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Research in the field of [[Microbiota (microbiology)|microbiota]]s shows that only a limited set of microbes cause tooth decay, with most of the bacteria in the human mouth being harmless. Focused attention on cavity-causing bacteria such as ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' has led research into new mouthwash treatments that prevent these bacteria from initially growing. While current mouthwash treatments must be used with a degree of frequency to prevent this bacteria from regrowing, future treatments could provide a viable long-term solution.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Greenwood V |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/hacking-the-microbiome-for-fun-and-profit-can-killing-just-one-mouth-bacterium-stop-cavities |title=Hacking the Microbiome for Fun and Profit: Can Killing Just One Mouth Bacterium Stop Cavities? | work = Discover Magazine |access-date=31 October 2012|date=2012-02-02 }}</ref>
A clinical trial and laboratory studies have shown that alcohol-containing mouthwash could reduce the growth of ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' in the pharynx.<ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Chow |firstfirst1=Eric PF |last2=Howden |first2=Benjamin P. |last3=Walker |first3=Sandra |last4=Lee |first4=David |last5=Bradshaw |first5=Catriona S. |last6=Chen |first6=Marcus Y. |last7=Snow |first7=Anthony |last8=Cook |first8=Stuart |last9=Fehler |first9=Glenda |last10=Fairley |first10=Christopher K. |date=2017-03-01 |title=Antiseptic mouthwash against pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a randomised controlled trial and an in vitro study |url=https://sti.bmj.com/content/93/2/88 |journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections |language=en |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=88–93 |doi=10.1136/sextrans-2016-052753 |issn=1368-4973 |pmid=27998950|s2cid=3479567 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Williams |firstfirst1=Eloise |last2=Zhang |first2=Bowen |last3=Chow |first3=Eric P. F. |last4=Chea |first4=Socheata |last5=Phillips |first5=Tiffany R. |last6=Maddaford |first6=Kate |last7=Krysiak |first7=Marcelina |last8=Nong |first8=Yi |last9=Stefanatos |first9=Helen |last10=Pasricha |first10=Shivani |last11=Fairley |first11=Christopher K. |last12=Wiliamson |first12=Deborah A. |date=2022-06-21 |title=Inhibitory Activity of Antibacterial Mouthwashes and Antiseptic Substances against Neisseria gonorrhoeae |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aac.00042-22 |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |language=en |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=e0004222 |doi=10.1128/aac.00042-22 |issn=0066-4804 |pmc=PMC92113989211398 |pmid=35579459}}</ref> However, subsequent trials have found that there was no difference in gonorrhoea cases among men using daily mouthwash compared to those who did not use mouthwash for 12 weeks.<ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Chow |firstfirst1=Eric P F |last2=Williamson |first2=Deborah A |last3=Hocking |first3=Jane S |last4=Law |first4=Matthew G |last5=Maddaford |first5=Kate |last6=Bradshaw |first6=Catriona S |last7=McNulty |first7=Anna |last8=Templeton |first8=David J |last9=Moore |first9=Richard |last10=Murray |first10=Gerald L |last11=Danielewski |first11=Jennifer A |last12=Wigan |first12=Rebecca |last13=Chen |first13=Marcus Y |last14=Guy |first14=Rebecca J |last15=Zhang |first15=Lei |date=May 2021 |title=Antiseptic mouthwash for gonorrhoea prevention (OMEGA): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre trial |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473309920307040 |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=647–656 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30704-0|pmid=33676595 |s2cid=232142254 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Van Dijck |firstfirst1=Christophe |last2=Tsoumanis |first2=Achilleas |last3=Rotsaert |first3=Anke |last4=Vuylsteke |first4=Bea |last5=Van den Bossche |first5=Dorien |last6=Paeleman |first6=Elke |last7=De Baetselier |first7=Irith |last8=Brosius |first8=Isabel |last9=Laumen |first9=Jolein |last10=Buyze |first10=Jozefien |last11=Wouters |first11=Kristien |last12=Lynen |first12=Lutgarde |last13=Van Esbroeck |first13=Marjan |last14=Herssens |first14=Natacha |last15=Abdellati |first15=Said |date=May 2021 |title=Antibacterial mouthwash to prevent sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men taking HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PReGo): a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30778-7 |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=657–667 |doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30778-7 |pmid=33676596 |s2cid=232142467 |issn=1473-3099}}</ref>
