Apalachicola Bay is an estuary and lagoon located on the northwest coast of the U.S. state of Florida. The Apalachicola Bay system also includes St. George Sound, St. Vincent Sound and East Bay, covering an area of about 208 square miles (540 km2).[1] Four islands, St. Vincent Island to the west, Cape St. George Island and St. George Island to the south, and Dog Island to the east, separate the system from the Gulf of Mexico.[2] Water exchange occurs through Indian Pass, West Pass, East Pass and the Duer Channel. The lagoon has been designated as a National Estuarine Research Reserve and the Apalachicola River is the largest source of freshwater to the estuary.[2] Combined with the Chattahoochee River, Flint River, and Ochlockonee River they drain a watershed of over 20,000 square miles (50,000 km2) at a rate of 19,599 cubic feet (550 m3) per second according to the United States Geological Survey in 2002.[1][3]
Biodiversity
editApalachicola Bay is part of The National Estuarine Research Reserve System.[4] The region features 1,162 species of plants, and includes the largest natural stand of tupelo trees in the world. The area is also home to 308 species of birds, 186 species of fish, 57 species of mammals, and boasts the highest species density of amphibians and reptiles in all of North America, north of Mexico stated by the Apalachicola Reserve, 2002.[4][5]
Endangered Species
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Threatened and endangered species reside in the Apalachicola. Previous and current threatened and endangered species include the Gulf Sturgeon, the Fat threeridge mussel, the Purple bankclimber mussel, and the Chipola slabshell mussel.[6] According to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, changes in flow rate affect the physiological processes of mussels in the Apalachicola Bay. Temperature decreases with rising flow rate, while oxygen concentrations increase.[7] Low flow and dissolved oxygen displayed a direct relationship with mussel mortality in Flint River.[7][8] Drought in the Apalachicola Bay has led to growing concerns for its threatened and endangered mussel species.[7]
Ecosystem Services
editOyster Fisheries
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The Apalachicola Bay oysters consist of 90% of Florida's annual oyster consumption and 10% of the oyster catch across the United States. Apalachicola oysters are a critical component of the Bay's ecosystem as well as Florida's economy. The growth and maintenance of oyster reefs depends on water circulation, salinity, temperature, sedimentation, food web dynamics, commercial harvesting and weather.[9] In 2012, Apalachicola oyster populations began to decline , leading to the declaration of a fishery disaster by the Secretary of Commerce in 2013. The oyster population in Franklin County experienced a 98% decrease. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission aimed to restore the fishery by prohibiting oyster fishing for five years.[10] Periods of low flow cause an increase in salinity concentrations and in turn, lead to increases in predation rates by stone crabs and oyster drills. Past studies have hypothesized that high rates of freshwater discharge cause a high mortality rate in oysters due to low salinity. In oysters, low salinity is known to cause hindrances in gametogenesis, gonad disintegration, delays in spawning, post-settlement mortality, and declining larval and adult filtration rates. However, further research is necessary to provide a widely accepted explanation for the relationship between Apalachicola discharge and oyster fisheries.[11]
Water Rights Dispute
edit"Tri-State Water Wars"
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The Apalachicola Bay is part of an ongoing dispute between Alabama, Florida and Georgia. The Tri-State Water Wars involve the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) river basin. Beginning in 2007, drought within federal reservoirs has led to a dispute regarding the fate of water flow management within the ACF.[12] The three states have a experienced a long-term dispute regarding the U.S Army Corps of Engineers' (Corps) ability to change the rate of water discharge such that water storage is preserved, particularly in Lake Lanier. The Corps controls water from Lake Lanier such that it flows into the Apalachicola to meet its minimum flow requirement.[12] The Apalachicola Bay and its oyster industry is dependent on discharge from the Apalachicola River. The Army Corps of Engineers have issued Exceptional Drought Operations that allow for 16% lower flow into the Apalachicola River.[12] The minimum flows to the Apalachicola are necessary to the survival of the species listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Climate Change and Variability
editLow Flow and Drought
editEl Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a driver of climate variability on a global scale. Research has shown that baseflow of the Flint River has increased by 10% during El Niño and decreased by 10% during La Niña. Under Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), La Niña causes a decrease in baseflow, resulting in severe drought throughout the ACF River Basin.[13] Florida has experienced a decrease in precipitation and an increase in temperature between 1970-2009. It has been predicted that air temperatures may increase by 3-4 degrees Celsius due to a twofold increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Climate models in the Apalachicola River basin have allowed researchers to project increases in extreme rainfall intensity and frequency.[14]
Extreme Weather Events
editIt has been projected that extreme weather events, a consequence of climate change, will have a significant impact on the Apalachicola Bay. Extreme weather events and differences in seasonality due to climate change may exacerbate changes in streamflow and sediment load in the Apalachicola.[15] The migration, reproduction and distribution of organisms in the Apalachicola Bay is sensitive to salinity and total suspended solid levels. Additionally, organisms in the Apalachicola River Basin are threatened by high flow magnitude and seasonal changes in runoff and sediment load due to climate change.[16]
References
edit- ^ a b "Geographic Names Information System". edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ a b "Florida Department of Environmental Protection: Learn about Your Watershed Apalachicola River-Chipola River Watershed". Protecting Your Water. My Florida. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-05. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "The Apalachicola National Estuarine Reserve" (PDF). coast.noaa.gov. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-02.
