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[[Image:proa1.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Caroline Islands|Carolinian]] ''[[Wa (watercraft)|wa]]'' in [[Pohnpei]] with a single [[outrigger]] typical of Pacific proas]]
[[File:CanoeTacking.webm|thumb|right|Shunting maneuver on a Pacific [[single-outrigger]] proa]]
[[File:
[[File:Austronesian Sail Types.png|thumb|Traditional [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] generalized sail types.<ref name="Doran1981">{{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin B. |title=Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins |date=1981 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=9780890961070}}</ref>
<br>'''A''': Double sprit ([[Sri Lanka]])
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[[File:Sail plan proa.svg|thumb|[[Sail-plan]] of a proa.]]-->
'''Proas''' are various types of [[Multihull|multi-hull]] [[outrigger boat|outrigger]] [[sailboat]]s of the [[Austronesian peoples]]. The terms were used for native [[Austronesian ships]] in European records during the [[European colonisation of Southeast Asia|Colonial era]] indiscriminately, and thus can confusingly refer to the double-ended [[single-outrigger]] boats of [[Oceania]], the [[double-outrigger]] boats of [[Island Southeast Asia]], and sometimes ships with no outriggers or sails at all.
In its most common usage, the term ''proa'' refers to the Pacific proas which consist of two (usually) unequal-length parallel [[hull (watercraft)|hull]]s. It is sailed so that one hull is kept to [[Windward and leeward|windward]], and the other to [[Windward and leeward|leeward]]. It is double-ended, since it needs to "[[Shunting (sailing)|shunt]]" to reverse direction when [[Tacking (sailing)|tacking]]. It is most famously used for the ''[[sakman]]'' ships of the [[Chamorro people]] of the [[Northern Marianas]], which were known as the "flying proas" for their remarkable speed.<ref name="Folkard">{{cite book |last1=Folkard |first1=Henry Coleman |title=The Sailing Boat: a description of English and foreign boats |date=1853 |publisher=Hunt and Son |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B10BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3}}</ref>
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==History==
{{Main|Outrigger boat|Austronesian expansion}}
[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific
[[File:Succession of forms in the development of the Austronesian boat.png|left|thumb|Succession of forms in the development of the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] boat (Mahdi, 1999)<ref name="Mahdi1999"/>]]
[[Catamaran]]s and [[outrigger boat]]s were very early innovations of the [[Austronesian peoples]] and were the first true ocean-going ships capable of crossing vast distances of water. This enabled the [[Austronesian peoples]] to rapidly spread from [[Taiwan]] and colonize the islands of both the [[Pacific
Catamaran and outrigger technologies were introduced by Austronesian traders from Southeast Asia to the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]-speaking peoples of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southern India]] as early as 1000 to 600 BC. This is still evident in the terms for "boat" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] (''paṭavu'', ''paḍava'', and ''paḍahu'', respectively), which are all cognates of [[Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian]] *padaw. Early contact by Austronesians with [[Arab people|Arab]] sailors may have also influenced the development of the [[lateen sail]] in western ship traditions, derived from the more ancient Austronesian [[crab claw sail]].<ref name="Mahdi1999"/><ref name="Hourani">{{cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=George F. |title=Arab Seafaring: In the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times |date=1951 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=100–104}}</ref>
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==Historical descriptions of the proa==
[[File:Joangan, or the Spanish-built Joanga.jpg|thumb|An illustration of a
The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] were the first Europeans to encounter the double-outrigger Southeast Asian ships, initially with derivative vessels from the [[Malabar Coast]], which they called the ''parau''. They applied the same name to similar ships in their colonies in Southeast Asia. Similarly, the Dutch encountered them when they colonized the islands of [[Indonesia]], calling them ''prauw''. This was rendered as "praw" by the [[British Empire|British]], later evolving to "proa". In [[French colonial empire|French]] territories in the Pacific Islands, they were known by the more general term ''[[pirogue]]''. Although technically restricted to outrigger sailing vessels, European sources often applied the term indiscriminately to any native ships of Southeast Asia.<ref name="Folkard"/><ref name="blackburn">{{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Graham |title=The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Ships and Boats |date=2003 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781860648397 |page=262 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-h6i3GpMQUC}}</ref>
[[File:A Piratical Proa in Full Chase.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A "piratical proa in full chase" in ''The Pirates Own Book'' (1837) by Charles Elims. Note the [[tanja sail]] and the absence of outriggers.]]
