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{{short description|Method to assess several psychological aspects of an individual}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
'''Psychological evaluation''' is a method to assess an individual's behavior, personality, cognitive abilities, and several other domains.{{efn|The phrases "psychological evaluation" and "psychological assessment" seem to be used interchangeably. For example, the American Psychological Association (APA) Dictionary does not define "psychological evaluation", but it defines "psychological assessment" as "the gathering and integration of data to ''evaluate'' a person’s behavior, abilities, and other characteristics, particularly for the purposes of making a diagnosis or treatment recommendation" (emphasis added).<ref>{{Cite web |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=dictionary.apa.org |language=en}}</ref> An article on the APA website titled, "Understanding psychological testing and assessment", explains: "Psychological evaluations serve the same purpose [as medical tests]. Psychologists use tests and other ''assessment'' tools to measure and observe a patient’s behavior to arrive at a diagnosis and guide treatment" (emphasis added).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/testing-assessment-measurement/understanding |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.apa.org |title=Understanding psychological testing and assessment}}</ref>}}<ref>Framingham, J. (2011). What is Psychological Assessment?. Psych Central. Retrieved on 11 November 2013, from http://psychcentral.com/lib/what-is-psychological-assessment/0005890</ref> A common reason for a psychological evaluation is to identify psychological factors that may be inhibiting ''a person's ability to think, behave, or regulate emotion functionally or constructively.'' It is the [[mind|mental]] equivalent of [[physical examination]]. Other psychological evaluations seek to better understand the individual's unique characteristics or personality to predict things like [[Employment testing|workplace performance]] or [[customer relationship management]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Individual differences and personality|last=Ashton|first=Michael C.|date=2013|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780124160095|edition= 2nd |location=Amsterdam|oclc=835227535}}</ref>
==History==
Modern ''
=== Ancient psychological evaluation ===
Earliest accounts of evaluation are seen as far back as 2200 B.C. when Chinese emperors were assessed to determine their fitness for office. These rudimentary tests were developed over time until 1370 A.D. when an understanding of classical [[Confucianism]] was introduced as a testing mechanism. As a preliminary evaluation for anyone seeking public office, candidates were required to spend one day and one night in a small space composing essays and writing poetry over assigned topics. Only the top 1% to 7% were selected for higher evaluations, which required three separate session of three days and three nights performing the same tasks. This process continued for one more round until a final group emerged, comprising less than 1% of the original group, became eligible for public office. The Chinese failure to validate their selection procedures, along with widespread discontent over such grueling processes, resulted in the eventual abolishment of the practice by royal decree.<ref name="Gregory2010" />
===
In the 1800s, [[Hubert von Grashey]] developed a battery to determine the abilities of brain-damaged patients. This test was also not favorable, as it took over 100 hours to administer. However, this influenced [[Wilhelm Wundt]], who had the first psychological laboratory in Germany. His tests were shorter, but used similar techniques. Wundt also measured mental processes and acknowledged the fact that there are individual differences between people.
Francis Galton established the first tests in London for measuring [[IQ]]. He tested thousands of people, examining their physical characteristics as a basis for his results and many of the records remain today.<ref name=Gregory2010/> [[James Cattell]] studied with him, and eventually worked on his own with brass instruments for evaluation. His studies led to his paper "Mental Tests and Measurements"
As the 1900s began, [[Alfred Binet]] was also studying evaluation. However, he was more interested in distinguishing children with special needs from their peers after he could not prove in his other research that magnets could cure [[hysteria]]. He did his research in France, with the help of [[Theodore Simon]]. They created a list of questions that were used to determine if children would receive regular instruction, or would participate in special education programs. Their battery was continually revised and developed, until 1911 when the ''Binet-Simon questionnaire'' was finalized for different age levels.
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Within a medical setting, psychological assessment is used to find a possible underlying psychological disorder, emotional factors that may be associated with medical complaints, assessment for neuropsychological deficit, psychological treatment for chronic pain, and the treatment of [[chemical dependency]]. There has been greater importance placed on the patient's neuropsychological status as neuropsychologists are becoming more concerned with the functioning of the brain.<ref name=Groth-Marnat2003/>
Psychological assessment also has a role in the legal setting. Psychologists might be asked to assess the reliability of a witness, the quality of the testimony a witness gives, the competency of an accused person, or determine what might have happened during a crime. They also may help support a plea of insanity or to discount a plea. Judges may use the psychologist's report to change the sentence of a convicted person, and parole officers work with psychologists to create a program for the rehabilitation of a parolee. Problematic areas for psychologists include predicting how dangerous a person will be.
Psychologists may also be called on to assess a variety of things within an education setting. They may be asked to assess strengths and weaknesses of children who are having difficulty in the school systems, assess behavioral difficulties, assess a child's responsiveness to an intervention, or to help create an educational plan for a child. The assessment of children also allows for the psychologists to determine if the child will be willing to use the resources that may be provided.<ref name=Groth-Marnat2003/>
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== Personality Assessment ==
[[Trait theory|Personality traits]] are an individual's enduring manner of perceiving, feeling, evaluating, reacting, and interacting with other people specifically, and with their environment more generally.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McCrae|first1=Robert R.|last2=Costa|first2=Paul T.|date=1997|title=Personality trait structure as a human universal.|journal=American Psychologist|language=en|volume=52|issue=5|pages=509–516|doi=10.1037/0003-066x.52.5.509|pmid=9145021|s2cid=19598824 |issn=1935-990X|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231466}}</ref><ref name="worldcat.org">{{Cite book|title=Individual Differences and Personality|last=Ashton|first=Michael C.|isbn=9780128098455|edition= 3rd|oclc=987583452|date = 2017-06-13|publisher=Elsevier Science }}</ref> Because reliable and valid personality inventories give a relatively accurate representation of a person's characteristics, they are beneficial in the clinical setting as supplementary material to standard initial assessment procedures such as a clinical interview; review of collateral information, e.g., reports from family members; and review of psychological and medical treatment records.
