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Battle of Khunan

(Redirected from Battle of Caucasus Mountain)

The Battle of Khunan was fought in September 1222 between the Kingdom of Georgia, led by King George IV, and the Mongol army led by Subutai and Jebe. The result was a Mongol victory. For further details, see the Mongol Invasions of Georgia.

Battle of Khunan
Part of the Mongol invasions of Georgia[1]

Mongol invasion of Georgia and the Battle of Khunan
DateSeptember 1222[2]
Location
Shemakha, Kingdom of Georgia[3]
40°40′31″N 42°44′32″E / 40.67528°N 42.74222°E / 40.67528; 42.74222
Result Mongol victory[4]
Belligerents
Mongol Empire  Kingdom of Georgia
Commanders and leaders
Subutai[1]
Jebe[1]		 King George IV of Georgia[1]
Strength
20,000 initially[5]
30,000 Mongols[6] and unknown number of allies at Khunan		 10,000 initially[5][7][8]
30,000 Georgians and Armenians at Khunan[9][1]
Casualties and losses
Moderate[1] Heavy[1]

Subutai's reconnaissance

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The Mongols made their first appearance in the Georgian possessions when this latter kingdom was still in its zenith, dominating most of the Caucasus. First contact occurred early in the fall of 1220, when approximately 20,000 Mongols led by Subutai and Jebe pursued the ousted Shah Muhammad II of the Khwarazmian dynasty to the Caspian Sea. With the consent of Genghis Khan, the two Mongol generals proceeded west on a reconnaissance mission.[10] The Mongols invaded from Nakhichevan, driving Atabeg Uzbek (ruler of the Eldiguzids, modern-day Azerbaijan) from Ganja in Azerbaijan to Tabriz. King George IV "Lasha" of Georgia hastily assembled an army of about 10,000 men including many Georgian crusaders commanded by him and his atabeg (tutor) Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, and managed to drive the invaders back but were consequently defeated in Armenia by successive Mongol counter-attacks.[11] The Mongols then returned to Arran as they had not intended this as a war of conquest.

Lead-up to the battle

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Thinking that the Mongols would stay in Arran until the Spring, the Georgians began gathering an army, asking for help from Malik Ashraf of Ahlat and Uzbek, the Atabeg of Azerbaijan.[11] Conquering the Caucasus was not Subatai's remit, but Mongol intelligence intercepted war plans by Georgia and their vassals, and the Mongols attacked when least expected, in the freezing cold and snowbound passes of January 1221. Subatai and Jebe received reinforcements from Genghis Khan[10] and recruited local Turkish and Kurdish forces under the command of Akush, a disloyal underling of Atabag Uzbek.[11] Subutai and Jebe then marched into Georgia towards Tbilisi, the Georgian Capital.[11] Close to Tbilisi the Mongols attacked a Georgian force. The Georgians managed to defeat Akush's Turkmen but were slaughtered by the Mongol rearguard.[11]

In spring, after ravaging Southeast Georgia, the Mongols withdrew to Karabakh, According to Kirakos Gandzaketsi, after this battle, Jebe and Subutai dwelt in a very safe place, which was between the cities of Barda and Beylagan. This they used as a base from which to launch attacks. Then they invaded Tabriz, whose governor Shams Tabrizi paid a fortune to buy the city exemption. In August 1221 the Mongols slaughtered the population of Hamadan, then turned north, depopulating Nakhichevan, Ardabil and Ganja, from where they went again to Eastern Georgia.[citation needed]

Battle

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This time King George IV and atabeg Mkhargrdzeli had assembled a larger force of 30,000[9] consisting of Georgians and Armenians, while Jebe had received reinforcements from Genghis.[12] The two armies met on the plain of Khunan in September. Jebe set up an ambush with 5,000 cavalrymen while Subutai went forward with the rest of the army. The Mongol tactic was to attack with its main body and then feign a retreat, after which a second Mongol army descended from the rear to encircle and destroy the enemy. Unprepared for this tactic, the Georgians managed to disperse the initial Mongol charge with their heavy cavalry and chased them up to the river Kotman but Jebe's sudden advance from the ambush decided the battle in the Mongol's favor. The king and Ivane fled, leaving Prince Vahram Gageli to fight on the right flank,[13] who survived and would later serve under Queen Rusudan.

Aftermath

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George IV was badly wounded in the chest; on 18 January 1223 he would die of his injuries. However subsequent invasions were cancelled when Mongol scouts discovered that the Georgians and Armenians were prepared to deny further incursions.[5] Subutai instead continued to march his army north, with orders to conquer the Polovtsian Khanate.[10]

References

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  • Alexander, Bevin (23 September 2003). How wars are won:the 13 rules of war from ancient greece to the war on terror P/117. Three River Press. ISBN 1-4000-4948-2.
  • McLynn, Frank (14 July 2015). Genghis Khan: His conquest, his Empire, his legacy. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82396-1.
  • McLynn, Frank (August 23, 2016). Genghis Khan: The Man Who Conquered the World. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-1-784-70350-9., ch. 12 The Great Raid.
  • Craughwell, Thomas J. (February 2010). The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan almost conquered the world. Fair Winds. ISBN 9781616738518.
  • Rayfield, Donald. 2012. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. London, UNITED KINGDOM: Reaktion Books, Limited.

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Genghis Khan: his conquest, his empire, his legacy"by Frank Lynn
  2. ^ "Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid-19th Century" By Alexander Basilevsky
  3. ^ Frank McLynn, ‘’Genghis Khan: his conquest, his empire, his legacy’’, (Da Capo Press, 2015), 326-327.
  4. ^ 'How wars are won:the 13 rules of war from ancient greece to the war on terror P/117'by Alexander, Bevin
  5. ^ a b c Bayarsaikhan, Dashdondog (December 7, 2010). The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). Brill. p. 48.
  6. ^ Prawdin, Michael; Chaliand, Gerard (November 1, 2005). The Mongol Empire: Its Rise and Legacy. Routledge. p. 211.
  7. ^ Peers, Chris (March 31, 2015). Genghis Khan and the Mongol War Machine. Pen and Sword. p. 135.
  8. ^ "The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigms Case of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries"by Seta B. Dadoyan
  9. ^ a b "Genghis Khan: the man who conquered the world, ch. 12 the great raid"by Frank Lynn
  10. ^ a b c Alexander Basilevsky, Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid-19th Century, (McFarland & Co., 2016), 163.
  11. ^ a b c d e Rayfield, Donald (11 March 2019). Edge of empires : a history of Georgia. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-059-0. OCLC 1053903394.[page needed]
  12. ^ Balayan, Vahram (2005). Artsakh History: From Time Immemorial Up to Our Days. Zangak-97. p. 104.
  13. ^ Bedrosian, ROBERT GREGORY. (1981), The Turco-Mongol invasions and the lords of Armenia in the 13-14th centuries. U.M.I.: Ann Arbor.
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