Editing Pandya Nadu

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}{{About|the region in South India|movie in the same name|Pandiya Naadu}}

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Pandya Nadu
| demographics_type1              = Languages
| demographics1_title1            = Major
| demographics1_title2            = Others
| timezone1                       = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| demographics1_info1             = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_info2             = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]]
| official_name                   = Pandya/Pandi Nadu
| native_name_lang                = Tamil
| population_total                = 1,56,16,770
| other_name                      = 
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|India}}
| settlement_type                 = Geographical region
| image_map                       = Pandya Nadu location map.svg
| map_caption                     = Pandya Nadu region within Tamil Nadu
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_type2               = State
| subdivision_name2               = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3               = Covering districts
| subdivision_name3               = [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[Theni district|Theni]],  [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]], [[Sivaganga District|Sivaganga]], [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]], [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]], [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]], [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], Parts of [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]], Parts of [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| subdivision_type4               = Largest City
| subdivision_name4               = *[[Madurai]]
|subdivision_type5 = Area
| subdivision_name5 = *30,108.13 sqkm
| governing_body                  = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], [[Government of India]]
}}
'''Pandya Nadu''' or '''Pandi Nadu''' is a geographical region comprising the southern part of the present day state of Tamil Nadu. The region is bounded on its West by the [[Venad (historical region)|Venad]]/[[Ay dynasty|Ay Nadu]], Northeast by the [[Chola Nadu]] and Northwest by the [[Kongu Nadu]]. It comprises the present-day districts of [[Madurai District|Madurai]], [[Theni District|Theni]], [[Sivaganga District|Sivaganga]], [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramanathapuram]], [[Virudhunagar District|Virudhunagar]], [[Tirunelveli District|Tirunelveli]], [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]], [[Thoothukudi District|Thoothukudi]], [[Kanniyakumari District|Kanniyakumari]], parts of [[Pudukkottai]] and [[Dindigul]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pandiya Nadu|url=http://www.shivatemples.com/pnaadu/index.php|access-date=December 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stein|first=Burton|date=1977|title=Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=37|pages=}}</ref>

The region was the principal historic seat of the [[Pandya dynasty]] who ruled it intermittently and with differing capacities at least from the 4th century BCE to 1759 CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=N.|first=Sethuraman|title=The Later Pandyas (1371 - 1759 AD)|publisher=Tiruchirapalli: The Epigraphical Society of India.|year=1993}}</ref> The political capital of the region is the city of [[Madurai]] with [[Korkai]] serving as a secondary capital and the principal port city during the early historic period.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Sastri|first=K. N.|title=The Pandyan Kingdom|year=1972}}</ref>

After the end of the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]] in the third century BCE, the region came under of the occupation of the [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhras]] who continued to possess it till the Pandyan reconquest led by [[Kadungon]] who founded the First Pandyan Empire. The [[Medieval Cholas]] conquered the region from the Pandyas in the 10th century and renamed it the Rajaraja Pandimandalam. The region became independent once again with the rise of the [[Pandya dynasty|Second Pandyan Empire]] which continued to be the dominant power in Tamil Nadu until the invasions of the Delhi Sultanates. The result of which was the formation of the independent [[Madurai Sultanate]] with the Pandya rulers pushed southwards from the [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]] belt. The Madurai Sultanate was then overthrown by the Vijayanagara Prince, [[Kumara Kampana]], and the region was reinstated to the later Pandyas as vassals and as one of the rajyams under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire in the 16th century, the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayaks of Madurai]] declared independence and ruled the region until the conquest of the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of Carnatic]] which was then followed shortly by the [[British India|British]] annexation in the 18th century into the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name=":1" />

== Etymology ==
Pandya Nadu is named after the [[Pandya dynasty]] which was one of the three crowned dynasties of [[Tamilakam|ancient Tamilakam]]. As to the etymology of the word '''Pandya''' or '''Pandi''', scholars have not a consensual answer but the exact meaning of the word may refer to the Old Tamil words for ''Ploughing or Bull'' or ''Old/Ancient''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Avari|first=Burjor |title=India: a History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200|date=2016|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1-317-23673-3|edition=2nd |location=New York|oclc=953659820}}</ref>

== Geographical Extent ==
The exact borders to the region of Pandya Nadu is not well-defined and was probably different during different historical period. But rough approximations to the boundary can be found in the poem Pandimandala Sathakam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Pudukkottai District|url=https://pudukkottai.nic.in/history/}}</ref> Mandala Sathakams are collections of poems written about specific geographical regions in Tamil, dating variously from 1000s to 1700s CE.

