Editing Roland Hayes

{{short description|African American lyric tenor and composer}}
{{Infobox person                                     
| name        = Roland Hayes
| image       = Roland Hayes by Van Vechten.jpg
| caption     = Hayes in 1954, photo by [[Carl Van Vechten]]
| birth_name  = Roland Wiltse Hayes
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1887|6|3}} 
| birth_place = [[Curryville, Georgia]], U.S.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Horne|first1=Gerald|last2=Young|first2=Mary|title=W.E.B. Du Bois: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dTVrpkls-UC&pg=PA100|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29665-9|page=100}}</ref>
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1977|1|1|1887|6|3}} 
| death_place = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
| occupation  = Musician, singer
| spouse      = Helen Alzada Mann (1893-1988) (1932)
| awards      = [[Spingarn Medal]] <small>(1924)</small>
| website     =
| footnotes   = 
}}

'''Roland Wiltse Hayes''' (June 3, 1887 &ndash; January 1, 1977) was an American lyric tenor and composer. Critics lauded his abilities and linguistic skills demonstrated with songs in [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], and [[Italian language|Italian]]. Hayes’ predecessors as well-known [[African-American]] concert artists, including [[Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones|Sissieretta Jones]] and [[Marie Selika Williams|Marie Selika]], were not recorded. Along with [[Marian Anderson]] and [[Paul Robeson]], Hayes was one of the first to break this barrier in the classical repertoire when he recorded with [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] in 1939.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Review of The Art of|jstor = 3051692|journal = American Music|date =January 1, 1991|pages = 427–430|volume = 9|issue = 4|doi = 10.2307/3051692|first = Rosalyn|last = Story}}</ref>

==Early years and family==
Hayes was born in [[Curryville, Georgia]], on June 3, 1887, to William Hayes (died ca. 1898) and wife Fannie (or Fanny, née Mann; ca. 1848 – aft. 1920),<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wargs.com/noble/bogdanov.html|title = Ancestry of Igor and Grichka Bogdanov}}</ref><ref>Christopher A. Brooks, [http://iupress.typepad.com/blog/2015/02/the-unique-bond-between-roland-hayes-and-his-mother.html "The unique bond between Roland Hayes and his mother"], [[Indiana University Press]] blog, February 13, 2015.</ref> tenant farmers on the plantation where his mother had once been a slave; the Hayes farm appears to be on one of the tracts of land given by a plantation owner named Culpepper to some black people who worked for them. Roland's father, who was his first music teacher, often took him hunting and taught him to appreciate the musical sounds of nature. 

When Hayes was 11, his father died, and his mother moved the family to [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]. William Hayes claimed to have some [[Cherokee]] ancestry, while his maternal great-grandfather, Aba Ougi (renamed as Charles Mann) was a [[Chieftain]] from the [[History of Ivory Coast#Trade with Europe and the Americas|Ivory Coast]]. Aba Ougi was captured and shipped to the United States of America in 1790.<ref>The University of North Carolina library extension publication, Vols 10–11 (1944), p. 25.</ref>  

Mt. Zion Baptist Church in Curryville (founded by Roland's mother<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bso.org/media/15174/WhoIsRolandHayeswResKit.pdf|title="Who is Roland Hayes?"}}</ref>) is where Roland first heard the music he would cherish forever, [[Negro spiritual]]s. It was Roland's job to learn new spirituals from the elders and teach them to the congregation. A quote of him talking about beginning his career with a pianist: 
<blockquote>I happened upon a new method for making iron sash-weights," he said, "and that got me a little raise in pay and a little free time. At that time I had never heard any real music, although I had had some lessons in rhetoric from a backwoods teacher in Georgia. But one day a pianist came to our church in Chattanooga, and I, as a choir member, was asked to sing a solo with him. The pianist liked my voice, and he took me in hand and introduced me to phonograph records by [[Enrico Caruso|Caruso]]. That opened the heavens for me. The beauty of what could be done with the voice just overwhelmed me.<ref name="afrovoices.com">{{Cite web|title = AFROCENTRIC VOICES: Roland Hayes Biography|url = http://www.afrovoices.com/rhayes.html|website=afrovoices.com|access-date = 2016-02-24}}</ref></blockquote>

