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{{
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{family name hatnote|
{{Cleanup|date=March 2024|reason=Grammar and minor formatting}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Min Young-hwan<br />민영환<br />閔泳煥
| order = Minister of Military
| nationality = [[Korean Empire|Korean]]
| rank = Lieutenant General
| serviceyears =
| successor = [[Shim Sang-hun]] (Acting)
| predecessor = [[Yi Yun-yong (1855)|Yi Yun-yong]]
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|caption=
|hangul=민영환
|hanja=
|rr=Min
|mr=Min
|hangulja=문약
|hanjaja=
|rrja=Mun Yak
|mrja=Mun yak
|hangulph=충정
|hanjaph=
|rrph=Chungjeong
|mrph=Ch'ung-jŏng|title=Min Yeong-hwan
|hangulho=계정|hanjaho=
'''Min Yeong-hwan''' ({{Korean|hangul=민영환|hanja=閔泳煥}}; 7 August 1861
== Biography ==
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On 7 August 1861, Min was born in to the [[Yeoheung Min clan]]. Min's father, Min Gyeom-ho ({{Korean|hangul=민겸호|hanja=閔謙鎬|labels=no}}) was the Minister of Finance (''Hojo''). Min Young-hwan passed the [[Gwageo]] literary examination in 1878 and thereupon entered into government service as a junior librarian in the Royal Library (Gyujanggak).{{Sfn|Finch|2002|p=4}}
Min continued to rise through the ranks of Joseon officialdom, holding a succession of posts including a position in the Office of Special Advisors (''Hongmungwan'' 弘文館) and tutor to the [[Sunjong of Korea|Crown Prince]].<ref name=":0" /> Min was one of the favorite officials of the [[Gojong of Korea|King]],
Over the course of his career, Min actively participated in the modernization of Joseon. In an attempt to build a modernized navy, Min established Choseon navy or Gi Yeon Hae Bang Young
=== Portrait by Henry Savage-Landor ===
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=== Visits to Europe ===
On 3 April 1896, Min was appointed as special minister to [[Russian Empire|Russia]] to participate in the coronation of [[Czar]] [[Nicholas II]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=조선·대한제국 관보 |date=3 April 1896 |title=赴俄公使閔泳煥隨員尹致昊參書官金得鍊金道一이本月一日上午八時에出發홈 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=345&totalCount=345&itemId=gbdh&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&types=&searchSubjectClass=&position=13&levelId=gbdh_1896_04_03_a00290_00040&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EB%AF%BC%EC%98%81%ED%99%98&searchKeywordConjunction=AND |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=db.history.go.kr}}</ref>
# Guard for the protection of the King until the Corean army be drilled into a reliable force.
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# [[File:H.R.H. PRINCE MIN-YOUNG-HUAN of Korea sketch by A. Henry Savage-Landor.jpg|thumb|347x347px|Portrait sketch by A. Henry Savage-Landor (published 1895). The Prince was in mourning and secretly, with the King's permission, laid aside the mandatory white so he could be portrayed in blue robes.]]A loan of 3 million Yen to cancel the Japanese debt.
Right after the journey, on 12 November 1896, Min was appointed as Lieutenant general and [[Ministry of Military (Korean Empire)|Minister of Military]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty |script-title=ko:이윤용을 농상공부 대신에, 민영환을 군부 대신에 임명하다 |url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kza_13311012_003 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]]}}</ref> Min successfully brought the Russian instructors to Korea on 26 October 1896.<ref>{{Cite web |last=French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Document |date=26 October 1896 |title=【114】 러시아 교관들을 지휘할 푸차타 대령의 서울 도착 |url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=hk&levelId=hk_017r_0010_1140&types=r |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=db.history.go.kr}}</ref> As such, Min was expected to be a great military leader to modernise the Korean army.<ref name=":3" /> These Russian instructors trained about 800 guards, which helped Gojong to return to the [[Deoksugung|palace]] from the Russian legation.{{Sfn|Yi|2014|p=107}}
Other than the military reform, Min was also active in commemoration of Korean Army. Min, as the minister, was active with commemorating the deceased personnels of Korea during various events. On 19 January 1897, Min arranged a traditional memorial ceremony in Cheon Nyeon Jong.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seo |first=Jaepil |date=January 21, 1897 |script-title=ko:군부 대신 민영환씨가,군부대신 민영환씨가 |url=https://nl.go.kr/newspaper/detail.do?content_id=CNTS-00098987917&from=%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8%20%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89 |work=[[Tongnip sinmun]] |pages=2}}</ref>