Passage 98 from Pandimandala Sathakam states:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=ஆசிரியர்|first=மதுரை ஐயம்பெருமாள்|title=பாண்டிமண்டல சதகம் (Pandimandala Sathakam)|publisher=Seerkali: Sri Ambal Press|year=1932|pages=19}}</ref><blockquote>"தென்கும ரிக்கும் வடக்குவெள் ளாற்றுக்குந் தெற்குவரு

மண்புறு திண்டுக்கல் லுக்குங்கா ரைக்காட்டிற் குங்கிழக்கா

யன்புறு சேதுவின் மேற்கான வெல்லைக்கு ளானதெல்லாம்

வன்பெரு மாறன் புரக்கின்ற பாண்டியன் மண்டலமே"</blockquote>In English:<blockquote>"North of Kumari Sea, South of Vellar,

East of Dindigul and Karaikadu,

West of Sethu, lies the land of

Pandiyan, ruled by the Great Maran!"</blockquote>From this poem, which was written by Madurai Ayyamperumal Asiriyar, it can be inferred that at the time of his authorship, the Pandimandalam or Pandya Nadu extended South of River Vellar ([[Vellar River (Southern Tamil Nadu)|River South Vellar]], present-day [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukottai]] district), North of Kumari Sea ([[Indian Ocean]]), West of Sethu (present-day [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]] district) and East of Dindigul (City in present-day [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]] district) & Karaikadu (Village in present-day [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]] district).<ref name=":2" />

== History ==
Pandya Nadu was one of the earliest territorial divisions of the ancient [[Tamilakam]], the home of the [[Tamils|Tamil people]] at least from the 6th century BCE. The region is home to many [[neolithic]] and [[megalith]]ic settlements. The archaeological sites of [[Adichanallur]] and [[Korkai]] are one of the oldest Iron Age settlements in Tamil Nadu with [[radiocarbon dating]] assigning the locations to the 9th century BCE. Other historical sites like [[Keezhadi]] have been dated to 6th century BCE<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study|website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bce-report/article29461583.ece}}</ref> by the ongoing excavations by the Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department.

=== During the Sangam Age ===
Between the 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE, the region was ruled the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|Sangam Pandyas]] with Madurai and Korkai as their capitals. The period produced the beautiful Tamil [[Sangam literature]]s which provides a clear window to the life of Tamil people of the age. Under the Sangam Pandyan rule, the region served as one of richest locations in India with its extensive involvement in maritime trades with [[Southeast Asia]] and the Western world. The Pandyan pearls, fished from the [[Gulf of Mannar]] and the Pearl Coast, were found to be of the highest quality and were adorned by the people of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=McLaughlin|first=Raoul|title=The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: The Ancient World Economy and the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia and India|publisher=Pen & Sword Military|year=2014}}</ref> Literacy was also widespread in this region during this time owing to the found presence of the most number of [[Tamil-Brahmi|Tamil Brahmi]] rock inscriptions and pot sherd markings.

=== Under the Kalabhras ===
The region entered a dark period (with reference to absence of records) in history with the end of the 3rd century BCE. The three crowned Kings of Tamilakam were displaced by the [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhras]] during this time and the region experienced a huge boom of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] activities.<ref name=":1" /> Under the patronage of the Kalabhras, the Jains formed a literary academy in Madurai producing some of the most wonderful literatures in Tamil language. The famous Jain poet [[Chithalai Chathanar|Sithalai Sathanar]] of [[Manimekalai|Manimegalai]] is thought to have lived in [[Madurai]] during this age.

=== Under the First Pandyan Empire ===
The [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan Kingdom]] was restored in the 6th century AD by the [[Kadungon|King Kadungon]] who managed to push off the Kalabhra presence from Tamilakam along with the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]].<ref name=":1" /> During this period, the Tamil country was divided up between the Pandyas and Pallavas, with the Pandyas even managing to vassalize the Tulu, Chera, Ay and Venad Kingdoms of the West Coast. Despite a huge Buddhist and Jain presence, the region was one of the epicenters of the [[Bhakti movement]] which brought into limelight the cults of Gods [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu|Perumal]] with beautiful devotional Tamil compositions.<ref name=":1" /> This period also saw significant evolution in material culture with the building of one of the oldest rock cut temples at [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple|Pillayarpatti]]. Many temples like the rock temples of [[Kalugumalai|Kazhugumalai]] were also built during this period. 

=== Under the Chola Empire ===
The [[Medieval Cholas]] rose from their obscurity in the late 9th century and established their hold in the historical [[Chola Nadu]] region. By the 10th century, various Chola kings and princes have claimed to have subdued and annexed the Pandya Nadu in their stone inscriptions, ending the First Pandyan Empire. The region was then renamed Rajaraja Pandimandalam and incorporated into the Chola administration as a [[Mandalam]] with the title of Chola-Pandya having been introduced and given to the Chola Governors of the region.<ref name=":1" />