Hayes trained with Arthur Calhoun, an organist and choir director, in Chattanooga. Roland began studying music at [[Fisk University]] in Nashville in 1905 although he had only a 6th-grade education. Hayes's mother thought he was wasting money because she believed that [[African Americans]] could not make a living from singing. As a student he began publicly performing, touring with the [[Fisk Jubilee Singers]] in 1911.{{cn|date=November 2022}} He furthered his studies in [[Boston]] with Arthur Hubbard, who agreed to give him lessons only if Hayes came to his house instead of his studio. He did not want Roland to embarrass him by appearing at his studio with his white students. During his period studying with Hubbard, he worked as a messenger for the Hancock Life Insurance Company to support himself.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==Early career==
[[File:Maud Cuney Hare-Roland Hayes 356.jpg|thumb|left|Roland Hayes]]
In January 1915 Hayes premiered in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]] in concerts presented by orchestra leader [[Walter F. Craig]].<ref>Brooks 2015, p. 36.</ref> Hayes performed his own [[musical arrangement]]s in [[recital]]s from 1916 to 1919, touring from coast to coast. For his first recital he was unable to find a sponsor so he used 200 dollars of his own money to rent [[Jordan Hall (Boston)|Jordan Hall]] for his classical recital. To earn money he went on a tour of black churches and colleges in the South. In 1917 he announced his second concert, which would be held in [[Symphony Hall, Boston|Boston's Symphony Hall]]. On November 15, 1917, every seat in the hall was sold and Hayes's concert was a success both musically and financially, but the [[music industry]] was still not considering him a top classical performer.<ref>Tim Brooks, Richard Keith Spottswood, ''Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890–1919'', University of Illinois Press, 2004.</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2013}} He sang at Walter Craig's Pre-Lenten Recitals<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = McFarland| isbn = 9780786414673| last = Nettles| first = Darryl Glenn| title = African American Concert Singers Before 1950| date =March 1, 2003 | page = 29}}</ref> and several [[Carnegie Hall]] concerts. He performed with the [[Philadelphia Concert Orchestra]], and at the Atlanta Colored Music Festivals and at the Washington Conservatory<!--Is that the National Conservatory of Music of America?--> concerts. In 1917, he toured with the Hayes Trio, which he formed with baritone William Richardson (singer) and pianist William Lawrence (pianist).

In April 1920, Hayes traveled to Europe. He began lessons with [[Sir George Henschel]], who was the first conductor of the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], and gave his first recital in London's [[Aeolian Hall, London|Aeolian Hall]] in May 1920 with pianist Lawrence Brown as his accompanist. By at least June 1921 he was being invited to sing at private house parties; the poet [[Siegfried Sassoon]] heard him while staying with the wealthy music-lover [[Frank Schuster (music patron)|Frank Schuster]] at Bray-on-Thames.<ref>Hart-Davis, Rupert, ed. ''Siegfried Sassoon Diaries, 1920-1922'', Faber and Faber, London, 1981, p.69:"Have written one poem, 'A Negro Singer' - Roland Hayes, who came down last Sunday and sang Fauré's 'Apres un Rêve' beautifully, and some spirituals, [[Adrian Boult]] at the piano."
</ref> Soon Hayes was singing in capital cities across Europe and was quite famous. Almost a year after his arrival in Europe, Hayes had a concert at London's [[Wigmore Hall]]. The next day, he received a summons from [[George V|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] to give a command performance at [[Buckingham Palace]]. He returned to the United States of America in 1923. He made his official debut on November 16, 1923, in Boston's Symphony Hall singing [[Berlioz]], [[Mozart]], and spirituals, conducted by [[Pierre Monteux]], which received critical acclaim. He was the first African-American soloist to appear with the Boston Symphony Orchestra.<ref>Canarina, John (2003). ''Pierre Monteux, Maître''. Pompton Plains, New Jersey: Amadeus Press, p. 71.</ref> He was awarded the [[Spingarn Medal]] in 1924.

