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| name = Zeb-un-Nissa
| title = [[Shahzadi]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| image = Portrait of Zeb-un-Nissa Holding a Flower (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| house = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]]
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| mother = [[Dilras Banu Begum]]
| birth_date = 15 February 1638
| birth_place = [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]], [[Mughal Empire]], present-day [[Aurangabad]] [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1702|05|26|1638|02|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], Mughal Empire, present-day India
| burial_place = [[Lahore]]Sikandra, [[Pakistan]] or [[Agra]], [[India]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]|
}}
 
'''Zeb-un-Nissa''' ({{lang-langx|fa|زیب النساء }})<ref>Also romanized as '''Zebunnisa''', '''Zebunniso''', '''Zebunnissa''', '''Zebunisa''', '''Zeb al-Nissa'''. {{lang|fa|زیب}} ''Zēb'' means "beauty" or "ornament" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and {{lang|ar|نساء}} ''Nissa'' means "women" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], ''Zebunnisa'' means "most beautiful of all women"</ref> (15 February 1638 – 26 May 1702)<ref>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=A short history of Aurangzib, 1618–1707|year=1979|publisher=Orient Longman|page=14}}</ref> was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] princess and the eldest child of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and his chief consort, [[Dilras Banu Begum]]. She was also a poet, who wrote under the [[pseudonym]] of "Makhfi" ({{lang|fa|مخفی}}, "Hidden, Disguised, Concealed One").
 
Imprisoned by her father in the last 20 years of her life at [[Salimgarh Fort]], [[Delhi]], Princess Zeb-un-Nissa is remembered as a poet, and her writings were collected posthumously as ''Diwan-i-Makhfi'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: <big>ديوانِ مخفى</big>) ''- "Complete (Poetical) Works of Makhfi"''.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=20}}
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==Early years==
===Birth===
Zeb-un-Nissa ("Ornament/ Beauty of Womankind"),<ref name=Sarkar>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title= Studies in Aurangzib's Reign|publisher= Sangam Books Limeted|pages=90|year=1989|isbn=9780861319671|edition=Third}}</ref> the eldest child of Prince Muhi-ud-Din (later, Emperor Aurangzeb), was born on 15 February 1638 in [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]], [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], exactly nine months after the marriage of her parents. Her mother, [[Dilras Banu Begum]], was Aurangzeb's first wife and chief consort, and was a princess of the prominent [[Safavid dynasty]]; the ruling dynasty of [[Iran]] (Persia).{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=7}}<ref name="nation">{{cite web|url=httphttps://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/lahore/16-Jul-2009/Aurangzebaurangzeb-daughters-monument-in-a-shambles|title=Aurangzeb daughter's monument in a shambles|date=16 July 2009|work=nation.com.pk}}</ref> Zeb-un-Nissa was her father's favourite daughter,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamid|first1=Annie Krieger Krynicki ; translated from French by Enjum|title=Captive princess : Zebunissa, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi|isbn=9780195798371|page=73}}</ref> and it was because of this that she could compel him to pardon people who had offended him.
 
===Education and accomplishments===
[[File:Sarkar abanindranath-zeb-un-nissa.jpg|thumb|right|Painting of Zeb-un-Nissa by [[Abanindranath Tagore]].]]
 
Aurangzeb charged Hafiza Mariam, one of the women of the court, with the education of Zeb-un-Nissa. She seems to have inherited her father's keenness of intellect and literary tastes, because Zeb-un-Nissa memorized the [[Quran]] in three years and became a ''[[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]]a'' at the age of seven. This occasion was celebrated by her father with a great feast and the declaration of a public holiday.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=8}} The princess was also given a reward of 30,000 gold pieces by her delighted father.<ref name=Sarkar1912>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=History of Aurangzib: Mainly based on Persian sources, Volume 1|year=1912|publisher=M.C. Sarkar and Sons|pages=69}}</ref> Aurangzeb paid the princely sum of 30,000 gold pieces to the ''ustani'' (another name for "[[ustad]]") for having taught his cherished daughter well.<ref name=Raman>{{cite book|last=Raman|first=Sista Anantha|title= Women in India A Social and Cultural History |publisher= Library of Congress Catologing –in – Publication Data|pages=10|year=2009|isbn=978-0-275-98242-3}}</ref>▼
 