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[[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vlerkprauw met gehesen zeil op het strand TMnr 20025613.jpg|thumb|right|A double-outrigger [[Indonesia]]n ''[[jukung]]'' (c. 1970) with a [[crab claw sail]]. These were known by the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] as ''vlerkprauw'' (literally "wing ''prauw''). It is one of the vessels known as "proas" in [[Island Southeast Asia]]]]
The accounts of Magellan's crew were the first to describe the [[Chamorro people|Chamorro]] proas as "flying
During his [[George Anson's voyage around the world|1740–1744 circumnavigation]], [[George Anson, 1st Baron Anson|Lord Anson]] applied the term proa to the double-ended Micronesian single-outrigger ships. His fleet captured one in 1742, and [[Peircy Brett|Lt. Peircy Brett]] of {{HMS|Centurion|1732|6}} made a detailed sketch of the proa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ixtapa-zihuatanejo.com/info/historia2da.htm |title=History: Drake and Anson |access-date=2007-10-26}}</ref> Rev. Richard Walter, chaplain of ''
These accounts fascinated both the British and American public, ushering in a period of interest in the design by [[Sailing (sport)|sports sailors]]. Working from the drawings and descriptions of explorers, western builders often took liberties with the traditional designs, merging their interpretation of native designs with Western boat building methods. Thus this Western "proa" often diverged radically from the traditional "proa" to the point that the only shared feature was the windward/leeward hull arrangement.<ref name="charnock">{{cite book |last1=Charnock |first1=John |title=An History of Marine Architecture |date=1802 |publisher=R. Faulder |location=London |pages=313–316}}</ref>
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==Early Western proas==
{{
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, many in Europe and America became interested in the proa. Western boat builders such as [[Ralph Munroe|R. M. Munroe]] and Robert Barnwell Roosevelt ([[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s uncle) reflected its influence. Into the 20th century, the proa was one of the fastest sailing craft that existed. The proa design is still the basis<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/aerohydro/othercraftframeset.htm |title=Mr Smith's Amazing Sailboats |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028020313/http://www.geocities.com/aerohydro/othercraftframeset.htm |archive-date=28 October 2009}}</ref> for many boats involved in [[speed sailing]].
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===Royal Mersey Yacht Club===
In 1860 a member of the [[Royal Mersey Yacht Club]] in [[England]] built a copy of a Micronesian proa. He used the traditional asymmetric hull, flat on the lee side, and a decked dugout ama (outrigger). While no quantitative record was made of its speed, it was noted that the proa would run at speeds that would bury the bows of any other vessel. It carried three times the ratio of sail area to immersed midships section than the fastest yachts in the club and yet drew only {{convert|15|in|cm}}.<ref name=Folkard />
===Munroe's 1898 proa===
[[Image:Munroe 1898 proa.jpg|thumb|right|R. M. Munroe's 1898 proa]]
Since Munroe had no direct experience with proas, all he had to work with was the widely distributed and incorrect plan drawing from about 1742, made during Admiral Lord Anson's circumnavigation of the globe. This drawing had been circulated in the press, for example in William Alden's articles in ''Harper's Magazine''. (These were reprinted in a small book called ''The Canoe and the Flying Proa''.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp10413|title=The Canoe, and The Flying Proa: or, Cheap Cruising and Safe Sailing, by W. L. Alden – The Online Books Page|website=onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu}}</ref> This proa was one of several either captured or seen under sail when Anson stopped at [[Tinian]] during a Pacific crossing. Brett, the draughtsman of the plan, is thought by some to have misinterpreted one key element, showing the mast fixed vertically in the center of the boat. This view as based on the fact that other Micronesian proa masts were raked end-to-end as the vessel shunted and the fact that a raked mast shifts the center of effort of the sail which would influence helm balance. However, Brett's placing of the mast in a vertical position has found to be accurate when replicas of the "Anson" proa were built and sailed by the Marinas-based organization 500 Sails that found that in many points of sail under many conditions the proa sailed well with the mast in a vertical position.<ref>500 Sails Executive Director and Chamorro Proa Builder Pete Perez</ref> 500 Sails also found that the mast could be raked to advantage in many situations and noted that the mast step depicted in the "Anson" drawing could be interpreted as depicting a rotational point rather than a rigid mast step that would not allow raking. 500 Sails canoes employ rotational mast steps that allow mast raking.
Munroe, however, was a talented boat designer who was able to work around any problems with the drawings. His adaptations can be seen in successive proas. Rather than the deep, asymmetric hull of a traditional proa, Munroe created flat-bottomed hulls (similar to the ''fisolera'' referred to by Pigafetta),<ref name=pigafetta/> with keels or centerboards for lateral resistance. His first iteration had an iron center fin with a half-oval profile. Rather than the traditional crab-claw sail's spars which meet at the front, Munroe's sails used what could be described as a triangular [[lug sail]] or [[spritsail]] with a boom, similar to the modern [[lateen]] sail with a shorter upper spar.