On 11 January 1897, Min was again sent to Europe as Korean minister plenipotentiary to the [[Diamond Jubilee]] of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=사료 고종시대사 |date=11 January 1897 |title=고종, 민영환을 영국 등 6개국의 특명전권공사로 임명함 |url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=165&totalCount=165&itemId=sk&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&page=1&pre_page=1&brokerPagingInfo=&position=119&levelId=sk_021r_0010_0010_0100_0010&searchKeywordType=BI&searchKeywordMethod=EQ&searchKeyword=%EB%AF%BC%EC%98%81%ED%99%98&searchKeywordConjunction=AND |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=db.history.go.kr}}</ref> and received 40,000 Dollars from the Government as the expense for his trip.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russian Ministry of Navy Documents |title=1/13 Мая 1897 года |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=fs&levelId=fs_016_0080&types=o |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=db.history.go.kr}}</ref> Another order that Min received from the government was to sign a secrete treaty with France and Germany for the protection of Korean autonomy. Min traveled to [[Saint Petersburg]] to persuade Russian government prolonging the term of [[Karl Ivanovich Weber]] and retract Weber's appointment as Russian envoy to Mexico, and organize a secrete treaty between Russia and Korea. However, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia remained unchanged about the replacement of Weber. On 5 June, Min arrived at London and joined [[Min Sang-ho]] next day. Furthermore, the Korean credentials was rejected by the British government. British secretary attached to Min Cavendish reported this fact to British financial instructor Brown and analyzed that this failure was because of Min's younger brother [[Min Yeong-chan]] whom he assessed as the most unpleasant person. Even worse, Min failed to sign treaties with France and Germany, bringing no diplomatic success from the trip.{{Sfn|Kim|2002|p=98-102}} Without finishing his duty, Min abruptly left Europe on 17 July 1897{{Sfn|Yi|2014|p=110}} and traveled to America, which delayed deployment of Russian instructors in Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Putyata |first=Dmitry |title=참모본부 소속 푸탸타 대령의 한국에 관한 1897년 11월 6일자 보고서 사본 |url=http://contents.nahf.or.kr/id/NAHF.kifr.d_0004_0210_0140 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=contents.nahf.or.kr |language=ko}}</ref> The Korean government was furious about Min's failure that they ceded the halted its financial aid to Min Young-hwan and Min Sang-ho.{{Sfn|Kim|2002|p=103}} Gojong removed him from his position on 30 July 1897.<ref>{{Cite web |last=사료 고종시대사 |title=고종, 유럽 6개국 주재 특명전권공사 민영환을 면직함 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=sk&levelId=sk_021r_0010_0070_0260_0030&types=r |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=db.history.go.kr}}</ref>▼
However, Min's term as the minister of military was ephemeral. He had conflicts with Colonel [[Dmitry Putyata]] (the leader of the Russian instructors):<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Documents |date=17 January 1897 |title=【1】조선 군대 개혁을 위해 초빙된 러시아 군사 교관단 문제 |url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?sort=levelId&dir=ASC&start=1&limit=20&page=1&pre_page=1&setId=-1&totalCount=0&prevPage=0&prevLimit=&itemId=hk&types=r&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&brokerPagingInfo=&levelId=hk_018r_0010_0010&position=-1 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=db.history.go.kr}}</ref> Putyata complained Min's incapacity for numerous times.{{Sfn|Finch|2002|p=119}} Furthermore, Min's excessively radical reforms such as requiring short hairstyle made him unpopular among conservatives and the emperor himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea |date=8 November 1898 |title=(9) 獨立協會의 大臣 排斥에 관한 詳報의 件 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=jh&levelId=jh_012r_0120_0090&types=r |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=db.history.go.kr}}</ref> Min ended up resigning the post on 15 January 1897.
