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{{Short description|Harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii}}
{{About||its current operations as a military base|Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam|the attack operation in 1941|Attack on Pearl Harbor|other uses}} {{pp-move
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[[File:Ford Island aerial photo RIMPAC 1986.JPEG|thumb|Seen in 1986 with [[Ford Island]] in center. The [[USS Arizona Memorial|Arizona memorial]] is the small white dot on the left side above Ford Island]]▼
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'''Pearl Harbor''' is an American [[lagoon]] [[harbor]] on the island of [[Oahu, Hawaii]], west of [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]]. It has been long visited by the Naval fleet of the United States, before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the [[Reciprocity Treaty of 1875]]. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is now a [[United States Navy]] deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the [[United States Pacific Fleet]]. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/the-us-navy-and-hawaii-a-historical-summary/pearl-harbor-its-origin-and-administrative-history.html | title=Pearl Harbor: Its Origin and Administrative History Through World War II | publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command | date=April 23, 2015}}</ref> The [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] by the [[Empire of Japan]] on December 7, 1941, was the immediate cause of the [[United States]]' entry into [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrVI6ENDL8Y |title=FDR Pearl Harbor Speech |date=December 8, 1941 | accessdate=2011-02-05 |quote=December 7th, 1941, a day that will live in infamy.}}</ref><ref name = nrhpinv>{{Cite web | last = Apple | first = Russell A. |author2=Benjamin Levy | title = Pearl Harbor | work = National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory | publisher = [[National Park Service]] | date = February 8, 1974 | url = {{NHLS url|id=66000940}} | format = pdf | accessdate = 25 May 2012}}</ref><ref name = nrhpphotos>{{Cite web | title = Pearl Harbor | work = Photographs | publisher = [[National Park Service]] | url = {{NHLS url|id=66000940|photos=y}}| format = pdf | accessdate = 25 May 2012}}</ref>▼
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▲[[File:Ford Island aerial photo RIMPAC 1986.JPEG|thumb|Seen in 1986 with [[Ford Island]] in center. The [[USS Arizona Memorial
▲'''Pearl Harbor''' is an American [[lagoon]] [[harbor]] on the island of [[Oahu]], Hawaii
==History==
{{see also|History of Hawaii}}
Pearl Harbor was originally an extensive shallow [[embayment]] called ''Wai Momi'' (meaning
===Nineteenth century===
{{see also|Kingdom of Hawaii}}{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}
During the early nineteenth century, Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance. The
▲[[File:Puʻuloa in the 1880s.jpg|thumb|left|Pearl Harbor in the 1880s.]]
▲During the early nineteenth century, Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance. The interest of United States in the [[Hawaiian Islands]] grew as a result of its whaling, shipping and trading activity in the Pacific. As early as 1820, an "Agent of the United States for Commerce and Seamen" was appointed to look after American business in the [[Port of Honolulu]]. These commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]]. American missionaries and their families became an integral part of the Hawaiian political body.
Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, many American warships visited Honolulu. In most cases, the commanding officers carried letters from the U.S. Government giving advice on governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers. In 1841, the newspaper ''Polynesian'', printed in Honolulu, advocated that the U.S. establish a naval base in Hawaii for the protection of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry. The British Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Robert Crichton Wyllie]], remarked in 1840 that, "... my opinion is that the tide of events rushes on to annexation to the United States."
