ishtarat]],{{sfn|Aruz|Wallenfels|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA531 531]}} [[Ishtar]], [[Ninhursag]], and [[Shamash]].{{sfn|Margueron|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA527 527]}} All the temples were located in the center of the city except for the Ishtar temple; the area between the Enceinte Sacrée and the Massif Rouge is considered to have been the administrative center of the [[high priest]].{{sfn|Margueron|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA527 527]}}

=====Mari–Ebla war=====

Enna-Dagan also received tribute;{{sfn|Michalowski|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA462 462]}} his reign fell entirely within the reign of [[Irkab-Damu]] of Ebla,{{sfn|Podany|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ez3ih5JgzUC&pg=PA315 315]}} who managed to defeat Mari and end the tribute.{{sfn|Podany|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ez3ih5JgzUC&pg=PA26 26]}} Mari defeated Ebla's ally [[Tell Brak#Kingdom of Nagar|Nagar]] in year seven of the Eblaite vizier [[Ibrium]]'s term, causing the blockage of trade routes between Ebla and southern Mesopotamia via upper Mesopotamia.{{sfn|Bretschneider|Van Vyve|Leuven|2009|p=5}} The war reached a climax when the Eblaite vizier [[Ibbi-Sipish]] made an alliance with Nagar and [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] to defeat Mari in a battle near [[Terqa]].{{sfn|Liverani|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 123]}} Ebla itself suffered its first destruction a few years after Terqa in c. 2300 BC,{{sfn|Stieglitz|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rwals-oh6kC&pg=PA219 219]}} during the reign of the Mariote king [[Hidar]].{{sfn|Bretschneider|Van Vyve|Leuven|2009|p=[https://www.academia.edu/645365/War_of_the_lords_The_battle_of_chronology 7]}} According to [[{{ill|Alfonso Archi]]|de}}, Hidar was succeeded by [[Ishqi-Mari]] whose royal seal was discovered. It depicts battle scenes, causing Archi to suggest that he was responsible for the destruction of Ebla while still a general.{{sfn|Bretschneider|Van Vyve|Leuven|2009|p=[https://www.academia.edu/645365/War_of_the_lords_The_battle_of_chronology 7]}}{{sfn|Archi|Biga|2003|p=33–35}}

=====Destruction of Mari by Sargon of Akkad=====

{{quoteblockquote|Sargon the King bowed down to [[Dagon|Dagan]] in [[Tuttul]]. He (Dagan) gave to him (Sargon) the Upper Land: Mari, Iarmuti, and [[Ebla]], as far as the Cedar Forest and the Silver Mountains|Nippur inscription of Sargon<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buck |first1=Mary E. |title=The Amorite Dynasty of Ugarit: Historical Implications of Linguistic and Archaeological Parallels |date=2019 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-41511-9 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkSxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |language=en}}</ref><ref>See also Inscription of Sargon. E2.1.1.1 {{cite book |last1=Frayne |first1=Douglas |title=Sargonic and Gutian Periods |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29704423 |language=en}}</ref>}}

====The =Shakkanakku dynasty=====

The first member of the Shakkanakku dynasty on the lists is [[Ididish]], who was appointed in c. 2266 BC.{{#tag:ref|According to [[Jean-Marie Durand]], this Shakkanakku was appointed by Manishtushu, other opinions consider Naram-Sin as the appointer of Ididish.{{sfn|Michalowski|1993|p=83}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Leick|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nAGFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 77]}} According to the lists, Ididish ruled for 60 years{{sfn|Oliva|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MM3SJvJgGKoC&pg=PA86 86]}} and was succeeded by his son=, making the position hereditary.{{sfn|Leick|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nAGFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 152]}}

