Gimel

"Gimmel" redirects here. For the music group, see Gimmel (music group). For other uses, see Gimel (disambiguation).

For the municipality in Switzerland, see Gimel, Switzerland.

Gimel is the third (in alphabetical order; fifth in spelling order) letter of the Semitic abjads, including Arabic ǧīm ج‎, Aramaic gāmal 𐡂, Hebrew gīmel ג‎, Phoenician gīml 𐤂, and Syriac gāmal ܓ. Its sound value in the original Phoenician and in all derived alphabets, except Arabic, is a voiced velar plosive [ɡ]. In Modern Standard Arabic, it represents either a /d͡ʒ/ or /ʒ/ for most Arabic speakers except in Northern Egypt, the southern parts of Yemen and some parts of Oman where it is pronounced as the voiced velar plosive [ɡ] (see below).

← Bet Gimel Dalet →
Phoenician	𐤂‎
Hebrew	ג‎
Aramaic	𐡂‎
Syriac	ܓ‎
Arabic	ج‎
Phonemic representation	d͡ʒ, ʒ, ɡ, ɟ, ɣ
Position in alphabet	3
Numerical value	3
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician
Greek	Γ
Latin	C, G, Ȝ
Cyrillic	Г, Ґ, Ғ

In its Proto-Canaanite form, the letter may have been named after a weapon that was either a staff sling or a throwing stick (spear thrower), ultimately deriving from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph based on the hieroglyph below:

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek gamma (Γ), the Latin C, G, Ɣ and Ȝ, and the Cyrillic Г, Ґ, and Ғ.

Arabic ǧīm

ǧīm جيم
ج
Usage
Writing system	Arabic script
Type	Abjad
Language of origin	Arabic language
Sound values	d͡ʒ, (ʒ, ɡ, ɟ, j)
Alphabetical position	5
History
Development	𓌙 𐤂 𐡂 𐢄 ح ج
Other
Writing direction	Right-to-left

The Arabic letter ج is named جيم ǧīm / jīm [d͡ʒiːm, ʒiːm, ɡiːm, ɟiːm]. It has four forms, and is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ج‎	ـج‎	ـجـ‎	جـ‎

The similarity to ḥāʼ ح  is likely a function of the original Syriac forms converging to a single symbol, requiring that one of them be distinguished as a dot; a similar process occurred to zāy and rāʾ.

Pronunciation

In all varieties of Arabic, cognate words will have consistent differences in pronunciation of the letter. The standard pronunciation taught outside the Arabic speaking world is an affricate [d͡ʒ], which was the agreed-upon pronunciation by the end of the nineteenth century to recite the Qur'an. It is pronounced as a fricative [ʒ] in most of Northern Africa and the Levant, and [ɡ] is the prestigious and most common pronunciation in Egypt, which is also found in Southern Arabian Peninsula. Differences in pronunciation occur because readers of Modern Standard Arabic pronounce words following their native dialects.

For most speakes the standard pronunciation of the letter in literary (MSA) and everday colloquial speech are the same ([d͡ʒ] or [ʒ]) except for speakers in parts of Yemen and Oman where ج is [d͡ʒ] or [ɟ] when speaking Modern Standard Arabic but [g] in their everday dialectal speech. Another exception is Egypt, where in the Cairene (Egyptian) Arabic both colloquial and literary the ج jīm is realized as a velar plosive [ɡ], but as [d͡ʒ] when reciting the Qur’an. However, ج (also written چ) may be used in Egypt to transcribe /d͡ʒ~ʒ/ (normally pronounced [ʒ]) in loanwords, for example جيبة or چيبة [ʒiːba] “skirt” from French “jupe”.

