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Politics of France: Difference between revisions

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{{Shortshort description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Forfor|a history of how the current constitution was enacted|French Fifth Republic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox political system
| name = Politics of France
| native_name = Politique en France
| image = File:Armoiries république française.svg
| image_size = 100px
| caption = [[Diplomatic emblem of France|Emblem of the French Republic]]
| government = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi‑presidential]] constitutional republic
| constitution = [[Constitution of France|Fifth Republic Constitution]]
| formation =
| dissolution =
| website =
| legislature = [[Parliament of France|Parliament]]
| legislature_type = [[Bicameral]]
| legislature_place = [[Palace of Versailles]]
| upperhouse = [[Senate (France)|Senate]]
| upperhouse_speaker = [[Gérard Larcher]]
| upperhouse_speaker_title = [[List of Presidents of the Senate of France|President of the Senate]]
| upperhouse_appointer = [[Indirect election]]
| lowerhouse = [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]
| lowerhouse_speaker = [[Yaël Braun-Pivet]]
| lowerhouse_speaker_title = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France|President of the National Assembly]]
| lowerhouse_appointer = [[National Assembly (France)#Elections|Direct popular vote]] ([[Two-round system|two rounds if necessary]])
| title_hos = [[President of France|President of the Republic]]
| current_hos = [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| appointer_hos = [[Presidential elections in France|Direct popular vote]] ([[Two-round system|two rounds if necessary]])
| title_hog = [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]]
| current_hog = [[Michel Barnier]]
| appointer_hog = [[President of France|President of the Republic]]
| cabinet = [[Government of France]]
| current_cabinet = [[Barnier government]]
| cabinet_leader = Prime Minister
| cabinet_appointer = [[President of France|President of the Republic]]
| cabinet_hq = [[Hôtel Matignon]]
| cabinet_ministries = 19
| judiciary = [[Judiciary of France]]
| law = [[Law of France]]
}}
{{Politics of France}}
 
The '''politics of France''' take place withwithin the framework of a [[semi-presidential systems|semi-presidential system]] determined by the [[Constitution of France|French Constitution]] of the [[French Fifth Republic]]. The nation declares itself to be an "indivisible, [[laïcité|secular]], [[Democracy|democratic]], and social [[Republic]]".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nationale|first1=Assemblée|title=Welcome to the english website of the French National Assembly – Assemblée nationale|url=http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/langues/welcome-to-the-english-website-of-the-french-national-assembly|website=www2.assemblee-nationale.fr|access-date=13 April 2017|language=fr-FR}}</ref> The constitution provides for a [[separation of powers]] and proclaims France's "attachment to the [[Human rights|Rights of Man]] and the principles of [[National Sovereignty]] as defined by the [[Declaration of 1789]]".
 
The political system of [[France]] consists of an [[executive branch]], a [[legislative branch]], and a [[judicial branch]]. Executive power is exercised by the [[President of France|president of the republic]] and the [[Government of France|Government]]. The Government consists of the [[Prime Minister of France|prime minister]] and ministers. The prime minister is appointed by the president, and is responsible to Parliament. The [[Government of France|government]], including the prime minister, can be revoked by the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]], the lower house of Parliament, through a motion of no-confidence; this ensures that the prime minister is practically always supported by a majority in the lower house (which, on most topics, has prominence over the upper house).
 
Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the [[Senate (France)|Senate]]. It passes statutes and votes on the budget; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry. The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]], members of which are appointed by the president of the republic, the [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of France|president of the National Assembly]], and the [[List of presidents of the Senate of France|president of the Senate]]. Former presidents of the republicRepublic can also be members of the Council if they want towish (Valéry Giscard-d’Estaing d'Estaing and Jacques Chirac wereare the only former presidents thatto have participated intoin the councilCouncil's work).
 
The independent judiciary is based upon [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] system which evolved from the [[Napoleonic Code]]s. It is divided into the judicial branch (dealing with [[civil law (private law)|civil law]] and [[criminal law]]) and the administrative branch (dealing with appeals against executive decisions), each with their own independent supreme court of appeal: the [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]] for the judicial courts and the ''[[Conseil d'Etat (France)|Conseil d'Etat]]'' for the administrative courts.<ref>{{cite web|quote=France has a unique organisation of its courts and tribunals which are divided into two orders: the judiciary justice and the administrative justice|url=https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/1531-access-to-justice-2011-country-FR.pdf|page=1|title=France|work=Access to justice in Europe: an overview of challenges and opportunities|publisher=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights}}</ref> The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies.
 
While France is a [[unitary state]], its administrative subdivisions—[[Regions of France|regions]], [[Departments of France|departments]] and [[Communes of France|communes]]—have various legal functions, and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations. France was a founding member of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]], later the [[European Union]]. As such, France has transferred part of its [[sovereignty]] to European institutions, as provided by its constitution. The French government therefore has to abide by [[Treaties of the European Union|European treaties]], [[Directive (European Union)|directives]] and [[Regulation (European Union)|regulations]]. According to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] France was in 2023 the 10th most electoral democratic country in the world.<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>
 
==Constitution==
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==Executive==
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Emmanuel Macron March 2024 (4).jpg
| width1 = 166
| caption1 = [[Emmanuel Macron]],<br /><small>[[President of France|President]] since 2017</small>
| image2 = Brexit debate - Michel Barnier, EU Brexit negotiator (cropped).jpg
| width2 = 166
| caption2 = [[Michel Barnier]],<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] since 2024</small>
}}
 
France has a [[semi-presidential system]] of government, with both a [[President of France|president]] and a [[Prime Minister of France|prime minister]]. The prime minister is responsible to the [[French Parliament]]. A presidential candidate is required to obtain a nationwide majority of non-blank votes at either the first or second round of balloting, which implies that the [[President of France|president]] is somewhat supported by at least half of the voting population.
 
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The government holds weekly meetings (usually on Wednesday mornings): this weekly meeting, known as the [[Council of Ministers]], is chaired by the president and usually takes place at the [[Élysée Palace]]. The Council of Ministers is the executive's formal decision-making body since government bills need to be approved by the Council to be introduced in Parliament, some decrees are signed during the meeting (''decrees in Council of Ministers'') and some constitutional powers have to be approved by the Council beforehand to be invoked.
 
The current French prime minister is [[GabrielMichel AttalBarnier]] since 95 JanuarySeptember 2024.
 
===Statutory instruments and delegated legislation===
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{{Politics of Europe}}
{{France topics}}
 
{{Authority control}}