A black hole cosmology (also called Schwarzschild cosmology or black hole cosmological model) is a cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole. Such models were originally proposed by theoretical physicist Raj Kumar Pathria,[1] and concurrently by mathematician I. J. Good.[2]
Any such model requires that the Hubble radius of the observable universe be equal to its Schwarzschild radius, that is, the product of its mass and the Schwarzschild proportionality constant. This is indeed known to be nearly the case; at least one cosmologist, however, considers this close match to be a coincidence.[3]
In the version as originally proposed by Pathria and Good, and studied more recently by, among others, Nikodem Popławski, [4] the observable universe is the interior of a black hole existing as one of possibly many inside a larger parent universe, or multiverse.
According to general relativity, the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently compact mass forms a singular Schwarzschild black hole. In the Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory of gravity, however, it forms a regular Einstein–Rosen bridge, or wormhole. Schwarzschild wormholes and Schwarzschild black holes are different mathematical solutions of general relativity and the Einstein–Cartan theory. Yet for observers, the exteriors of both solutions with the same mass are indistinguishable. The Einstein–Cartan theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the torsion tensor, as a dynamical variable. Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of matter. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin-spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity. Instead, the collapsing matter reaches an enormous but finite density and rebounds, forming the other side of an Einstein-Rosen bridge, which grows as a new universe.[5] Accordingly, the Big Bang was a nonsingular Big Bounce at which the universe had a finite, minimum scale factor.[6] Or, the Big Bang was a supermassive white hole that was the result of a supermassive black hole at the heart of a galaxy in our parent universe.
Shockwave cosmology, proposed by Joel Smoller and Blake Temple in 2003,[7] has the “big bang” as an explosion inside a black hole, producing the expanding volume of space and matter that includes the observable universe. This black hole eventually becomes a white hole as the matter density reduces with the expansion.[7] A related theory proposes that the acceleration of the expansion of the observable universe, normally attributed to dark energy, may be caused by an effect of the shockwave.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Pathria, R. K. (1972). "The Universe as a Black Hole". Nature. 240 (5379): 298–299. Bibcode:1972Natur.240..298P. doi:10.1038/240298a0. S2CID 4282253.
- ^ Good, I. J. (July 1972). "Chinese universes". Physics Today. 25 (7): 15. Bibcode:1972PhT....25g..15G. doi:10.1063/1.3070923.
- ^ Landsberg, P. T. (1984). "Mass Scales and the Cosmological Coincidences". Annalen der Physik. 496 (2): 88–92. Bibcode:1984AnP...496...88L. doi:10.1002/andp.19844960203.
- ^ Popławski, N. J. (2010). "Radial motion into an Einstein-Rosen bridge". Physics Letters B. 687 (2–3): 110–113. arXiv:0902.1994. Bibcode:2010PhLB..687..110P. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.03.029. S2CID 5947253.
- ^ Popławski, N. J. (2010). "Cosmology with torsion: An alternative to cosmic inflation". Physics Letters B. 694 (3): 181–185. arXiv:1007.0587. Bibcode:2010PhLB..694..181P. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.056.
- ^ Popławski, N. (2012). "Nonsingular, big-bounce cosmology from spinor-torsion coupling". Physical Review D. 85 (10): 107502. arXiv:1111.4595. Bibcode:2012PhRvD..85j7502P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.85.107502. S2CID 118434253.
- ^ a b Smoller, Joel; Temple, Blake (2003-09-30). "Shock-wave cosmology inside a black hole". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (20): 11216–11218. arXiv:astro-ph/0210105. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10011216S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1833875100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 208737. PMID 12972640.
- ^ Clara Moskowitz (2009-08-17). "'Big Wave' Theory Offers Alternative to Dark Energy". Space.com. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