==Late career==
Hayes finally secured professional management with the Boston Symphony Orchestra Concert Company. He was reportedly making $100,000 a year at this point in his career. In Boston he also worked as a voice teacher. One of his pupils was the Canadian soprano [[Frances James (soprano)|Frances James]]. He published [[Sheet music|musical score]]s for a collection of spirituals in 1948 as ''My Songs: Aframerican Religious Folk Songs Arranged and Interpreted''.

In 1925, Hayes had an affair with a married [[Czechs|Czech]] aristocrat, Bertha Henriette Katharina Nadine, Gräfin von [[Colloredo-Mansfeld]] (June 21, 1890 in [[Týnec (Klatovy District)|Týnec]] – January 29, 1982 in [[Auch]]), which resulted in a pregnancy.<ref name=kolowrat>Brooks, Christopher A. 2015, pp. 358, 361–362, 366–367, 379.</ref> Bertha had been married in Vienna since 10 August 1909 to a member of a German [[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire#Imperial state|princely family]], Hieronymus von Colloredo (November 3, 1870 in [[Dobříš]] – August 29, 1942 in Prague), who was 20 years her senior. He refused to allow the expected child to bear his name or to be raised along with the couple's four older children, quietly managing to obtain a divorce in Prague on 8 January 1926, while Bertha left their home in [[Zbiroh]], [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]], to bear Hayes's child in Basel, Switzerland. Hayes offered to adopt the child, while the countess sought to resume the couple's relationship, while concealing it, until the late 1920s.<ref name=kolowrat/> Their daughter, Maya Kolowrat, would marry Russian ''[[émigré]]'' farm-worker, later painter, Yuri Mikhailovich Bogdanoff (January 28, 1928 in [[Leningrad]] – 2012). Maya later gave birth in [[Saint-Lary, Gers]], to twins [[Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff]] in 1949, who later attributed their early interest in the sciences to their unhampered childhood access to their maternal grandmother's castle library.<ref name="auto"/>

After the 1930s, Hayes stopped touring in Europe because the change in politics and the rise of the Nazi Party made it unfavourable to African Americans.<ref name="afrovoices.com"/>

In 1932, while in [[Los Angeles]], for a [[Hollywood Bowl]] performance, he married Helen Alzada Mann (1893–1988). The new Mrs. Hayes was born in Chattanooga and graduated from what is now [[Tennessee State University]]. One year later they had a daughter, Afrika Hayes.<ref>[http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_91-96/942_afrika_hayes.html "Afrika Hayes Interview: Growing Up With Roland Hayes"], Schiller Institute. Reprinted from the Summer 1994 issue of ''FIDELIO Magazine''.</ref> The family moved into a home in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]].  In 1943 he sang several times in Britain to entertain troops, and appeared at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] on 29 September as the soloist before a 200-member choir of all Black soldiers, and all from USAAF Engineer Aviation Battalions.  After the concert he dined at the London residence of Lt. Gen. [[John C. H. Lee]], Commanding General of all logistics forces in the [[European Theater of Operations]], who routinely received visiting political, manufacturing, and show business figures in the Theater.
[[File:Roland Hayes - National Portrait Gallery.jpg|thumb|Hayes in 1962]]
Hayes did not perform very much from the 1940s to the 1970s, but continued yearly concerts at Carnegie Hall in New York and performances at Fisk and other colleges. In 1966, he was awarded the degree of [[Honorary Doctorate]] of Music from The [[Hartt School of Music]], [[University of Hartford]]. Hayes continued to perform until the age of 85, when he gave his last concert at the [[Longy School of Music]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]. He was able to purchase the land in Georgia on which he had grown up as a child.<ref>Chris Hillyard, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170307045623/http://georgiashpo.org/sites/uploads/hpd/pdf/Reflections/Reflections%20February%202017_Final.pdf "Gordon County’s Gift To The World: Remembering Roland Hayes"]}}, ''Reflections'' (Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network), Vol. XIII, No. 4, February/March 2017, p. 3. Originally published in ''Calhoun Magazine'', Jan/Feb 2017.</ref>

He died on January 1, 1977, five years after his final concert.