- ^ a b "The Apalachicola National Estuarine Reserve" (PDF). coast.noaa.gov. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-02.
- ^ "Search | Florida Department of Environmental Protection". floridadep.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ "Does the Endangered Species Act Preempt State Water Law?". Kansas Law Review. 2014. doi:10.17161/1808.20259. hdl:1808/20259. ISSN 0083-4025.
- ^ a b c Corn, M. L.; Abel, A.; Kaplan, S.M.; Buck, E.H.; Folger, P.; Brougher, C.; Alexander, K. (2007). "CRS Report for Congress: Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) drought: Federal reservoir and species management Policy" (PDF). Policy. 7: 9529.
- ^ Johnson, Paula M.; Liner, Anna E.; Golladay, Stephen W.; Michener, William K. (2001). "Effects of drought on freshwater mussels and instream habitat in Coastal Plain tributaries of the Flint River, southwest Georgia (July-October, 2000)". Nature Conservancy.
- ^ Wang, Hongqing; Huang, Wenrui; Harwell, Mark A.; Edmiston, Lee; Johnson, Elijah; Hsieh, Ping; Milla, Katherine; Christensen, John; Stewart, Jessica; Liu, Xiaohai (February 2008). "Modeling oyster growth rate by coupling oyster population and hydrodynamic models for Apalachicola Bay, Florida, USA". Ecological Modelling. 211 (1–2): 77–89. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.08.018. ISSN 0304-3800.
- ^ Botta, Robert; Camp, Ed; Court, Christa; Stair, Caleb; Adams, Charles (2020-12-18). "Potential economic benefits of restoring commercial oyster harvest levels in Apalachicola Bay, Florida". EDIS. 2020 (6): 5. doi:10.32473/edis-fe1085-2020. ISSN 2576-0009. S2CID 234562323.
- ^ Fisch, Nicholas C.; Pine, William E. (December 2016). "A Complex Relationship between Freshwater Discharge and Oyster Fishery Catch Per Unit Effort in Apalachicola Bay, Florida: an Evaluation from 1960 to 2013". Journal of Shellfish Research. 35 (4): 809–825. doi:10.2983/035.035.0409. ISSN 0730-8000. S2CID 90264147.
- ^ a b c Corn, M. L.; Abel, A.; Kaplan, S.M.; Buck, E.H.; Folger, P.; Brougher, C.; Alexander, K. (2007). "CRS Report for Congress: Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) drought: Federal reservoir and species management Policy" (PDF). Policy. 7: 9529.
- ^ Singh, Sarmistha; Srivastava, Puneet; Abebe, Ash; Mitra, Subhasis (September 2015). "Baseflow response to climate variability induced droughts in the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin, U.S.A." Journal of Hydrology. 528: 550–561. Bibcode:2015JHyd..528..550S. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.068. ISSN 0022-1694.
- ^ Wang, D.; Hagen, S.C.; Alizad, K. (2013). "Climate change impact and uncertainty analysis of extreme rainfall events in the Apalachicola River basin, Florida". Journal of Hydrology. 480: 125–135. Bibcode:2013JHyd..480..125W. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.015.
- ^ Chen, Xi; Alizad, Karim; Wang, Dingbao; Hagen, Scott C. (November 2014). "Climate Change Impact on Runoff and Sediment Loads to the Apalachicola River at Seasonal and Event Scales". Journal of Coastal Research. 68: 35–42. doi:10.2112/si68-005.1. ISSN 0749-0208. S2CID 129640802.
- ^ Obeysekera, Jayantha; Graham, Wendy; Sukop, Michael; Asefa, Tirusew; Wang, Dingbao; Ghebremichael, Kebreab; Mwashote, Benjamin (2017-11-29), "Implications of Climate Change on Florida's Water Resources", Florida’s Climate: Changes, Variations, & Impacts, Florida Climate Institute, doi:10.17125/fci2017.ch03, ISBN 9781979091046