====TheMiddle LimBronze dynasty=Age===

Yahdun-Lim started his reign by subduing seven of his rebelling tribal leaders, and rebuilding the walls of Mari and Terqa in addition to building a new fort which he named Dur-Yahdun-Lim.{{sfn|Frayne|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA603 603]}} He then expanded west and claimed to have reached the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]],{{sfn|Frayne|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA606 606]}}{{sfn|Fowden|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0VOzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 93]}} however he later had to face a rebellion by the ''Banu-Yamina''Yaminite nomads who were centered at [[Tuttul]], and the rebels were supported by [[Yamhad]]'s king [[Sumu-Epuh]], whose interests were threatened by the recently established alliance between Yahdun-Lim and [[Eshnunna]].{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E1aF0hq1GR8C&pg=PA451 451]}}{{sfn|Frayne|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA606 606]}} Yahdun-Lim defeated the YaminaYaminites but an open war with Yamhad was avoided,{{sfn|Bryce|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=41-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}} as the Mariote king became occupied by his rivalry with [[Shamshi-Adad I]] of [[Shubat-Enlil]], the son of the late Ila-kabkabu.{{sfn|Pitard|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA38 38]}} The war ended in a defeat for Mari,{{sfn|Pitard|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA38 38]}}{{sfn|Van Der Meer|1955|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gB8VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 29]}} and Yahdun-Lim was assassinated in c. 1798 BC by his possible son [[Sumu-Yamam]],{{sfn|DaleLaunderville|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z4oHNWUWTSkC&pg=PA271 271]}}{{sfn|Frayne|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA613 613]}} who himself got assassinated two years after ascending the throne while Shamshi-Adad advanced and annexed Mari.{{sfn|Bryce|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=41-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20]}}

====TheShamshi-Adad Assyrianof eraAssyria and the Lim restorationYasmah-Adad====

Shamshi-Adad (r. 1809-1775 BC) appointed his son [[Yasmah-Adad]] on the throne of Mari, the new king married Yahdun-Lim's daughter,{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2011|p=109}}{{sfn|Tetlow|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ONkJ_Rj1SS8C&pg=PA125 125]}} while the rest of the Lim family took refuge in Yamhad,{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA452 452]}} and the annexation was officially justified by what Shamshi-Adad considered sinful acts on the side of the Lim family.{{sfn|Grayson|1972|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=psmYIYJZCnoC&pg=PA27 27]}} To strengthen his position against his new enemy Yamhad, Shamshi-Adad married Yasmah-Adad to Betlum, the daughter of [[Ishi-Addu]] of [[Qatna]].{{sfn|Tetlow|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ONkJ_Rj1SS8C&pg=PA125 125]}} However, Yasmah-Adad neglected his bride causing a crisis with Qatna, and he proved to be an unable leader causing the rage of his father who died in c. 1776 BC,{{sfn|Tetlow|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ONkJ_Rj1SS8C&pg=PA125 125]}}{{sfn|Harris|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O0qOp_rDTHUC&pg=PA141 141]}}{{sfn|Hamblin|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=254 258]}} while the armies of [[Yarim-Lim I]] of Yamhad were advancing in support of [[Zimri-Lim]], the heir of the Lim dynasty.{{#tag:ref|Although officially a son of Yahdun-Lim, in reality he was a grandchild or nephew.{{sfn|Charpin|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nvgz3NOuo5EC&pg=PA252 252]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Hamblin|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=254 258]}}

TheZimri-Lim relationsstarted withhis Babylon worsenedreign with a disputecampaign overagainst the city''Yaminites'', he also established alliances with Eshnunna and [[Hammurabi]] of [[HītBabylon]],{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA452 that452]}} consumedand muchsent timehis inarmies negotiations,to aid the Babylonians.{{sfn|Van DeDer MieroopToorn|20071996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ELMAGvmJ7YICVSJWkrXfbLQC&pg=PA68PA101 68101]}} duringThe whichnew aking wardirected againsthis expansion policy toward the north in the [[ElamKhabur (Euphrates)|Upper Khabur]] involvedregion, bothwhich was named {{ill|Idamaraz|ca}},{{sfn|Kupper|1973|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=FF5-7JVj4jYC&pg=PA9 9]}} where he subjugated the local petty kingdoms in c.the 1765region BC.such as [[Urkesh]],{{sfn|Van De MieroopBryce|20072009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ELMAGvmJ7YICAwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA70PA329 70329]}} Finallyand {{ill|Talhayum|ca}}, theforcing kingdomthem into vassalage.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA687 687]}} The expansion was invadedmet by Hammurabithe whoresistance defeatedof [[Andarig|Qarni-Lim]], the king of [[Andarig]],{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA45 45]}} whom Zimri-Lim indefeated, battlesecuring the Mariote control over the region in c. 17611771 BC,{{sfn|Charpin|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u__yJn8MHJQC&pg=PA39 and39]}} endedand the Limkingdom dynasty,prospered as a trading center and entered a period of relative peace.{{sfn|Van De MieroopHamblin|20072006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ELMAGvmJ7YICbiyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PA76254 76258]}} Zimri-Lim's greatest heritage was the renovation of the [[Royal Palace of Mari|Royal Palace]], which was expanded greatly to contain 275 rooms,{{sfn|Akkermans|Schwartz|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ELMAGvmJ7YIC_4oqvpAHDEoC&pg=PA139PA286 139286], }}{{sfn|Burns|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ELMAGvmJ7YICz_IBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152PA198 152198]}} whileexquisite Terqaartifacts becamesuch theas ''The capitalGoddess of athe rumpVase'' statestatue,{{sfn|Gates|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=--x-3W2R_QwC&pg=PA65 named65]}} theand [[Kingdoma ofroyal Khana|Kingdomarchive that contained thousands of Hana]]tablets.{{sfn|FlemingShaw|20121999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3_sfAwAAQBAJ8HKDtlPuM2oC&pg=PA226PA379 226379]}}