==Racial reaction==
Hayes, before departing from Prague for Berlin in 1924, was warned by American Consul General not to go to [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] until the [[Occupation of the Rhineland|occupying armies]] had been withdrawn, as [[Germans]] had bitter feelings over being occupied by armies with black troops. An open letter to the American Ambassador was published in a Berlin newspaper, calling "for the prevention of a certain calamity: namely, the concert of an American Negro who has come to Berlin to defile the name of the German poets and composers". despite this protest, Hayes wrote, "I refused to believe ... that they would hold me, a private Negro citizen of the United States, responsible for the presence of French-speaking Africans". Hayes booked his recital at [[Konzerthaus Berlin]] with no difficulties. Germans were still unhappy about his appearance in Berlin, and when he appeared on stage several members of the audience began to boo and hiss at the singer. Despite the hostile climate, Hayes began to sing [[Franz Schubert]]'s "[[Du bist die Ruh']]". Hayes's remarkable voice and musical talent won over the audience and his concert was a success.<ref>[[Kira Thurman]], "A History of Black Musicians in Germany and Austria, 1870-1961: Race, Performance, and Reception" (2013), p. 145-146</ref>

Hayes's wife and daughter mistakenly sat in seats reserved for white customers in a shoe store in [[Rome, Georgia]] in 1942. An argument erupted which resulted in the two leaving. Later, Hayes confronted the store owner, whom he knew, and resolved the conflict. Upon leaving, Hayes was assaulted by police and put under arrest, with his wife also being taken into custody. Gradually the story received national attention and much sympathy for Hayes. The assaulting police officer was fired, with federal charges made against him.<ref>Christopher A. Brooks, Robert Sims "Roland Hayes: The Legacy of an American Tenor" (2014), p. 242-255</ref> A poem by [[Langston Hughes]], entitled "How About It, Dixie", refers to the incident.<ref>[http://library.globalchalet.net/Authors/Poetry%20Books%20Collection/The%20Collected%20Poems%20of%20Langston%20Hughes.pdf "How About It, Dixie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307123401/http://library.globalchalet.net/Authors/Poetry%20Books%20Collection/The%20Collected%20Poems%20of%20Langston%20Hughes.pdf |date=2017-03-07 }}. in ''The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes'', p. 291, note p. 659; first published in ''New Masses'' (October 20, 1942).</ref>

Hayes faced heavy criticism from anti-Jim Crow activists for performing in an integrated theater in [[Washington, D.C.]], on January 5, 1926, followed by a segregated theater in [[Baltimore, Maryland]], on January 7, 1926.<ref>Christopher A. Brooks, Robert Sims "Roland Hayes: The Legacy of an American Tenor" (2014), p. 147-148</ref>

Hayes taught at [[Black Mountain College]] for the 1945 Summer institute where his public concert was, according to [[Martin Duberman]], "one of the great moments in Black Mountain's history".<ref>{{cite book| first = Martin | last= Duberman | page=215 | title = [[Black Mountain: An Exploration in Community]] | date=2009 | publisher=Northwestern University Press }}</ref> After this concert, in which unsegregated seating went well, the school had its first full-time black student and full-time member of the faculty.<ref>Biography at the New Georgia Encyclopedia.</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Roland Hayes Historical Marker.jpg|thumb|Historical marker honoring Hayes on the campus of Calhoun High School]]
* In 1982, the [[University of Tennessee at Chattanooga]] opened a new musical performance center, the Roland W. Hayes Concert Hall. The concert venue is located at the Dorothy Patten [[Fine Arts]] center.
* The Roland Hayes Committee was formed in 1990 to advocate the induction of Roland Hayes into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. In 1992, when the Calhoun Gordon Arts Council was incorporated, the Roland Hayes Committee became the Roland Hayes Music Guild and Museum in [[Calhoun, Georgia]]. The opening was attended by his daughter Afrika.
* There is a historical marker located on the grounds of Calhoun High School (Calhoun, Georgia) on the north-west corner of the campus near the front of the Calhoun Civic Auditorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1671|title=Georgiaencyclopedia.org|access-date=2009-03-04|archive-date=2007-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702035708/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1671|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Hartford Stage and City Theatre ([[Pittsburgh]]) shared the world premiere of ''Breath & Imagination'' by [[Daniel Beaty]], a musical based on the life of Hayes, on January 10, 2013.
* Part of [[Georgia State Route 156]] was named for Hayes.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IP4vAAAAIBAJ&pg=4150%2C549064 | title=Gordon County| work=Calhoun Times | date=September 1, 2004 | access-date=April 26, 2015 | pages=94}}</ref>
* A bronze plaque, mounted on a granite post, marks Hayes's home, at 58 Allerton Street in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. The plaque was dedicated on June 12, 2016, in a [http://www.brooklinema.gov/DocumentCenter/View/9561 ceremony] in front of the home in which Hayes lived for almost fifty years. The ceremony was attended by his daughter Afrika, former Massachusetts Governor [[Michael Dukakis]], Brookline Town officials, and many more.
* A school in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts]] is named after him. ''The Roland Hayes School of Music'' currently instructs courses for 9-12 grade students of the [[John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science]] and shared in the past with [[Madison Park Technical Vocational High School]] part of the [[Boston Public Schools]] system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rolandhayesband.weebly.com/|title=Roland Hayes School of Music Band Program|website=Roland Hayes School of Music Band Program|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
* A K-8 school in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], previously known as Heath School, will be renamed after him as of January 2024.

