St Michael's Flags and Angel Meadow Park is a public park in Manchester, England, to the immediate northeast of the city centre, on a slope between the River Irk and Rochdale Road. It occupies an area of 7.4 acres (3 ha), and was once an affluent suburb, until the 19th-century Industrial Revolution altered the social standing of the area and introduced poverty and disease. Regeneration of the park in the 2000s has created a gateway into the Irk Valley.[1]
| St Michael's Flags and Angel Meadow Park | |
|---|---|
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| Type | Municipal park |
| Location | Manchester, England |
| Coordinates | 53°29′21″N 2°14′8″W / 53.48917°N 2.23556°W |
| Area | 7.4 acres (3.0 ha) |
| Created | 2004 |
| Operated by | Manchester City Council |
| Website | Friends of Angel Meadow[usurped] |
History
editSt Michael and All Angels' church was built in 1788 by Humphrey Owen to seat just over a thousand people. Its foundation stone was laid on 20 May 1788 and it was consecrated on 23 July 1789. Almost twenty years later in 1808, a letter appeared in the Manchester Guardian declaring "Why one of the ugliest churches in Manchester situated in one of the most crowded and notorious parts of the City, should have so long enjoyed the pleasant sounding name 'St Michael's, Angel Meadow' is beyond understanding".[2]
The land adjacent to the church became the largest cemetery in Manchester, used for the interment of those who had no family place of burial or were too poor to afford a proper funeral. The population density of Angel Meadow in the mid-19th century was in excess of 350 per acre,[3] and as social and living conditions worsened some resorted to digging up the cemetery and selling its soil as fertilizer to nearby farmers. The situation became so bad that the Burial Act of 1855 was passed to cover up graveyards with flagstones, hence the name St Michael's Flags. It has been estimated that 40,000 people were buried here.[4]
In 1844, the Oldham Road terminus of the Manchester–Leeds Railway was abandoned and the line extended through Collyhurst to a new link station at Hunts Bank – the first Victoria Station. A railway viaduct traversed Angel Meadow, whilst the obnoxious smells from the Irk and Irwell and the Gould street gas works darkened the landscape.
The mixture was ladled further by aromas from the tannery, the dyeworks, the iron foundry, the brewery, the tripe works and rotting vegetation from the Smithfield market, all added together with the neighborhood’s fried fish and bad sanitation smells, one would agree that the cauldron of Angel Meadow was indeed a potent brew.[5]
— James Stanhope-Brown, Angels from the Meadow
Ragged schools, such as Charter Street and Sharp Street, and other institutes for abandoned, destitute and neglected children, flourished in the area:
Each winter, thousands of poor, helpless children are provided with food, clogs and clothing; and every Sunday morning during the season, hundreds of destitute men and women are served with breakfast; and we try, by God’s help and the bestowal of a word of comfort and cheer, to arouse in them a feeling of hope which may lead them to a higher and noble life.[6]
— Ellen Casey, Christmas Appeal 1901 by Thomas Johnson
Alexis de Tocqueville, a French political thinker and historian, best known for his Democracy in America (two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856), explored the effects of the rising inequalities in social conditions on the individual and the state in western societies; he visited Manchester in 1835, describing it in his work of the same year Journeys to England And Ireland.
Friedrich Engels was born in 1820 as the son of a successful German industrialist. As a young man his father sent him to England to help manage his cotton factory in Salford. Engels was shocked by the poverty in the city and began writing an account that was published as the Condition of the Working Classes in England (1844). His account, of what he labeled the "Irish town", includes a graphic description of the pauper burial ground at St. Michael's Flags.[7] Engels later collaborated with Karl Marx, which resulted in the Communist Manifesto.
The Flags became known for hosting prostitutes, street entertainers, Cock fights and bare knuckle brawls, with gathered crowds gambling on the competitions, in the second half of the 19th century. Territorial gangs, of adolescent Scuttlers, fought for the control of the neighbouring streets, while numerous pawn shops and marine stores fenced items pickpocketed or robbed by the street gangs, and beer shops offered an illicit potato derived spirit, known as poteen.[8][9]
St Michael's Church, graveyard, and surrounding streets regularly featured in the paintings of L. S. Lowry.[10]
St Michael's Church closed in 1930 and the site was sold on condition that the church building was demolished. Demolition was carried out in 1935. In 1940 Angel Meadow was subject to German bombing.[11]
Regeneration
editFriends of Angel Meadow (FOAM) was formed in 2004 to campaign for the regeneration of the park and to research the history of the area. Over £200,000 was raised through grants and match funding, which was spent re-landscaping the park, installing street furniture including seating and bins, erecting four solar-powered street lights, an arched entrance way and planting wildflowers.