▲Aurangzeb charged Hafiza Mariam, one of the women of the court, with the education of Zeb-un-Nissa. She seems to have inherited her father's keenness of intellect and literary tastes, because Zeb-un-Nissa memorized the [[Quran]] in three years and became a ''[[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]]a'' at the age of seven. This occasion was celebrated by her father with a great feast and the declaration of a public holiday.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=8}} The princess was also given a reward of 30,000 gold pieces by her delighted father.<ref name=Sarkar1912>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=History of Aurangzib: Mainly based on Persian sources, Volume 1|year=1912|publisher=M.C. Sarkar and Sons|pages=69}}</ref> Aurangzeb paid the princely sum of 30,000 gold pieces to the ''ustani'' (anotheran namehonorific title for a female "[[ustad]]" or well-regarded teacher) for having taught his cherished daughter well.<ref name=Raman>{{cite book|last=Raman|first=Sista Anantha|title= Women in India A Social and Cultural History |publisher= Library of Congress Catologing –in – Publication Data|pages=10|year=2009|isbn=978-0-275-98242-3}}</ref>
Zeb-un-Nissa then learned the sciences of the time with Mohammad Saeed Ashraf Mazandarani, who was also a great Persian poet.<ref name=Mirsa>{{cite book|last=Mirsa|first=Rekha|title= Women in Mughal India|publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal|pages=90|year=1967}}</ref> She learned philosophy, mathematics, astronomy,<ref name="wise">[http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/zebunnisa/ WISE: Muslim Women: Past and Present – Zebunnisa]</ref> literature, and was a mistress of [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]] and [[Urdu]]. She had a good reputation in [[calligraphy]] as well.<ref name="Hadi"/> Her library surpassed all other private collections, and she employed many scholars on liberal salaries to produce literary works at her bidding or to copy manuscripts for her.<ref name=Sarkar1912 /> Her library also provided literary works on each subject, such as law, literature, history and theology.{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=161}}▼
 
▲Zeb-un-Nissa then learned the sciences of the time with Mohammad Saeed Ashraf Mazandarani, who was also a great Persian poet.<ref name=Mirsa>{{cite book|last=Mirsa|first=Rekha|title= Women in Mughal India|publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal|pages=90|year=1967}}</ref> She learned philosophy, mathematics, astronomy,<ref name="wise">[{{Cite web |url=http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/zebunnisa/ |title=WISE: Muslim Women: Past and Present – Zebunnisa] |access-date=2 September 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227073817/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/zebunnisa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> literature, and was a mistress of [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]] and [[Urdu]]. She had a good reputation in [[calligraphy]] as well.<ref name="Hadi"/> Her library surpassed all other private collections, and she employed many scholars on liberal salaries to produce literary works at her bidding or to copy manuscripts for her.<ref name=Sarkar1912 /> Her library also provided literary works on each subject, such as law, literature, history and theology.{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=161}}
 
Zeb-un-Nissa was a kind-hearted person and always helped people in need. She helped widows and orphans. Not only did she help people per se, but also sent ''[[Hajj]]'' pilgrims to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] every year.{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=163}} She also took an interest in music and it was said that she was the best singer among the women of her time.{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=163}}
 
==Aurangzeb's accession==
[[File:A Bejeweled Maiden with a Parakeet.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Portrait of Zeb-un-Nissa housed in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
When Aurangzeb became the emperor after [[Shah Jahan]], Zeb-un-Nissa was 21 years old. Aurangzeb learnt of the talent and capacity of his daughter and began to discuss the political affairs of his Empire with her, listening to her opinions. It has been mentioned in some books that Aurangzeb sent all the royal princes for the reception of Zeb-un-Nisa each time she entered the court. Zeb-un-Nissa had four other younger sisters: [[Zeenat-un-Nissa]], [[Zubdat-un-Nissa]], [[Badr-un-Nissa]] and [[Mehr-un-Nissa]].
 
When Aurangzeb became the emperor after [[Shah Jahan]], Zeb-un-Nissa was 21 years old. Aurangzeb learnt of the talent and capacity of his daughter and began to discuss the political affairs of his Empire with her, listening to her opinions. It has been mentioned in some books that Aurangzeb sent all the royal princes for the reception of Zeb-un-Nissa each time she entered the court. Zeb-un-Nissa had four other younger sisters: [[Zeenat-un-Nissa]], [[Zubdat-un-Nissa]], [[Badr-un-Nissa]] and [[Mehr-un-Nissa]].