▲On 11 January 1897, Min was again sent to Europe as Korean minister plenipotentiary to the [[Diamond Jubilee]] of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]
=== Korean Empire and suicide ===
Upon his return to Korea, Min became a fervent supporter of the [[Independence Club]] and was interviewed by its newspaper ''The Independent'' (''Dongnip Sinmun'' 獨立新聞). Two diplomatic trips to Europe made Min to be deeply engage in [[Gwangmu Reform]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=우리역사넷 |title=민영환 |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_n400900&code=kc_age_40 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=contents.history.go.kr}}</ref> Despite his numerous request many reforms, only some (mostly about military) were actually executed.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=민영환 - Encyves Wiki |url=http://dh.aks.ac.kr/Encyves/wiki/index.php/%EB%AF%BC%EC%98%81%ED%99%98 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=dh.aks.ac.kr}}</ref> After [[Bak Jeongyang]] cabinet was formed, Min returned to the Korean politics as a Special official of Gungnaebu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=한국사 |title=(2) 排日親露政策의 擡頭 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?sort=levelId&dir=ASC&start=1&limit=20&page=1&pre_page=1&setId=18&totalCount=18&prevPage=0&prevLimit=&itemId=oh&types=&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&brokerPagingInfo=&levelId=oh_018_0010_0010_0020&position=2}}</ref> Then, Min rose into the power
During Min became the Minister of Education on 8 March 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty |date=8 March 1904 |script-title=ko:민영환을 학부대신으로, 김가진을 농상공부대신에 임명하다 |url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kza_14103008_002 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=
[[File:Min Yeong-hwan Portrait 02.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Min Yeong-hwan in his dress uniform]]
On November 17, 1905, Japan succeeded in foisting upon Korea the [[Eulsa Treaty]] making Korea a Japanese protectorship. It is said that upon hearing of the treaty three days after it had been concluded, Min "fainted several times and vomited blood".{{Sfn|Finch|2002|p=24}} Min pleaded with Emperor [[Gojong of the Korean Empire|Gojong]] to annul the treaty and execute the five Korean officials who had signed it, now widely referred to as the "[[Five Eulsa Traitors|Five Traitors of Eulsa]]" (''Eulsa ojeok'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Journal of the Royal Secretariat |date=28 November 1905 |title=매국한 역적을 주벌할 것을 청하는 시종부 무관장 민영환 등의 상소 |url=https://db.itkc.or.kr/dir/item?itemId=ST#dir/node?grpId=&itemId=ST&gubun=book&depth=5&cate1=&cate2=&dataGubun=%EC%B5%9C%EC%A2%85%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4&dataId=ITKC_ST_Z0_A42_11A_02A_00050 |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=db.itkc.or.kr}}</ref> Even though the emperor
== After death ==
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Some officials, including [[Jo Byeongse]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hwang |first=Hyeon |title=1. 趙秉世의 殉節 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=sa&levelId=sa_001r_0040_0100_0010&types=r |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=db.history.go.kr}}</ref> and his [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaw]] puller, committed suicide following Min's death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hwang |first=Hyeon |title=6. 인력거 인부의 殉死 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=sa&levelId=sa_001r_0040_0100_0060&types=r |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=db.history.go.kr}}</ref>
Min was posthumously appointed as Dae-Gwang-Bo-Guk-Seung-Rok Dae-bu(大匡輔國崇祿大夫),
After the independence of Korea, Min was commemorated as one of the zealot in December 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |last=자유신문 |date=24 December 1945 |title=순국선열추념대회, 서울운동장에서 거행 |url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?sort=levelId&dir=ASC&start=1&limit=20&page=1&pre_page=1&setId=5&totalCount=5&prevPage=0&prevLimit=&itemId=dh&types=&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&brokerPagingInfo=&levelId=dh_001_1945_12_23_0040&position=-1 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=db.history.go.kr}}</ref> According to a survey done to Korean students in 1952, Min was one of the most respected
== Reforms ==
His journey to Europe made him to have a great desire of reforming his country.{{Sfn|Finch|2002|p=116-117}} For this reason, Min was supported by Independence Club and acted as one of the key ministers of [[Gwangmu Reform]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:광무개혁(光武改革)|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0005118 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref>
=== Military reforms and political reforms ===
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Min wrote the lyrics for the [[national anthem of the Korean Empire]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} He also tried to increase the authority of the Emperor by making an ensign of Emperor, Crown Prince, and Princes. Simultaneously, Min supported Korean parliament, Jungchuwon, which weakened the authority of the Emperor.<ref name=":1" /> When government led by [[Bak Jeongyang]] and Min was formed on 13 October 1897, after days of protests of the Independence Club, the government started to actually establish a parliament. However, the emperor checked the reform advocating government officials, such as Min, by posting pro-Russian, conservative officials in important positions. As a result of these efforts of Min, Bak, and members of the Independence Club, a proper parliament, Jungchuwon was established.<ref>{{Cite web |last=신편한국사 |title=4) 의회설립운동 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?sort=levelId&dir=ASC&start=1&limit=20&page=1&pre_page=1&setId=38&totalCount=38&prevPage=0&prevLimit=&itemId=nh&types=&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&brokerPagingInfo=&levelId=nh_041_0050_0030_0040&position=14}}</ref>