A Local Heritage Grant of £24,000 paid for six history boards and the publication of an information booklet.
In the spring of 2006, the park hosted the BBC and Manchester Leisure's Springwatch Festival of Nature. Since 2006 it has attained Green Flag Award status, the national award for green spaces in England and Wales.[12]
On 1 May 2010, the park was used as a location by artist Spencer Tunick for his installation Everyday People,[13] part of The Lowry's 10th Anniversary celebration.
Oxford Archaeology carried out excavations around the park in 2009, 2012 and 2019, revealing the basements of homes and business in the area from the 1800s.[8]
The Royal Geographical Society Discovering Britain series of walks: Slums, Squalor and Salvation guides people around the park and wider neighbourhood.[7]
In August 2012, BBC television broadcast scenes of the area as part of Michael Wood's The Great British Story: A People's History (Episode 8 Industry & Empire).
A second phase of funding for the park has been secured and work should be completed by early summer 2014. This work will include repairing the Aspin Lane wall and opening up the steps into the park, often referred to as the Lowry Steps (as L S Lowry depicted them in several of his works).[8]
The Co-operative Group is also funding a significant programme of work in 2015 to rebuild the front entrance and improve the whole park overall. This is being funded from the grant given to The Co-operative from the European Regional Development Fund to create the NOMA district of Manchester city centre.
References
editNotes
- ^ "St Michael's Flags and Angel Meadow". The Irk Valley Project. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
- ^ Extract from North and East Manchester article, December 28, 1808
- ^ Makepeace 1984, p. 20
- ^ Beckert, Sven (2014). Empire of Cotton: A Global History (1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-375-41414-5. OCLC 875554374.
- ^ Angels from the Meadow, by James Stanhope-Brown.
- ^ Extract from article by Ellen Casey – Christmas Appeal 1901 by Thomas Johnson
- ^ a b "Discovering Britain - Slums, squalor and salvation, A self guided walk around Victorian Manchester" (PDF). The Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers, London. 2012.
- ^ a b c Stitt, Lewis (March 2014). "THE LOWRY STEPS, ASPIN LANE, MANCHESTER, Archaeological Watching Brief" (PDF). Oxford Archeology North.
- ^ Kirby, Dean (29 February 2016). Angel Meadow: Victorian Britain's Most Savage Slum. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-8028-3.
- ^ "LS Lowry". Friends of Angel Meadow. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Kirby, p. 176
- ^ "St Michael's and Angel Meadow". Green Flag Award. Archived from the original on 19 June 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ "Everyday People". Lowry. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
Bibliography
- Makepeace, Chris E. (1984), Science and Technology in Manchester: Two Hundred Years of the Lit. and Phil., Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Publications, ISBN 0-902428-04-7
- Kirby, Dean (2016), Angel Meadow: Victorian Britain's most savage slum, Pen & Sword Books, ISBN 9781783831524
Further reading
edit- Busteed M. Angel Meadow:The Irish and Cholera in Manchester From Exploring Greater Manchester: A Fieldwork Guide edited by Paul Hindle
- Journeys to England and Ireland (1835); by Alexis de Tocqueville
- Condition of the Working Classes in England (1844); by Friedrich Engels
- 25 Years of Detective Life - a Fascinating Account of Crime in Victorian Manchester (1895); by Jerome Caminada
- Different Times (2006); by William Kenneth Jones {https://www.amazon.co.uk/s?k=William+Kenneth+Jones&i=stripbooks&ref=nb_sb_noss_2}
- Gangs of Manchester (2008); by Andrew Davies
- Fictional accounts using Angel Meadow as a backdrop
- The Manchester Man (1879); Mrs G. Linnaeus Banks
- Angel Meadow (1999); by Audrey Howard
- Nancy (2011); by William Kenneth Jones {https://www.amazon.co.uk/s?k=William+Kenneth+Jones&i=stripbooks&ref=nb_sb_noss_2}
External links
edit- Friends of Angel Meadow
- The Guardian article April 24, 2005
- Manchester Evening News article March 22, 2003
- Groundwork Manchester, Salford & Trafford Ltd
- Local Heritage Initiative Website with photos of the FOAM and links to an electronic copy of the history booklet
- The fifth biodiversity hotspot award goes to Angel Meadows
- Angel Meadow: "Hell upon Earth"; BBC Manchester; 2 September 2009 (quotes courtesy of The Gangs of Manchester by Andrew Davies and The Condition of the Working Class in England by Friedrich Engels (1844))