Regarding her looks, "... she is described as being tall and slim, her face round and fair in colour, with two moles, or beauty-spots, on her left cheek. Her eyes and abundant hair were very black, and she had thin lips and small teeth. In Lahore Museum is a contemporary portrait, which corresponds to this description... In dress she was simple and austere; in later life she always wore white, and her only ornament was a string of pearls round her neck."<ref name="diwan2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/zun/zun03.htm|title=The Diwan of Zeb-un-Nissa: Introduction|work=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Also with the way she dressed comes about her making an invention. " Zeb-un-Nissa invented a woman garment known as ''Angya Kurti''. This was a modified form of the dress of the women of [[Turkestan]]. The modification was done to suit Indian conditions".{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=163}}
 
Zeb-un-Nissa lived in a period when many "great" poets were at the peak of their reputation; e.g. Mawlana [[Abdul Qader Bedil]], [[Kalim Kashani]], Saa'eb Tabrizi and [[Gani Kashmiri|Ghani Kashmiri]]. There is a noticeable influence of [[Hafez]] Sherazi's style on the poetry of Zeb-un-Nissa. However, she is considered as one of the poets of the Indian School of Poetry in [[Persian language|Persian]]. "Zebunnisa was trained in the serious study of religious doctrine and in matters in faith, and she was known as an excellent scholar in several academic areas and as a literary figure and patron of some renown. She sang well and composed songs and planted many of the gardens of her day."<ref name="Ziad">{{cite book|last=Ziad|first=Zeenut|title=The Magnificent Mughals |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=9780195794441}}</ref>
 
Zeb-un-Nissa selected "'''''Makhfi'''''" (which means "''Hidden One''" in Persian) as her pen-name in her poetry. In addition to her poetic book or collection of poems, called ''[[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]]'', which contains approximately 5,000 verses, she also wrote the following books: ''Monis 'ul-Roh'', ''Zeb 'ul-Monsha’at'' (<big>زیب‌ المنشآت / زيب المنشئات</big>, "Literary Compositions of Zeb") and ''Zeb 'ul-Tafāsir'' (<big>زيب التفاسير</big>, "[[Tafsir|Tafsirs]]s of Zeb"), the first and only tafsir written by a woman. In ''Makhzan 'ul-Ghaib'' (<big>مخزن الغيب</big>), the author writes that the poetic book of Zeb-un-Nissa contained 15,000 verses. Zeb-un-Nissa encouraged compilations and translations of various works also.
 
===Later years, imprisonment and death===
[[File:Zaibunissa palace.jpg|thumb|Zeb-un-Nissa's palace, 1880, [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].]]
There are multiple conflicting accounts offering explanations for the circumstances which ultimately led to her imprisonment at [[Salimgarh Fort]], Delhi, at the edge of [[Shahjahanabad]] (present [[Old Delhi]]). In 1662, when Aurangzeb was taken ill and his physicians prescribed a change in the environment, he took his family and court with him to Lahore. At that time Akil Khan Razi, the son of his Vizier, was Governor of that city.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=14}} In the following period, Akil KahnKhan and Zeb-un-Nissa allegedly had a brief yet failed affair,{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=16}} after which Aurangzeb began to distrust her and later imprisoned her.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=17}} Other theories suggest that she was imprisoned for being a poetesspoet and a musician (both anathema to Aurangzeb's austere, more orthodox and fundamental way of life and thinking).<ref name=Zebu>{{Citecite book|author=Annie Krieger Krynick|author2=Enjum Hamid |title= Captive Princess; Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb|url= http://www.ecampus.com/book/0195798376/|access-date=31 May 2009|quote= The book revolves around Princess Zebunissa (1638–1702) who is defined as the symbol of female power of the Mughal dynasty and portrays their stature in the court life in the seventeenth century...For her the name signified a life dramatically suppressed, cut off from the world. Her mysterious and unexpected imprisonment is also described in this book: Zebunissa's fate changed drastically when she was sent to prison by her father Aurangzeb, where she died leaving a landmark near the Red Fort of Delhi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/70761/|title= Memories of Ferghana|date= 22 May 2005|access-date=31 May 2009|quote= MUSIC and dance? But wasn't that '‘unIslamic'’ in a country celebrating an Islamic revival, I'd thought back then, as I twirled at an Uzbek soiree at Kokand in the Ferghana Valley. My hostess had snatched up a daf (dafli in India) and was dancing slowly to a sad Persian song by Zebunisa 'Makhfi', an Uzbek-Tajik favourite. She was a princess of Delhi via Ferghana; Aurangzeb's daughter, whom he jailed for 20 years in Salimgarh, next to the Red Fort, because of her Sufi sympathies. Aurangzeb had killed music in his realm. Zebunisa's voice sang in her ancestral homeland, though lost to Delhi.}}</ref> Yet another explanation points to her correspondence with her younger brother, [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar|Muhammad Akbar]]. She supported the young prince in the inevitable ongoing conflict of succession, and was discovered to have written to him during the rebellion in 1681 AD (over the course of which, he had publicly accused Aurangzeb of transgressions against Islamic law). Her punishment was to have her accumulated wealth confiscated, her annual pension of 4 lakhs nullified, and that she was to be held prisoner at Salimgarh until her death.<ref name=":0">{{Citecite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_mC-s_K-6sC&q=pg+51|title=Women in Mughal India|last=Misra|first=Rekha|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1967|location=Delhi|pages=51|isbn=9788121503471|oclc=473530}}</ref>
 
