Content deleted Content added
m Reverted 1 edit by 2600:1700:3E40:2D00:43F:2514:F33B:487 (talk) to last revision by Jonesey95 |
oops, apologies, self revert: not what I intended to do; restore shorter link without pipe |
||
Line 14:
| related = [[Serrano people|Serrano]], [[Kitanemuk]], [[Tataviam]], [[Vanyume]]
}}
The '''Tongva''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|ŋ|v|ə}} {{respell|TONG|və}}) are an [[Indigenous peoples of California|Indigenous people of California]] from the [[Los Angeles Basin]] and the [[Channel Islands of California|Southern Channel Islands]], an area covering approximately {{convert|4000|sqmi}}.<ref name="Harkin2004">{{cite book |editor1-first=M. E. |editor1-last=Harkin |editor1-link=Michael E. Harkin |title=Reassessing revitalization movements: Perspectives from North America and the Pacific Island |last1=Lepowsky |first1=M. |chapter=Indian revolts and cargo cults: Ritual violence and revitalization in California and New Guinea |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygqnKla4-wIC&pg=PA51 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln, NE |isbn=978-0-8032-2406-3 |page=51, note 1 |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103114039/http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780803203884 |archive-date=3 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Strawther|first=Larry|title=Seal Beach: A Brief History|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781625850355|chapter=The Basics}}</ref> In the precolonial era, the people lived in as many as 100 villages and primarily identified by their village rather than by a pan-tribal name.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Dietler|first1=John|title=Forging Communities in Colonial Alta California|last2=Gibson|first2=Heather|last3=Vargas|first3=Benjamin|publisher=University of Arizona Press|year=2018|isbn=9780816538928|chapter="A Mourning Dirge Was Sung": Community and Remembrance at Mission San Gabriel}}</ref> During [[colonization]], the Spanish referred to these people as '''Gabrieleño''' and '''Fernandeño''',{{efn|Alternate spellings include ''Gabrielino'' and ''Fernardino''.}} names derived from the [[Spanish missions in California|Spanish missions]] built on their land: [[Mission San Gabriel Arcángel]] and [[Mission San Fernando Rey de España]].{{efn|The Spanish did not always differentiate among communities or ethnic groups. For example, the Spanish referred to both the Tongva in the [[San Fernando Valley]] and the nearby [[Tataviam people]], who spoke [[Tataviam language|a different language]], as "Fernandeño," because they were covered by that mission.}} ''Tongva'' is the most widely circulated endonym among the people, used by Narcisa Higuera in 1905 to refer to inhabitants in the vicinity of Mission San Gabriel.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54669648 |title=Reassessing revitalization movements : perspectives from North America and the Pacific Islands |date=2004 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |others=Michael Eugene Harkin, American Anthropological Association. Meeting |isbn=0-585-49966-7 |location=Lincoln |pages=51 |oclc=54669648}}</ref> Some people who identify as direct [[lineal descendant
Along with the neighboring [[Chumash people|Chumash]], the Tongva were the most influential people at the time of [[European colonization of the Americas|European]] encounter. They had developed an extensive [[trade network]] through ''[[te'aat]]s'' (plank-built boats). Their
European contact was first made in 1542 by Spanish explorer [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo|Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo]], who was greeted at [[Santa Catalina Island (California)|Santa Catalina]] by the people in a canoe. The following day, Cabrillo and his men entered a large bay on the mainland, which they named ''Baya de los Fumos'' ("Bay of Smokes") because of the many smoke fires they saw there. The indigenous people smoked their fish for preservation. This is commonly believed to be [[San Pedro Bay (California)|San Pedro Bay]], near present-day [[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]].<ref name="McCawley1996" />
|