==Discography==

===LPs===
* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Bordman (piano) – ''The Life of Christ'' (Amadeo, 1954)
* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) – ''Negro Spirituals'' (Amadeo, 1955)
* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - "Roland Hayes Sings" (Amadeo AVRS 6033)(Vanguard)
* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - "Roland Hayes - Christmas Carols of the Nations" (Vanguard VRS7016, 195?)(10")
* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - "The Life of Christ" (Vanguard VRS462, 1954)
* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - "My Songs" (Vanguard VRS494, 1956)
* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - "The Art of Roland Hayes: Six Centuries of Song" (Vanguard VRS448/9, 1966)(2 LP)
* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - "The Life of Christ" (Vanguard Everyman SRV352SD, 1976)
* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - "Afro-American Folksongs" (Pelican LP2028, 1983)

===CDs===
* Roland Hayes (vocal), Reginald Boardman (piano) - "The Art of Roland Hayes" (Smithsonian Collection of Recordings RD041, 1990)
* ''The Art of Roland Hayes: Six Centuries of Song '' (Preiser, 2010)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Eileen Southern|Southern, Eileen]]. ''The Music of Black Americans: A History''. W. W. Norton & Company; 3rd edition. {{ISBN|0-393-97141-4}}
* [[MacKinley Helm]], ''Angel Mo' and her son, Roland Hayes''. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1942.
* Brooks, Christopher A., and Robert Sims, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z9wMBQAAQBAJ&dq=Bogdanoff+Kolowrat&pg=PA379 ''Roland Hayes: The Legacy of an American Tenor'']. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015, pp.&nbsp;358, 361–362, 366–367, 379. {{ISBN|978-0-253-01536-5}}.
* [[Tim Brooks (television historian)|Brooks, Tim]], ''Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890-1919'', 436–452, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004. Hayes's recording history, beginning in 1911.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Roland Hayes}}
* [http://www.afrovoices.com/rhayes.html Roland Hayes bio]
* [http://www.harrisartscenter.com/harris-arts-center/roland-hayes/ Roland Hayes Museum] at the Harris Arts Center
* {{AllMusic|id=mn0000307565|title=Roland Hayes}}
* {{Discogs artist|Roland Hayes}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/puzzlemaster/3047576784/in/set-72157605223652067 1920 passport photo of Roland Hayes]
* [http://video.wpt.org/video/2365552467/ ''The Musical Legacy of Roland Hayes'']. PBS documentary 
* [http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/gordon/roland-hayes Roland Hayes] historical marker

{{Spingarn Medal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayes, Roland}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gordon County, Georgia]]
[[Category:American people who self-identify as being of Cherokee descent]]
[[Category:American people of Ivorian descent]]
[[Category:Fisk University alumni]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chattanooga, Tennessee]]
[[Category:People from West Newbury, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Black Mountain College faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]