It was here, after 20 years of imprisonment, that Zeb-un-Nissa died after seven days of illness, still captive in Shahjahanabad while Aurangzeb was on a trip to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Conflicting sources state the date of her death alternately as 1701 AD and 1702 AD.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Smith>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=paul |title= Makhfi The princess Sufi Poet Zebunnissa |publisher= Book Heaven|pages=25|year=2012|isbn=978-1480011830}}</ref>
Her tomb was in the garden of "Thirty thousand trees" ([[Tees Hazari]]), outside of the [[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmiri Darwaza]], the north gate of the city. But when the railway line was laid out by the British at [[Delhi]], her tomb with its inscribed tombstone was shifted to [[Akbar's tomb|Akbar's mausoleum]] at [[Sikandra, Agra]].<ref name="Rumi2013">{{cite book|author=Raza Rumi|title=DELHI BY HEART: Impressions of a Pakistani Traveller|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcXjAAAAQBAJ|date=10 May 2013|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-998-2}}</ref> There is also a tomb in Nawankot, [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], but its authenticity is doubtful.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Librarian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZMaAAAAMAAJ|year=1930|publisher=Pakistan Library Association|page=100}}</ref> Haroon Khalid infers that the apocryphal association of Zeb-un-Nissa with the tomb in Lahore came about after the defeat of rebel prince [[Dara Shikoh]] in the Mughal war of succession (1657–1661), with the supporters of Shikoh (who had spent time in Lahore) transferring their aspirations to the rebellious princess by connecting her with the tomb even though she remained buried in Delhi and later at Agra.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khalid |first1=Haroon |title=How Lahore came to claim the rebellious and gifted Mughal princess Zeb-un-Nisa as its own |url=https://scroll.in/article/846816/how-lahore-came-to-claim-the-rebellious-and-gifted-mughal-princess-zeb-un-nisa-as-its-own |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=August 11, 2017}}</ref>
In 1724, years after her death, her scattered and extant writings were collected under the name ''Diwan-i-Makhfi'', literally, the Book of the Hidden One. It contained four hundred and twenty-one [[ghazal]]s and several [[ruba'i]]s. Subsequently, in 1730 other ghazals were added to the manuscript, which was also illuminated.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=20}}
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Zeb-un-Nissa did not get married and remained single her whole life, despite the fact that she had many suitors. This also came with the rise of speculative gossip about secret lovers and palace trysts.<ref name=Hutton>{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=Deborah|title=A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture |publisher= john Wiley & Sons |pages=220|year=2015|isbn=9781119019534}}</ref>
 