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===Roosevelt's Mary & Lamb===
[[Robert Barnwell Roosevelt]], uncle of [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]], also built a proa at about the same time. He used it sailing from [[Long Island]]. It was significantly different but equally creative, and at {{convert|50|ft|m}}, much longer. From his 1898 article in ''The Rudder'', it appeared the main hull of Roosevelt's proa was an open {{convert|4|ft|m|adj=on}} wide [[scow]] hull; the ama was a smaller, fully decked scow which looked like it could rock on a single aka (supporting beam). The mast was a bipod arrangement with both masts stepped to windward, with a boomed, balanced lugsail suspended from the apex. A balanced rudder at each end managed itself by pivoting 180° when its end was the "bow", and leeboards were used.
Roosevelt's short article is accompanied by photographs showing his proa ''Mary & Lamb'', at rest and under sail. It is not clear if the boat predated Munroe's 1898 proa.
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The terms ama and aka have been adopted for the modern [[trimaran]]. Since trimarans are generally designed to sail with one ama out of the water, they are similar to an Atlantic proa, with the buoyant leeward ama providing the bulk of the stability for the long, relatively thin main hull. Some modern proa designers have borrowed trimaran design elements for use in proas. Trimarans often have main hulls that are very narrow at the waterline, and flare out and extend over a significant portion of the akas. This topheavy design is only practical in a multihull, and it has been adapted by some proa designers. Notable examples are the designs of Russell Brown, a boat-fittings maker who designed and built his first proa, ''Jzero'', in the mid-1970s. He has created a number of proa designs, all of which follow the same theme.
One of the design elements which Brown used, and a number of other designers have copied, is the ''lee pod''. The akas extend past the main hull and out to the lee side, and provide support for a cabin extending to the lee of the main hull. This is similar to the platform extending to the lee on some Micronesian proas. The lee pod serves two purposes—it can be used for bunk space or storage, and it provides additional buoyancy on the lee side to prevent a capsize should the boat heel too far. Crew can also be moved onto the lee pod to provide additional heeling force in light winds, allowing the ama to lift under circumstances when it would not otherwise. The ''Jzero'' also used water ballast in the ama to allow the righting moment to be significantly increased if needed. While Brown's proa was designed to be a cruising yacht, not a speed-sailing boat, the newer {{convert|36|ft|m|adj=on}} ''
===Sail rigs===
One of the issues Western designers have with the proa is the need to manipulate the sail when shunting. Even Munroe's early sails discarded the curved yards of the traditional crabclaw for the more familiar straight yards of the lateen and lug sails. Munroe's designs likely lacked the tilting mast because he was unaware of it, but many designers since have
One of the more practical rigs for small proas was invented by [[Euell Gibbons]] around 1950 for a small, single handed proa. This rig was a loose footed lateen sail hung from a centered mast. The sail was symmetric across the yard, and to shunt, what was previously the top end of the yard was lowered and became the bottom end, reversing the direction of the sail. Proa enthusiast [[Gary Dierking]] modified this design further, using a curved yard and a boom perpendicular to the yard. This allows a greater control of the sail shape than the traditional Gibbons rig, while retaining the simple shunting method, and is often referred to as the [[Gibbons/Dierking rig]].
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===Variations on the theme===
[[Image:Yellow pages endeavour layout.png|thumb|right|upright|The layout of the record-making [[Yellow Pages Endeavour]]. Commonly described as a trimaran, due to the three hulls, its layout is that of a unidirectional proa, as the trailing lee hull follows in the leading hull's wake.]]
In a non-traditional variant, first seen among Western yacht racers, the "Atlantic proa" has an ama which is always to the lee side to provide buoyancy for stability, rather than ballast as in a traditional proa. Because the Atlantic ama is at least as long as the main hull, to reduce wave drag, this style can also be thought of as an asymmetric catamaran that shunts rather than tacking. The first Atlantic proa was the ''[[:fr:Cheers (prao)#Histoire|Cheers]]'', designed in 1968 by boat designer [[Dick Newick]] for the 1968 [[Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race#The OSTAR.2C 1968|OSTAR]] solo transatlantic race, in which it placed third. Newkirk's designs are primarily trimarans, and the Atlantic proa's buoyant outrigger follows naturally from a conversion of a trimaran from a tacking to a shunting vessel.
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In March 2009, two new sailing speed records were set by vehicles based on the proa concept, one on land, and one on the water.