MariIn survivedc. the760 destructionBC, and[[Shamash-Risha-Usur]],{{sfn|Dalley|2002|p=201}} rebelledan againstautonomous Babylongovernor inruling c.parts 1759of BC,the causingupper Hammurabimiddle toEuphrates destroyunder the wholenominal city.{{sfn|Vanauthority Deof Mieroop|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ELMAGvmJ7YIC&pg=PA76[Ashur-dan 76III]]}} However, bystyled anhimself actthe governor of mercythe Hammurabilands allowedof Mari[[Suhu]] toand surviveMari, asso adid smallhis villageson under Babylonian administration[[Ninurta-Kudurri-Usur]].{{sfn|Van De MieroopBryce|20072009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ELMAGvmJ7YICAwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA76PA453 76453]}} LaterHowever, by that time, Mari becamewas partknown ofto [[Assyria#Middlebe Assyrianlocated Empirein 1392–1056the BCso-called [[Laqe|AssyriaLand of Laqe]],{{#tag:ref|An andancient wasdesignation listed amongfor the territoriesland conqueredthat byinclude the Assyrianconfluence kingof [[Tukulti-Ninurtathe I]]Khabur (reignedand 1243–1207the BC)Euphrates rivers.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA453PA408 453408]}}|group=note}} Afterward,making Mariit constantlyunlikely changedthat handsthe betweenUsur Assyriafamily actually controlled it, and Babylonsuggesting that the title was employed out of historical reasons.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA453 453]}}

[[File:Bust orant Louvre AO17557.jpg|thumb|140 px|left|A Mariote from the second kingdom. (25th century BC)]]

[[File:Statues from Mari. Syria - Aleppo - National Museum.jpg|thumb|Statues from Mari in the [[National Museum of Aleppo]].]]

During the Lim era, the population became predominantly Amorite but also included Akkadian named people,{{#tag:ref|Jean-Marie Durand, although not speculating the fate of the East-Semitic population, believe that the Akkadians during the Lim dynasty are not descended from the East-Semites of the Shakkanakku period.{{sfn|Heimpel|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tiHwDe7JmCEC&pg=PA21 21]}}|group=note}} and although the [[Amorite language]] became the dominant tongue, Akkadian remained the language of writing.{{sfn|Nemet-Nejat|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lbmXsaTGNKUC&pg=PA114 114]}}{{sfn|Riehl|Pustovoytov|Dornauer|Sallaberger|2013|p=117}}{{sfn|Michalowski|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA55 55]}} The pastoral Amorites in Mari were called the ''Haneans'', a term that indicate nomads in general,{{sfn|Liverani|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 223]}} those Haneans were split into the ''Banu-YaminaYaminites'' (sons of the rightsouth) and ''Banu-SimaalSim'alites'' (sons of the leftnorth), with the ruling house belonging to the ''Banu-SimaalSim'al'' branch.{{sfn|Liverani|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 223]}} The kingdom was also a home to tribes of [[Suteans]] who lived in the district of [[Terqa]].{{sfn|Heimpel|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tiHwDe7JmCEC&pg=PA26 26]}}

Mari was an absolute monarchy, with the king controlling every aspect of the administration, helped by the [[scribe]]s who played the role of administrators.{{sfn|Finer|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aEziNfjinnMC&pg=PA173 173]}}{{sfn|Liverani|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224 224]}} During the Lim era, Mari was divided into four provinces in addition to the capital, the provincial seats were located at Terqa, [[SaggaratumTerqa]], [[QattunanSaggarâtum]], Qaṭṭunān and [[Tuttul]]. Each province had its own bureaucracy,{{sfn|Liverani|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224 224]}} the government supplied the villagers with ploughs and agricultural equipments, in return for a share in the harvest.{{sfn|Maisels|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YI2JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA322 322]}}

[[File:Woman polos Louvre AO17564.jpg|thumb|150px|left|A Mariote woman. (25th century BC)]]