=== Under the Second Pandyan Empire ===
After the steady decline of the [[Later Cholas|Chalukya Cholas]] in the 12th century CE, the Pandya princes managed to establish themselves as an independent entity. The early years of the Second Pandyan Empire saw numerous civil wars with two factions being supported each by the Chola and the [[Sinhalese monarchy|Sinhalese]] Monarchs. The Second Pandyan Kingdom entered its peak during the 13th century under the reigns of [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan]] and [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulasekhara Pandyan]]. [[Marco Polo]], a famed European traveler visited the Pandya Empire during this period and celebrated the region as being one of the wealthiest and noblest in the whole world. Unfortunately, the Second Pandyan Empire met a crashing downfall owing to the civil war between the two sons of Maravarman Kulasekhara Pandyan.<ref name=":1" />

=== Under the Madurai Sultanate ===
The frequent brotherly civil wars between the sons of the Emperor Maravarman Kulasekhara Pandyan made the region prone to external attacks and invasions. One such attack came from the Delhi [[Khalji dynasty|Khilji]] Sultanate under the infamous [[Malik Kafur]] as a raiding campaign. This campaign plundered the city of [[Madurai]] along with other important cities of northern Tamil Nadu, revealing the weakened state of the Pandya rule. Despite the Pandya rule continuing after the Turkish raid, many regions under the empire declared independence. The final blow to the Pandyan Empire came under multiple direct invasions by the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tuglaq Sultanate]]. Northern parts of the Pandya Nadu were annexed into the Delhi Sultanate and a separate governorship was established which later got independent and became the [[Madurai Sultanate]]. The descendants of the Second Pandyan Emperors were pushed further south, into the Thenpandi Nadu regions of [[Tinnevely District (Madras Presidency)|Tinnevelly]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

=== Under the Vijayanagara Empire ===
As a result of multiple Delhi invasions into the Southern India, a new political power was emerging in the Kannada and Telugu countries, called the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The empire successfully managed to repel the Turkic presence in Southern India after they destroyed the [[Madurai Sultanate]] under the leadership of Prince [[Kumara Kampana]]. The Vijayanagara Emperors restored the Pandya Kings and vassalized them as one of the Rajyams under their rule. This situation continued until the rise of the Chola Prince Virasekhara Chola who managed to defeat Chandrasekhara Pandya from Madurai. The lost Pandya King sought the Vijayanagara Emperor's help, who sent Nagama Nayak, a general with a huge army to liberate Madurai. Nagama Nayak succeeded in defeating the Chola Prince, but instead of restoring the Pandya King, he declared independence from the Vijayanagara rule with himself as the new King of Pandya Nadu. This rebellion was then put down by the Vijayanagara Emperor under [[Viswanatha Nayak]] who was Nagama's son. The Emperor then gifted the Pandya and Chola rajyams to Viswanatha Nayak's direct rule as a reward. The [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] moved their capital into [[Tenkasi]] and continued to rule the southern portions of Pandya Nadu, nominally.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The period also saw the annexation of Kanniyakumari region by the Kings of [[Venad (historical region)|Venad]].

=== Under the Madurai Nayaks ===
The descendants of [[Viswanatha Nayak]] declared independence from the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] after its decline and continued as the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]]. The various kings of the dynasty had marital alliances with the Later Pandyas of [[Tenkasi]] towards securing the legitimacy for their rule. The Madurai Nayaks had under them during their peak, [[Kongu Nadu]], [[Chola Nadu]] and [[Venad (historical region)|Venadu]] regions. The Kingdom, unfortunately met a crashing fall after multiple internal squabbles which resulted in the kingdom's fracturing and the later annexation by the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of Carnatic]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Under the British Rule ===
The [[East India Company|English East India Company]] managed to invade and annex the former territories of the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of Carnatic]] into their [[Madras Presidency]]. Under the [[British Raj|British rule]], the Pandya Nadu was divided into two districts, namely [[Madurai district|Madura]] and [[Tinnevely District (Madras Presidency)|Tinnevelly]]. These later got subdivided into [[Madurai district|Madura]], [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramnad]] and [[Tirunelveli district|Tinnevelly]] and continued to be so till the independence of India in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Caldwell, Robert|title=A political and general History of the District of Tinnevelly In the Presidency of Madras|isbn=978-3-337-13334-4|oclc=1189923370}}</ref>

=== Under the Republic of India ===
The region was part of the Madras State under the newly independent India, which was subsequently renamed Tamil Nadu. The region of [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]] was transferred to Tamil Nadu. The region now comprises the districts of [[Madurai District|Madurai]], [[Theni District|Theni]], [[Sivaganga District|Sivaganga]], [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramanathapuram]], [[Virudhunagar District|Virudhunagar]], [[Tirunelveli District|Tirunelveli]], [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]], [[Thoothukudi District|Thoothukudi]], [[Kanniyakumari District|Kanniyakumari]], [[Pudukkottai]] (South of Vellar) and parts of [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]].

== Read Also ==

* [[Kongu Nadu]]
* [[Tondai Nadu]]
*[[Chola Nadu]]
*[[Venad (historical region)|Venad]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Regions of Tamil Nadu]]