Content deleted Content added
No edit summary Tags: possible birth or death date change Reverted |
m Reverted edit by 2409:40D0:21:A9A:CCFE:40FF:FEEA:61F6 (talk) to last version by Kuramae31314 |
||
| (14 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown) | |||
Line 3:
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sigmund Freud
| image = Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt (cropped).jpg
| alt = Sigmund Freud
| caption = Freud, {{Circa|1921}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halberstadt |first=Max |date=c. 1921 |title=Sigmund Freud, half-length portrait, facing left, holding cigar in right hand |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/98514770/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054049/https://www.loc.gov/item/98514770/ |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=8 June 2017 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>
| birth_name = Sigismund Schlomo Freud
| birth_date = {{birth date|
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1939|9|23|1856|5|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hampstead]], London, England
| resting_place = [[Freud Corner (Golders Green Crematorium)|Freud Corner]], London, UK
| fields = {{hlist|[[Neurology]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[University of Vienna]]}}
* [[International Psychoanalytical Association]]
}}
| education = [[University of Vienna]] ([[Doctor of medicine|MD]]
| academic_advisors = {{Plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Franz Brentano]]}}
Line 55:
* For the date of the marriage, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=JhbDnT74kWEC&pg=PA55 Rice 1990, p. 55].</ref> He was born with a [[caul]], which his mother saw as a positive [[omen]] for the boy's future.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=<!-- field: -->Deborah P. Margolis, M.A.<!-- field: --> |url=http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A |title=Margolis 1989 |journal=Mod. Psychoanal |pages=37–56 |access-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223112728/http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A |archive-date=23 February 2014|year=1989}}</ref>
In 1859, the [[Freud family]] left Freiberg. Freud's half-brothers immigrated to [[Manchester]], England, parting him from the "inseparable" playmate of his early childhood, Emanuel's son, John.<ref>Jones, Ernest (1964) ''Sigmund Freud: Life and Work.'' Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 37.</ref> Jakob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius born in 1857, had died in infancy) firstly to [[Leipzig]] and then in 1860 to [[Vienna]] where four sisters and a brother were born: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). In 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the {{lang|de|Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium}}, a prominent high school. He proved to be an outstanding pupil and graduated from the [[Matura]] in 1873 with honors. He loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]].<ref>Hothersall 2004, p. 276.</ref>
Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17. He had planned to study law, but joined the medical faculty at the university, where his studies included philosophy under [[Franz Brentano]], physiology under [[Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke|Ernst Brücke]], and zoology under [[Darwinist]] professor [[Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus|Carl Claus]].<ref>Hothersall 1995<!--page number?--></ref> In 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Claus's zoological research station in [[Trieste]], dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs.<ref>See "[[Eel life history#Past studies of eels|past studies of eels]]" and references therein.</ref> In 1877, Freud moved to Ernst Brücke's physiology laboratory where he spent six years comparing the brains of humans with those of other vertebrates such as frogs, [[lampreys]] as well as also invertebrates, for example [[crayfish]]. His research work on the biology of nervous tissue proved seminal for the subsequent discovery of the [[neuron]] in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Costandi |first=Mo |title=Freud was a pioneering neuroscientist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2014/mar/10/neuroscience-history-science |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=16 May 2018}}<br>In this period he published three papers:
Line 175:
===Cancer===
In 1917, Freud noticed a painful lesion on the roof of his mouth, but, after it receded, did not seek medical attention. By February 1923, the growth had spread, which was when Freud identified it as either [[leukoplakia]] or [[epithelioma]] brought on by his smoking habit. Reluctant to give up smoking, he initially kept his symptoms a secret. Freud later consulted the [[dermatologist]] Maximilian Steiner, who advised him to quit smoking while minimizing the lesion's implications. Shorter after, Freud met with Felix Deutsch, who was also reluctant to tell Freud that the growth was cancerous. He, too, described it as an instance of leukoplakia. Both men told Freud to give up smoking, and Deutsch told him to seek surgical treatment.<ref>Gay 1988, pp.418-419</ref> Freud was treated by Marcus Hajek, a [[rhinologist]] whose competence he had previously questioned. Hajek performed an unnecessary cosmetic surgery in his clinic's outpatient department. Freud bled during and after the operation and may narrowly have escaped death. At a subsequent visit Deutsch saw that further surgery would be required but did not tell Freud he had cancer because he was worried that Freud might commit suicide.<ref>Gay 2006, pp. 419–20</ref>
=== Escape from Nazism ===
| |||