{{Main|Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory}}
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==== History ====
Developed by Starke R. Hathaway, PhD, and J. C. McKinley, MD, The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ([[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory|MMPI]]) is a personality inventory used to investigate not only personality, but also psychopathology.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://psychcentral.com/lib/minnesota-multiphasic-personality-inventory-mmpi/|title=Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) {{!}} Psych Central|last=Framingham|first=Jane|date=2016-05-17|work=Psych Central|access-date=2018-03-12|language=en-US}}</ref> The MMPI was developed using an empirical, atheoretical approach. This means that it was not developed using any of the frequently changing theories about psychodynamics at the time. There are two variations of the MMPI administered to adults, the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF, and two variations administered to teenagers, the MMPI-A and MMPI-A-RF. This inventory's validity has been confirmed by Hiller, Rosenthal, Bornstein, and Berry in their 1999 meta-analysis. Throughout history the MMPI in its various forms has been routinely administered in hospitals, clinical settings, prisons, and military settings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/bibliography/mmpi-history|title=MMPI History — University of Minnesota Press|website=www.upress.umn.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>{{primary
==== MMPI-2 ====
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|Emotionality
|Fearfulness, anxiety, depenence, sentimentality
|Emotional, oversensitive,
|-
|Extraversion
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|}
One benefit of using the HEXACO is that of the facet of neuroticism within the factor of emotionality: trait neuroticism has been shown to have a moderate positive correlation with people with anxiety and depression. The identification of trait neuroticism on a scale, paired with anxiety, and/or depression is beneficial in a clinical setting for introductory screenings some personality disorders. Because the HEXACO has facets which help identify traits of neuroticism, it is also a helpful indicator of the dark triad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Joshua D.|last2=Lynam|first2=Donald R.|date=2015-03-01|title=Using Self- and Informant Reports in the Assessment of Personality Pathology in Clinical Settings—An Easy and Effective 1–2 Combination|journal=Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=20–24|doi=10.1111/cpsp.12090|issn=1468-2850}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eprints.skums.ac.ir/3943/|title=The efficacy of emotionality factor of HEXACO-PI-R on screening of depressive and anxiety disorder (mixed) in university students|last1=H.|first1=Palahang|last2=M.|first2=Nikfarjam|date=2011|website=eprints.skums.ac.ir|language=en|access-date=2018-03-16|last3=A.|first3=Salahian}}</ref>
==Temperament Assessment==
In contrast to personality, i.e. the concept that relates to culturally- and socially-influenced behaviour and cognition, the concept of temperament' refers to biologically and neurochemically-based individual differences in behaviour. Unlike personality, temperament is relatively independent of learning, system of values, national, religious and gender identity and attitudes. There are multiple tests for evaluation of temperament traits (reviewed, for example, in,<ref name=FET>{{cite book|year=2016|last1=Trofimova|first1=IN|chapter=The interlocking between functional aspects of activities and a neurochemical model of adult temperament |editor=Arnold, M.C. |title=Temperaments: Individual Differences, Social and Environmental Influences and Impact on Quality of Life |location=New York |publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers]]|pages=77–147}}</ref> majority of which were developed arbitrarily from opinions of early psychologists and psychiatrists but not from biological sciences.
There are only two temperament tests that were based on neurochemical hypotheses: The [[Temperament and Character Inventory]] (TCI) and the Trofimova’s [[Structure of Temperament Questionnaire]]-Compact (STQ-77).<ref name=Tro&Rusal>{{cite book | year=2007|last1=Rusalov|first1=VM |last2= Trofimova | first2=IN|title=Structure of Temperament and Its Measurement. Toronto, Canada: Psychological Services Press.}}</ref> The STQ-77 is based on the neurochemical framework [[Functional Ensemble of Temperament]] that summarizes the contribution of main neurochemical (neurotransmitter, hormonal and opioid) systems to behavioural regulation.<ref name=FET/><ref name=TroRob>{{cite journal|year=2016| last1=Trofimova|first1=IN|last2=Robbins|first2=TW|title=Temperament and arousal systems: a new synthesis of differential psychology and functional neurochemistry|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=64|pages=382–402| doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.008|hdl=11375/26202|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Tro2018>{{cite journal|year=2018|last1=Trofimova|first1=IN|title=Functionality vs dimensionality in psychological taxonomies, and a puzzle of emotional valence |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume=373|issue=1744|pages=20170167|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0167|pmc=5832691}}</ref> The STQ-77 assesses 12 temperament traits linked to the neurochemical components of the FET. The STQ-77 is freely available for non-commercial use in 24 languages for testing in adults and several language versions for testing children <ref>{{Cite web |title=Structure of Temperament Questionnaire forms|url= https://dictionary.apa.org/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=dictionary.apa.org|language=en}}</ref>
==Pseudopsychology (pop psychology) in assessment==
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==See also==
* Corresponding evaluations in related fields
** [[Neuropsychological assessment]]
** [[Neurological examination]] in [[neurology]]
** [[Mental state examination]] in [[psychiatry]]
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