In Canada, an allophone is a resident whose first language is neither French nor English.[1][2] The term parallels anglophone and francophone, which designate people whose mother tongues are English and French, respectively. Some sources do not consider native speakers of Indigenous languages to be allophones.[3]
Origin of term
editThe word "allophone" (from Greek ἀλλόφωνος allóphōnos "speaking a foreign tongue")[4] is formed from the Greek roots ἄλλος (állos), meaning "other", and φωνή (phōnḗ), meaning "sound" or "voice".
The term became popularized during the Quiet Revolution as French Canadian society in Quebec sought to integrate immigrants, most of whom had traditionally integrated into the English-speaking community. As integrating immigrants was deemed essential to assure the survival of French-speaking Quebec in light of plummeting birth rates, demographers devised this category to monitor the integration of immigrants into French- and English-speaking communities. Because allophones often adopt English, French, or both languages at home or learn one language before another, they can be grouped into English or French communities based on home language or first official language learned.
Demographics
editIn 2006, 20% of the population of Canada was allophone.[5]
Ontario
editIn 2021, 20.7% of the population of Ontario was allophone.[6]
Quebec
edit| Language | Single | Multiple |
|---|---|---|
| Total | ||
| 1. Italian | 124,695 | 6,065 |
| 2. Arabic | 76,285 | 10,245 |
| 3. Spanish | 70,100 | 4,825 |
| 4. Greek | 41,980 | 1,755 |
| 5. Haitian Creole | 34,885 | 5,710 |
| 6. Chinese | 33,490 | 705 |
| 7. Portuguese | 33,360 | 1,455 |
| 8. Vietnamese | 21,635 | 1,125 |
| 9. German | 17,690 | 995 |
| 10. Polish | 17,160 | 685 |
| 11. Armenian | 13,935 | 405 |
| 12. Romanian | 12,660 | 460 |
| 13. Russian | 12,420 | 355 |
| 14. Tamil | 11,095 | 860 |
| 15. Persian | 10,495 | 395 |
Allophones constitute an increasing share of the Quebec population and are the main source of population increase in the province, reflecting both increased levels of immigration, declining birthrates among established anglophone and francophone populations, and a shift in immigration from English-speaking countries to Asia and the Americas.[8] In 1971, allophones were 6.6% of the population. By 2001, this had increased to 10.0%. Speakers of Arabic, Spanish, and Haitian Creole experienced the greatest growth from 1996 to 2001.[9]
Increasing numbers of allophones speak French at home: about 20.4% of allophones in the province reported that they spoke French most often at home in 2001, compared with 16.6% in 1996, and 15.4% in 1991.[9] Most allophones live in Montreal, Quebec's largest metropolitan area. They tend to migrate out of the province: between 1996 and 2001, over 19,170 migrated to other provinces, 18,810 of those to Ontario.[10]
Most allophone students in Quebec attend francophone schools.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Corbeil, Jean-Pierre; Blaser, Christine (2007). "2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census". Statistics Canada.
- ^ Bélanger, Claude (August 23, 2000). "Allophone[s]". faculty.marianopolis.edu.
- ^ Noakes, Taylor C. (January 22, 2020). "Allophone". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- ^ ἀλλόφωνος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ "CYB Overview 2008 > Languages". Statistics Canada. September 7, 2008.
- ^ "Mother Tongue and Home Language in Ontario". Government of Ontario, Ministry of Finance.
- ^ "97F0007XCB2001002".
- ^ "Profile of languages in Canada: Provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- ^ a b "Profile of languages in Canada: Provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- ^ "Net population gains or losses from interprovincial migration by language group, provinces and territories, 1991-1996 and 1996-2001". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- ^ Marin, Stéphanie (March 31, 2017). "Les allophones fréquentent les écoles francophones au Québec" [Allophones attend French-language schools in Quebec]. LaPresse.ca (in French). Retrieved June 11, 2020.