The standard pronunciations in both MSA and local dialects

• [d͡ʒ]: In most of the Arabian Peninsula, parts of Algeria (Algiers accent), Iraq, parts of Egypt (Saidi dialect), parts of the Levant (most of Jordan, parts of Syria, e.g Aleppo, parts of Palestine, e.g Gaza) This is also the commonly taught pronunciation outside the Arabic speaking countries when Literary Arabic is taught as a foreign language. It is the agreed-upon pronunciation to recite the Qur'an, and the dominant pronunciation of the letter in other languages that use the Arabic script, and it corresponds to ġ /d͡ʒ/ in Maltese (A language derived from Sicilian Arabic) as in ġar [d͡ʒaːr] (neighbor) and Arabic جار (neighbor).
• [ʒ]: In the Levant (especially in Syria and Lebanon and parts of Palestine and Jordan), parts of Iraq (e.g Muthanna dialect), most of the Maghreb, and parts of Algeria (Oran dialect) and by some speakers in western Saudi Arabia.
• [g]: In Egypt where the Cairene (Egyptian) dialect dominates the media, but not all Egyptians use this pronunciation (e.g Saidi Arabic).
• [ɟ]: In Sudan, hinterland Yemen, and by some speakers in Saudi Arabia, as well as being a common reconstruction of the Classical Arabic pronunciation.

Non-literary (only dialectal) pronunciation

• [g]: in coastal Yemen (West and South), and the urban dialects of southwestern and eastern Oman (e.g. Muscat and Salalah dialects).
• [j]: In eastern Arabian Peninsula and Iraq but only colloquial speech, for example Kuwaiti Arabic وايد [waːjɪd] “a lot” vs. Najdi Arabic واجد [waːd͡ʒɪd].
• [ɟʝ]: attested among some bedouin dialects in Saudi Arabia.

Historical pronunciation

While in most Semitic languages, e.g. Aramaic, Hebrew, Ge'ez, Old South Arabian the equivalent letter represents a [ɡ], Arabic is considered unique among them where the Jīm ⟨ج⟩ was palatalized to an affricate [d͡ʒ] or a fricative [ʒ] in most dialects from classical times. While there is variation in Modern Arabic varieties, most of them reflect this palatalized pronunciation except in coastal Yemeni and Omani dialects as well as in Egypt, where it is pronounced [g].

It is not well known when palatalization occurred or the probability of it being connected to the pronunciation of Qāf ⟨ق⟩ as a [ɡ], but in most of the Arabian peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE and parts of Yemen and Oman), the ⟨ج⟩ represents a [d͡ʒ] and ⟨ق⟩ represents a [ɡ], except in coastal Yemen and southern Oman where ⟨ج⟩ represents a [ɡ] and ⟨ق⟩ represents a [q], which shows a strong correlation between the palatalization of ⟨ج⟩ to [d͡ʒ] and the pronunciation of the ⟨ق⟩ as a [ɡ] as shown in the table below:

Languages - Dialects	Pronunciation of the letters
	ج	ق
Dialects in parts of Oman and Yemen1	[g]	[q]
Modern Standard Arabic2	[d͡ʒ]
Dialects in most of the Arabian Peninsula		[ɡ]

Notes:

1. Western and southern Yemen: Taʽizzi, Adeni and Tihamiyya dialects (coastal Yemen), in addition to southwestern (Salalah region) and eastern Oman, including Muscat, the capital.
2. The standard pronunciation for Standard Arabic’s ق is [q] in most of the Arabian Peninsula, except in parts of Yemen as in Sanaa; where ق is [ɡ] in both the literary Standard Arabic pronunciation and the dialectal speech (Sanʽani dialect). For the pronunciation of ج in Modern Standard Arabic, check Jīm.

Pronunciation across other languages

Pronunciation of ⟨ج⟩ in other languages

Language	Alphabet name	Pronunciation (IPA)
Azeri	Arabic script	/d͡ʒ/
Balochi
Brahui
Hindko
Javanese	Pegon
Kashmiri
Kurdish	Sorani
Malay	Jawi
Pashto
Persian
Punjabi	Shahmukhi
Saraiki
Sindhi	Arabic script
Swahili	Ajami
Urdu
Uyghur
Uzbek	Arabic script
Hausa	Ajami	/d͡ʒ/ or /ʒ/
Kazakh	Tote Jazu

Note: In Kazakh ⟨ج⟩ is pronounced /d͡ʒ/ in some dialects, such as in the south and east.

Variant

Main article: Che (Persian letter)

A variant letter named che is used in Persian, with three dots below instead having just one dot below. However, it is not included on one of the 28 letters on the Arabic alphabet. It is thus written as:

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	چ‎	ـچ‎	ـچـ‎	چـ‎

Hebrew gimel

Variations

Orthographic variants
Various print fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
ג	ג	ג

Hebrew spelling: גִּימֶל

Bertrand Russell posits that the letter's form is a conventionalized image of a camel. The letter may be the shape of the walking animal's head, neck, and forelegs. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states “It is hard to imagine how gimel = ‘camel’ can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)”.