On March 26, 2009, [[Simon McKeon]] and Tim Daddo set a new C-class speed sailing record of {{convert|50.08|kn|km/h}} over 500 meters in the ''Macquarie Innovation'', successor to their previous record holding ''[[Yellow Pages Endeavour]]'', with a peak speed of {{convert|54|kn|km/h}}. The record was set in winds of 22 to {{convert|24|kn|km/h}}, and came close to taking the absolute speed record on water, currently held by ''[[
On March 27, 2009, Richard Jenkins set a world wind-powered speed record, on land, of 126.1 miles per hour (202.9 km/h) in the Ecotricity ''[[Greenbird]]''. This broke the previous record by 10 miles
==See also==
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* {{cite book |author1=Haddon, A. C. |author2=Hornell, James |name-list-style=amp | title=Canoes of Oceania | publisher=Bishop Museum Press | location=Honolulu, Hawaii | year=1997 | isbn=0-910240-19-1}}
* {{cite book | author=Munroe, Ralph Middleton |author2=Gilpin, Vincent | author-link=Ralph Munroe | title=The Commodore's Story | location= (New York) | year=1930 | publisher=Ives Washburn | pages=279–282 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Manfred Meier |author2=Othmar Karschulin |name-list-style=amp | title=The proa - The outrigger boat from past to present | publisher=Amazon | location=Germany | year=2024 | isbn=978-3-00-076976-4}}
==External links==
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*[http://wikiproa.pbwiki.com/ wikiproa] a wiki dedicated to proas. Mostly home build smaller designs.
*A collection of [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320011344/http://www.wingo.com/proa/links.html links to Proa-related websites] from PacificProa.com
*The University of Guam's Traditional Seafaring Society Webpage [http://www.traditionalseafarers.com Micronesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914095716/http://www.traditionalseafarers.com/ |date=2007-09-14 }}.
*[http://tobi.gmu.edu/tobithings/canoes/canoesmicronesia.pdf Canoes in Micronesia] by Marvin Montvel-Cohen; Micronesian working papers number 2, University of Guam Gallery of Art, David Robinson, Director, April 1970
*[http://www.multihull.de/proa/history/p_history.htm Big collection of photos of ancient proas]
*[https://archive.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051220003534/http://www.pacificislands.cc/pm52001/pmdefault.php?urlarticleid=0013 Canoe Craze In Marshall Islands], Pacific Magazine, By [[Giff Johnson]]. Shows modern kor-kor racers in traditional boats with [[polytarp]] sails
*[https://www.mit.edu/people/robot/mh/riwuit/index.html Riwuit] pictures, and [https://www.mit.edu/people/robot/mh/kabua/index.html detailed plans] on building and tuning a riwuit
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120304050135/http://www.worldofboats.org/boats/view/ra_marama_ii/1/proa World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Ra Marama II, Fijian Proa]
*[http://www.clcboats.com/boats/pacificproa.php Mbuli] – A Pacific Proa
*[http://www.multihull.de/proa/p5/p5gb.htm P5] – a 5 m multichine proa by Othmar Karschulin
*[http://www.multihull.de/proa/p8/p8.htm P8 - Kalapuna] – an 8 m proa with crabclaw sail by Othmar Karschulin
*[http://www.harryproa.com Harryproa website], detailing history and current developments of the Harry type proas
*[http://www.dcss.org/speedsl/sheerspeed.html Dave Culp's] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501181806/http://www.dcss.org/speedsl/sheerspeed.html |date=2006-05-01 }} untested unidirectional, single foil proa
*[http://www.dcss.org/speedsl/crossbow.html Slingshot and Crossbow I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501181742/http://www.dcss.org/speedsl/crossbow.html |date=2006-05-01 }} shunting ama trimaran/proas
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207062148/http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/garyd/t2.html Gary Dierking's T2] proa design, showing the Gibbons/Dierking rig
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060712215529/http://wingo.com/newick/cheers.html Cheers], the first Atlantic proa
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4FADWXmuHk Video of Toroa] Micronesian style proa, designed and built by Michael Toy and Harmen Hielkema
*[http://www.duckworksbbs.com/plans/jim/gizmo/index.htm ''Gizmo''], an "experimental" minimalist proa by designer [https://web.archive.org/web/20070217164516/http://homepages.apci.net/~michalak/ Jim Michalak]
*[http://www.mareinoa.de Mareinoa], a 12m cruising proa designed by Othmar Karschulin and built 2013 in Germany and sailed in the Baltic Sea]
*[http://www.clcboats.com/shop/boats/new/newboats/madness-31-foot-pacific-proa.html Madness] – a {{convert|31|ft|m|adj=on}} Proa designed by John Harris
{{Austronesian ships}}
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Multihulls]]
[[Category:Boats of Indonesia]]
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[[Category:Outrigger canoes]]
[[Category:Indigenous boats]]
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