From the conclusion of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], to the purchase of [[Alaska]], to the increased importance of the Pacific states, the projected trade with countries in Asia and the desire for a duty-free market for Hawaiian staples, Hawaiian trade expanded. In 1865, the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast and Hawaii. {{USS|Lackawanna|1862|2}} in the following year was assigned to cruise among the islands, "a locality of great and increasing interest and importance
[[File:ISS021-E-15710 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.jpg|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Pearl Harbor from October 2009]]
After 1868, when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests, naval officers played an important role in internal affairs. They served as arbitrators in business disputes, negotiators of trade agreements and defenders of law and order. Periodic voyages among the islands and to the mainland aboard U.S. warships were arranged for members of the Hawaiian royal family and important island government officials. When King [[Lunalilo]] died in 1873, negotiations were underway for the cession of Pearl Harbor as a port for the duty-free export of sugar to the U.S.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} With the election of King [[Kalākaua]] in March 1874,
Although this treaty continued in force until August 1898, the U.S. did not fortify Pearl Harbor as a naval base. As it had for 60 years, the shallow entrance constituted a formidable barrier against the use of the deep protected waters of the inner harbor.
The United States and the [[Hawaiian Kingdom]] signed the [[Reciprocity Treaty of 1875]] as supplemented by Convention on December 6, 1884. This treaty was ratified
===Naval presence (1899–present)===
{{Main|Naval Station Pearl Harbor}}
[[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}}, during the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], December 7, 1941]]
Following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the [[United States Navy]] established a base on the island in 1899. On December 7, 1941, the base was [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked]] by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] airplanes and midget submarines, causing the American entry into [[World War II]]. There was no meaningful plan for the air defense of Hawaii, for American commanders thought the Japanese would attack either [[Wake Island]] or the [[Philippines]] and had no understanding of the capabilities and proper employment of air power. As it was, had the Pacific Fleet acted on the war warnings, it undoubtedly would have
Shortly after the devastating Japanese surprise attack at Pearl Harbor, two American military commanders, Lt. Gen. [[Walter Short]] and Adm. [[Husband E. Kimmel|Husband Kimmel]], were demoted of their full ranks. The two American commanders later sought to restore their reputations and full ranks.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Remember Pearl Harbor|journal=Christian Science Monitor|date=January 6, 1996|pages=2}}</ref>
====Post-World War II====
[[File:US Navy 040702-N-4304S-136 Warships from several nations sit pierside at Naval Station Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.jpg|thumb|left|Warships from various nations at Pearl Harbor for the 2004 [[RIMPAC]] exercises]]
Over the years, Pearl Harbor remained a main base for the [[US Pacific Fleet]] after World War II along with [[Naval Base San Diego]]. In 2010, the Navy and the Air Force merged their two nearby bases; Pearl Harbor joined with [[Hickam Field|Hickam Air Force Base]] to create [[Joint Base Pearl
In December 2016, [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Shinzo Abe]] made a joint visit to Pearl Harbor with US President [[Barack Obama]]. This trip marked the 75th anniversary of the attack and was the first official visit by a sitting Japanese leader.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/article/jobs-japanese-participant-remembers-pearl-harbor/|title=We did our jobs: Japanese participant remembers Pearl Harbor|last=Ito|first=Shingo|date=5 December 2016|website=atimes.com|access-date=7 December 2016|archive-date=November 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114223836/https://asiatimes.com/2016/12/jobs-japanese-participant-remembers-pearl-harbor/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Environmental contamination==
On October 14, 1992, the US [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] added the [[Pearl Harbor Naval Complex]] as a [[superfund]] to the so-called [[National Priorities List]].<ref name="epa">{{Cite web |date=2006-06-28 |title=EPA/ROD/R2006090001499 2006 EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Pearl Harbor Naval Complex |url=https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/188825.pdf |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=EPA |archive-date=June 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616032033/https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/188825.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
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==External links==
*[https://www.navsup.navy.mil/NAVSUP-Enterprise/NAVSUP-FLC-Pearl-Harbor/ Naval Supply Systems Command Fleet Logistics Center Pearl Harbor]
{{commons and category|Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor}}
{{Collier's
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=4902 British Pathé] Online archive of Pearl Harbor and related footage
* [http://www.history.com/topics/pearl-harbor Pearl Harbor] on The History Channel
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[[Category:Pearl Harbor| ]]
[[Category:Attack on Pearl Harbor|P]]
[[Category:Bays of Oahu]]
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