Gimel is one of the six letters which can receive a dagesh qal. The two functions of dagesh are distinguished as either qal (light) or hazaq (strong). The six letters that can receive a dagesh qal are bet, gimel, daled, kaph, pe, and taf. Three of them (bet, kaph, and pe) have their sound value changed in modern Hebrew from the fricative to the plosive by adding a dagesh. The other three represent the same pronunciation in modern Hebrew, but have had alternate pronunciations at other times and places. They are essentially pronounced in the fricative as ג gh غ, dh ذ and th ث. In the Temani pronunciation, gimel represents /ɡ/, /ʒ/, or /d͡ʒ/ when with a dagesh, and /ɣ/ without a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, the combination ג׳‎ (gimel followed by a geresh) is used in loanwords and foreign names to denote [d͡ʒ].

Significance

In gematria, gimel represents the number three.

It is written like a vav with a yud as a "foot", and is traditionally believed to resemble a person in motion; symbolically, a rich man running after a poor man to give him charity. In the Hebrew alphabet gimel directly precedes dalet, which signifies a poor or lowly man, given its similarity to the Hebrew word dal (b. Shabbat, 104a).

Gimel is also one of the seven letters which receive special crowns (called tagin) when written in a Sefer Torah. See shin, ayin, teth, nun, zayin, and tsadi.

The letter gimel is the electoral symbol for the United Torah Judaism party, and the party is often nicknamed Gimmel.

In Modern Hebrew, the frequency of usage of gimel, out of all the letters, is 1.26%.

Syriac gamal/gomal

Gamal/Gomal
Madnḫaya Gamal
Serṭo Gomal
Esṭrangela Gamal

In the Syriac alphabet, the third letter is ܓ — Gamal in eastern pronunciation, Gomal in western pronunciation (ܓܵܡܵܠ). It is one of six letters that represent two associated sounds (the others are Bet, Dalet, Kaph, Pe and Taw). When Gamal/Gomal has a hard pronunciation (qûššāyâ ) it represents [ɡ], like "goat". When Gamal/Gomal has a soft pronunciation (rûkkāḵâ ) it traditionally represents [ɣ] (ܓ݂ܵܡܵܠ), or Ghamal/Ghomal. The letter, renamed Jamal/Jomal, is written with a tilde/tie either below or within it to represent the borrowed phoneme [d͡ʒ] (ܓ̰ܡܵܠ), which is used in Garshuni and some Neo-Aramaic languages to write loan and foreign words from Arabic or Persian.

Other uses

Mathematics

The serif form $\gimel$ of the Hebrew letter gimel is occasionally used for the gimel function in mathematics.

Character encodings

Character information

Preview	ג		ج		گ		ܓ		ࠂ		ℷ
Unicode name	HEBREW LETTER GIMEL		ARABIC LETTER JEEM		ARABIC LETTER GAF		SYRIAC LETTER GAMAL		SAMARITAN LETTER GAMAN		GIMEL SYMBOL
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1490	U+05D2	1580	U+062C	1711	U+06AF	1811	U+0713	2050	U+0802	8503	U+2137
UTF-8	215 146	D7 92	216 172	D8 AC	218 175	DA AF	220 147	DC 93	224 160 130	E0 A0 82	226 132 183	E2 84 B7
Numeric character reference	ג	ג	ج	ج	گ	گ	ܓ	ܓ	ࠂ	ࠂ	ℷ	ℷ
Named character reference											ℷ

Character information

Preview	𐎂		𐡂		𐤂
Unicode name	UGARITIC LETTER GAMLA		IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER GIMEL		PHOENICIAN LETTER GAML
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	66434	U+10382	67650	U+10842	67842	U+10902
UTF-8	240 144 142 130	F0 90 8E 82	240 144 161 130	F0 90 A1 82	240 144 164 130	F0 90 A4 82
UTF-16	55296 57218	D800 DF82	55298 56386	D802 DC42	55298 56578	D802 DD02
Numeric character reference	𐎂	𐎂	𐡂	𐡂	𐤂	𐤂

External links

• The Mystical Significance of the Hebrew Letters: Gimel