Zeb al-NisaNissa had four other younger sisters: [[Zeenat-un-Nissa|Zeenat un-Nissa]], [[Zubdat-un-Nissa]], [[Badr-un-Nissa Begum|Badr-un-Nissa]] and [[Mihr-un-nissaNissa Begum|Mihr-un-Nissa]].
Her grandfather, Emperor [[Shah Jahan]], had [[betrothed]] her to her [[first cousin]], Prince [[Sulaiman Shikoh]], the eldest son of her paternal uncle, Crown Prince, [[Dara Shikoh]].{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=150}} Shah Jahan had intended for her to become a future Mughal empress as Sulaiman was the heir to Dara Shikoh, who was next in line for succession to the Mughal throne after Shah Jahan. The marriage would've have been a perfect match but did not, however, take place, due to Aurangzeb's reluctance; who despised his older brother.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, Volume 12|year=1975|page=26|publisher=Research Society of Pakistan}}</ref> The King of [[Iran]], [[Shah Abbas II]]'s son Mirza Farukh also wanted to marry her.{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=150}} Many other proposals also came to her, but she demanded that before the fixation of marriage, she would see the princes.
 
Zeb-un-Nissa spent all her life on literary works and poetry, as she herself said:
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{{Cquote|Oh Makhfi, it is the path of love and alone you must go.<br>No one suits your friendship even if God be though.}}
 
Historians are of the opinion that Zeb-un-Nissa was in love with the Hindu king [[Chhatrasal]] Bundela, who Aurangzeb did not like when he found out that he imprisoned Zeb-un-Nissa. Many Historians have also supported this.
In some books it has been written that there was a secret love affair between Zeb-un-Nissa and Aqil Khan[[Chhatrasal]] RaziBundela, a poet and the Governoremperor of [[LahoreBundelkhand]]. However, others disagreealso agree with the prior theory. For example, in her poetic book (''Diwan''), some would argue that one cannot find a single [[Ghazal]] which supports this point, and that all of her poems are based on the [[Sufism|Sufi]] concept of the ''Love of God''.
 
According to certain sources, "dehumanizing" scandals (created and/or written by some foreigners) regarding the lives of Mughal ladies were not uncommon (during the post-[[Renaissance era]]). For example, a claim of: "A sordid episode of [Zeb-un-Nissa's] carnal romance with Aqil Khan Razi and his death inside a hot cauldron with burning fire under it, gained wider currency and was eagerly picked up by the... populace." However, other sources state that Razi lived long (as a government official) and died naturally.<ref name="Hadi">{{cite book
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==Ancestry==
{{unref|unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
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|10= 10. [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]
|11= 11. Diwanji Begum
|12= 12. Mirza Rustam [[Safavid Dynastydynasty|Safawi]]
|13=
|14= 14. Mirza Muhammad Sharif
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|22=22. Ghias ud-din ‘Ali Asaf Khan
|23=
|24=24. Sultan Hussain [[Safavid Dynastydynasty|Safawi]]
|25=
|26=
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*[http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=22401020&ct=0 "The Tears of Zebunnissa" printed in London, 1913]
*[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000430S6U00052000 "Palace of Zeb-un-Nissa"]
*[https://www.scribd.com/doc/38155639/Dewwan-e-Makhfi-quality-scanned-edition "Diwan e Makhfi -scanned poems collection of Zebunnisa in original Persian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306220922/https://www.scribd.com/doc/38155639/Dewwan-e-Makhfi-quality-scanned-edition |date=6 March 2016 }}
*[http://www.thefridaytimes.com/28012011/page22.shtml The Friday Times: The poet princess – Sohaib Arshad discovers the diwan of Zebunnissa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630024723/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/28012011/page22.shtml |date=30 June 2013 }}
*[https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/sarkar-1919-studies-in-mughal.html Studies in Mughal India. Chapter-IV by Jadunath Sarkar]
*[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/navbharatgold/we-the-people/when-aurangzebs-soft-hearted-daughter-revolted/story/89079037.cms Story of Aurangzeb's daughter Zeb-un-Nissa at Navbharat Gold]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zeb-Un-Nisa}}
[[Category:1638 births]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1702 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princesses]]
[[Category:Mughal nobility]]▼
[[Category:Indian princesses]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
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[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Persian-language women poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Women of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Timurid dynasty]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Daughters of emperors]]
▲[[Category:17th-century Mughal nobilityEmpire people]]
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