The first Mari provided the oldest wheel workshop yet discovered in Syria,{{sfn|Margueron|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA521 521]}} and was a center of bronze [[Metallurgy#History|metallurgy]].{{sfn|Viollet|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eZsAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36]}} The city also contained districts devoted to [[smelting]], [[dyeing]], and pottery manufacture,{{sfn|Margueron|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA137 137]}} using charcoal brought by river boats from the upper [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabur]] and Euphrates area.{{sfn|Viollet|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eZsAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36]}}

Mari was discovered in 1933, on the eastern flank of Syria, near the Iraqi border.{{sfn|Dalley|2002|p=10}} A [[Bedouin]] tribe was digging through a mound called Tell Hariri for a gravestone that would be used for a recently deceased tribesman, when they came across a headless statue.{{sfn|Dalley|2002|p=10}} After the news reached the [[French Third Republic|French]] authorities currently in [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|control]] of Syria, the report was investigated, and digging on the site was started on December 14, 1933, by archaeologists from the [[Louvre]] in Paris.{{sfn|Dalley|2002|p=10}} The location of the fragment was excavated, revealing the temple of Ishtar, which led to the commencing of the full scale excavations.{{sfn|Evans|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5MIgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 180]}} Mari was classified by the archaeologists as the "most westerly outpost of Sumerian culture".{{sfn|Gadd|1971|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC&pg=PA97 97]}}

Mari has been excavated in annual campaigns in 1933–1939, 1951–1956, and since 1960.{{sfn|Daniels|Hanson|2015|p=87}} [[André Parrot]] conducted the first 21 seasons up to 1974,{{sfn|Margueron|1992|p=217}} and was followed by [[{{ill|Jean-Claude Margueron]]|fr}} (1979–2004),{{sfn|Crawford|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR17 xvii]}} and [[Pascal Butterlin]] (starting in 2005).{{sfn|Daniels|Hanson|2015|p=87}} A journal devoted to the site, released in 8 volumes between 1982 and 1997, was ''Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires''.{{sfn|Dalley|2002|p=2}}{{sfn|Heintz|Bodi|Millot|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dN5gAMc_3b0C&pg=PA48 48]}} Archaeologists have tried to determine how many layers the site descends, according to French archaeologist André Parrot, "each time a vertical probe was commenced in order to trace the site's history down to virgin soil, such important discoveries were made that horizontal digging had to be resumed."{{sfn|McLerran|2011}}

Excavations stopped from 2011 as a result of the [[Syrian Civil War]] and have not restarted.{{sfn|Simons|2016}} The site came under the control of armed gangs and suffered large scale looting. A 2014 official report revealed that robbers were focusing on the royal palace, the public baths, the temple of Ishtar, and the temple of Dagan.{{sfn|Cockburn|2014}} Based on satellite imagery, looting continued until at least 2017.<ref>Casana J, Laugier EJ (2017) Satellite imagery-based monitoring of archaeological site damage in the Syrian civil war. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0188589. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188589</ref>

* {{Cite web|last1=Deschaumes|first1=Ghislaine Glasson|last2=Butterlin|first2=Pascal|title=Face aux patrimoines culturels détruits du Proche-Orient ancien : défis de la reconstitution et de la restitution numériques|url=http://theconversation.com/face-aux-patrimoines-culturels-detruits-du-proche-orient-ancien-defis-de-la-reconstitution-et-de-la-restitution-numeriques-85032|access-date=2021-08-07|website=The Conversation|date=12 October 2017 |language=fr}}

* {{cite book|title=Bibliographie de Mari: Archéologie et Textes (1933–1988)|first1=Jean Georges|last1=Heintz|first2=Daniel|last2=Bodi |author-link2=Daniel Bodi |first3=Lison|last3=Millot|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=1990|language=fr|isbn=978-3-447-03009-0|series=Travaux du Groupe de Recherches et d'Études Sémitiques Anciennes (G.R.E.S.A.), Université des Sciences Humaines de Strasbourg|volume=3}}

* {{cite web|editor1-first=Steve|editor1-last=Tinney|editor2-first=Jamie|editor2-last=Novotny|editor3-first=Eleanor|editor3-last=Robson|editor4-first=Niek|editor4-last=Veldhuis|website=Oracc (Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus)|url=http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0046275.html|publisher=Oracc Steering Committee|title=Mari [1] (SN)|year=2020|access-date=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201153414/http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0046275.html|url-status=dead}}

{{Commons category|Mari, Syria}}