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Sistra are still used in the [[Alexandrian Rite]] and [[Ethiopic Rite]].<ref>{{harvp|Borroff|1971|p=9}}</ref> Besides the depiction in [[Art of Ancient Egypt|Egyptian art]] with dancing and expressions of joy, the sistrum was also mentioned in [[Ancient Egyptian literature|Egyptian literature]].<ref>''[[The Instruction of Amenemope]]'' in {{harvp|Lichtheim|2006|p=149}}</ref> The hieroglyph for the sistrum is shown.
==Minoan
[[Image:Clay sistrum, Archanes 2100-1900 BC, AMH, 144849.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Minoan clay sistrum found in [[Archanes]], [[Crete]]]]
The ancient [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]]s also used the sistrum, and a number of examples made of local clay have been found on the island of [[Crete]]. Five of these are displayed at the Archaeological Museum of [[Agios Nikolaos, Crete|Agios Nikolaos]]. A sistrum is also depicted on the Harvester Vase, an artifact found at the site of [[Hagia Triada]].
Minoans use of the sistrum also centered around Hathor in a rituals involving fertility, entertainment aspects like music and dancing, as well as indulgence.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Borowka |first=Dawid |date=2020 |title=The Sistrum and its Mistress. Some thoughts about the usage of sistrum on Crete and its Hathoric associations |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67423760/FAP_56_Borowka_Sistrum-libre.pdf?1621926335=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Sistrum_and_its_Mistress_Some_though.pdf&Expires=1678235099&Signature=fvwnXdnp2gp-3pPPfz9hKppQHKHwe-Fm9tI5cUEVOpypMvv6zcSgLeYuAiPujhpFKcRsna4AMp~LM8-NZGDhKAnBSTb9ljaWtuTKjGTY40G8Zaj3Y4WtDfyyTt5Qwm~ojfWGaSlptogwpa8gd-X1NSb6SVAy9TEe~nvCBRRb96oD1IoM-dKWHt7w82d4sLctxq-u9lbCN8AYSaWK7lVv-Ggzo6~t1~9IRM~n-Pn3rFj1veYnHGoRmrN1K6HSp~Uk0ERZ4mFXOvkYHeKffq3KwNJWVhvtMPPIJb0qk4pp0T0vSTkxnwYPnB4mj~oCmCxe6892Wzj4VQlHkEq2p0Rj4A__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |journal=Fontes Archaeological Posnanienses |volume=56 |pages=37-53 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref> Sistrums used by ancient Minoans show overlaps with ancient Egyptian usage through their similar use during funerary contexts.<ref name=":3" /> Evidence of two bronze Minoan sistra suggests that they were created by seperately molding the arch and handle, joining the two together with rivets later in the process.<ref name=":3" />
Researchers are not sure yet if the clay sistra were actual instruments that were used to provide music, or instead were models with only symbolic significance. But, experiments with a ceramic replica show that a satisfactory clacking sound is produced by such a design in clay, so a use in rituals is probably to be preferred.<ref name= Hagios_Charalambos_excavation>Philip P. Betancourt, Costis Davaras, and Eleni Stravopodi, "[https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/40205763.pdf Excavations in the Hagios Charlambos Cave: A Preliminary Report]", ''Hesperia'' 77 (2008): 539–605.</ref>
==The
The {{transl|am|senasel}} (sistrum) remained a liturgical instrument in the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church]] throughout the centuries and is played today during the dance performed by the ''[[debtera]]'' (cantors) on important church festivals. It is also occasionally found in [[Modern Paganism|Neopagan]] worship and ritual.
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