=== Supporting
{{See also|Independence Club}}
Min was a great supporter of the Independence
=== Education ===
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== Assessment ==
[[Horace Newton Allen]] wrote, "Min Yong Whan. Formerly known as the Good Min, latterly somewhat disappointing. Good intentions but feeble and vacillating. Ostensibly the present head of the Min clan," about Min.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Horace Newton |script-title=ko:알렌이 스티븐스에게 주기 위하여 한국 주요 인물들의 명단을 작성한 건 |url=http://waks.aks.ac.kr/rsh/dir/rview.aspx?rshID=AKS-2016-KFR-1230009&callType=srch&dataID=AKS-2016-KFR-1230009_DES@3077 |archive-url= |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=}}</ref>
[[Willard Dickerman Straight]] described Min as a righteous man who died for the cause of justice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Straight |first=Willard D. |title=[Min Young-hwan] |url=https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:319660 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=digital.library.cornell.edu |language=en}}</ref>
A statue to his memory now stands on a traffic island near Chungjeongno Intersection,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://place.map.kakao.com/1727205167 |website=Kakao Map |access-date=11 November 2022 |script-title=ko:민영환선생동상 }}</ref> his namesake, after having previously been located at Anguk Intersection in 1957, before being moved due to road widening to near Donhwa Gate of Changdeok Palace in 1970 where it was criticized for not matching the surroundings, and then near the General Post Office next to Jogye Temple in 2003, where it was reportedly neglected until 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Gyu-ri |title='Chungjeong-gong' Min Yeong-hwan seonsaeng dongsang, chungjeonglo-e jali jabneunda |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220808150600004 |access-date=11 November 2022 |agency=Yonhap |date=9 August 2022}}</ref>
== Gallery ==
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== Family ==
** Min Ak-su ({{Korean|hangul=민악수|hanja=閔樂洙|labels=no}})▼
** Lady Park of the Malyang Park clan (본관: 말양 박씨, 朴氏); ({{Korean|hangul=박일환의 딸|labels=no}}) daughter of Park Il-hwan ({{Korean|hangul=박일환|hanja=朴日焕|labels=no}})▼
* Father
** Biological - Min Gyeom-ho ({{Korean|hangul=민겸호|hanja=閔謙鎬|labels=no}}; 1838
* Mother
** Biological - Lady Seo
** Adoptive - Lady Kim of the Yeonan Kim clan (증 정경부인 연안 김씨; 1827–1891)
* Sibling(s)
** Adoptive older sister - Lady Min of the Yeoheung Min clan (여흥 민씨; 驪興 閔氏; 1859–1954)
** Lady Kim of the [[Andong Kim clan]] (안동 김씨, 安東 金氏; 1861–1893); daughter of Kim Myeong-jin (김명진; 1840–1890)
▲**Park Su-yeong, Lady Park of the
*** Daughter - Lady Min of the Yeoheung Min clan (여흥 민씨; 1896–?)
▲* Wife and children
**
***
***
***
**
==Popular culture==
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{{Flag|Korean Empire}}
* [[Order of the Golden Ruler]] (Posthumously) on 1 December 1905<ref name=":2" />
* [[Order of the Plum Blossom]] on 16 September 1904<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty |date=16 September 1904 |script-title=ko:이승응에게 금척 훈장을 수여하고, 윤용선 등에게 이화장을 수여하다 |url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kza_14109016_001 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=
* [[Order of the Taegeuk|Order of the Taeguk]] 1st Class on 22 April 1900<ref name=":5" />
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==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Yi |first=Seoung-hyeon |date=2014 |script-title=ko:민영환의 '殉國' 담론에 대한 고찰 |url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002455239 |journal=江原史學 |volume=26 |pages=99–146}}
* {{Cite book |last=Finch |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNqUw-nb4vkC&dq=min+young+hwan&pg=PP10 |title=Min Yong-hwan: A Political Biography |year=2002 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824825201}}
* {{Cite book |last=
* {{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Won-Mo |date=2002 |script-title=ko:한국의 영국 축하사절단 파견과 한·영 외교관계 |url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART000883054 |journal=The Oriental Studies |issue=32 |pages=87–126 |via=KCI
* {{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Jiyeon |date=2017 |title=Meaning and Characteristics of Recording itinerary and experience in the ≪HaeCheonChuBeom≫ |journal=한민족문화연구 |volume=60 |issue=60 |pages=7–50 |via=KCI}}
{{commons category|Min Young-hwan}}
{{Authority control}}
▲{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Won-Mo |date=2002 |title=한국의 영국 축하사절단 파견과 한·영 외교관계 |url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART000883054 |journal=The Oriental Studies |issue=32 |pages=87–126 |via=KCI}}{{commons category|Min Young-hwan}}{{Authority control}}{{s-start}}
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[[Category:Suicides by sharp instrument]]
[[Category:Imperial Korean military personnel]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)]]
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