Cemais (sometimes spelled Kemes after one of the several variations found in Medieval orthography) was an ancient cantref of the Kingdom of Dyfed, from the 11th century a Norman Marcher Lordship, from the 16th century a Hundred, and is now part of Pembrokeshire, Wales. It occupied the coastal area between the Teifi estuary and Fishguard, and the northern and southern slopes of the Preseli Hills, covering an area of approximately 140 square miles (360 km2). The Afon Nyfer divided it into two commotes: Cemais Is Nyfer to the north and Cemais Uwch Nyfer to the south.[1]: 25
History
editDeheubarth
editAlthough the area is not mentioned by it, an allegorical poem in the Black Book of Carmarthen[2] has been extrapolated by some writers to conclude that the area must have once been under the rule of Cuhelyn the Bard,[3] a descendant of whom was later granted land in the nearby Preseli Hills by charter.[4][5] In this period, Nevern served as the ecclesiastical centre of the area, and may have been the seat of a bishop.[6]
11th century
editIn the mid 11th century, Dyfed was part of Deheubarth ruled by Rhys ap Tewdwr who had accepted the suzerainty of William the Conqueror following the Norman Conquest of England. When William died in 1087, Rhys took the view that his vassalage was for William's life only; with other magnates, he attacked Worcester during the rebellion of 1088.[7] Rhys was subsequently killed in battle at Brecon. His land—forfeit for rebelling against Norman suzerainty—was seized by various Norman magnates.[8]
In about 1094, Martin de Turribus sailed from Devon to Fishguard.[9][10][11] According to local tradition recounted by Richard Fenton, following a skirmish at Morvil, de Turribus was victorious and violent towards the inhabitants he encountered.[11][12] Except for Dewisland—the lands owned by the Bishop of St. Davids—de Turribus took most of northern coastal Dyfed.[9] The lands seized by him became the Marcher Lordship of Kemes.[13] He chose Nevern for his caput and secured it by establishing a castle there. Kemes remained almost exclusively Welsh-speaking.[10]
12th century
editFollowing Henry I's death in 1135, anarchy followed due to conflict between rival claimants. Gruffydd took the opportunity to reconstruct Deheubarth. Raising an army, Gruffydd conquered much of former Deheubarth including Cemais by 1136. Robert fitz Martin was expelled from the lands. His son, William Fitz Martin, received Kemes as a dowry when he married Angharad, a daughter of Rhys ap Gruffydd.[14]
In 1189, King Henry II died, and Rhys went to Oxford to render homage to Henry's successor Richard the Lionheart;[15] he had been accompanied by Prince John (Richard's brother), but Richard actively refused to meet Rhys,[16] which made Rhys furious.[15] In 1191, despite a previous oath not to do so, Rhys seized Cemais from William Fitz-Martin, and gave it to his son, Gruffydd.[15]
Rhys, however, had an older, bastard, son, Maelgwn, who had become a bitter rival of his brother; Welsh inheritance law allowed bastards to inherit, but Rhys preferred the English practice, which did not, and had been grooming Gruffydd as his successor. Maelgwn attacked Cemais, and took it from Gruffydd, eventually imprisoning his own father—Rhys—in Nevern castle; a younger son, Hywel, eventually released him.[15] When war broke out upon Rhys's death in 1197, between Maelgwn and Gruffydd, William fitz Martin re-established his control of Kemes, founding a new caput at Newport; the eventual victor of the war—Maelgwn—did not displace him.
13th century
editKemes remained with William's descendants during the 13th century; even though it was captured by Llywelyn Fawr in 1215 and his grandson in 1257, on both occasions the Fitz-Martins successfully recovered it.[17] In 1326, two years after his similarly named father, the reigning Lord Martin (the Fitz having been dropped earlier in the previous century) died childless, and the Lordship was inherited by his sister, Joan, and her husband, James Audley. The Barons Audley arising from their marriage held the Lordship of Kemes until 1497, when the 7th Baron Audley rebelled against King Henry VII, failed, and was thus executed for high treason, with his lands declared forfeit.
16th century Pembrokeshire
editIn 1534, Henry VIII transferred the lands from the crown to John Tuchet, 8th Baron Audley, as an English feudal barony. Henry had already decided upon the course which would see the status of Marcher Lord entirely abolished the following year, by the first of the Laws in Wales Acts. This Act transformed the former Marcher Lordship of Kemes and the surrounding Marcher Lordship of Pembroke (together with Dewisland) into Pembrokeshire. Pembrokeshire was administratively subdivided into Hundreds, with Cemais largely falling into the new Hundred named Cemais,[18] except for the parish of Llantood (which became part of the neighbouring Cilgerran hundred). A small portion of the former Cantref of Gwarthaf was also included in the Hundred of Cemais.
John sold the feudal barony of Cemais two years later, to a local lawyer, William Owen.[19] He was succeeded in 1574 by his son, George Owen, whose antiquarian interests led him to produce a detailed parish-by-parish description of the Lordship in his second book[20] as well as a detailed description of the boundaries of the hundred.[12]
See also
editReferences and notes
edit- ^ Charles, B. G. (1992). The Placenames of Pembrokeshire. Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales. ISBN 978-0907158585.
- ^ "The Ode of Cyridwen". Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
- ^ A poem in praise of Cuhelyn Fardd in the Black Book of Carmarthen, R.G. Gruffydd, in Studia Celtica 10/11, University of Wales Press, 1975
- ^ Baronia de Kemeys. From the original documents at Bronwydd., Sir Thomas Davies Lloyd (Bt.), London, 1862, p.48
- ^ An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, 1914, Volume 4, p 276
- ^ Williams, A. H. (1941) An Introduction to the History of Wales: Volume I: Prehistoric Times to 1063. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, p. 120
- ^ The history of Wales, descriptive of the government, wars, manners, religion, laws, druids, bards, pedigrees and language of the ancient Britons and modern Welsh, and of the remaining antiquities of the principality, John Jones, 1824, London, p. 63-64
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 1771, Edinburgh, volume 2, p.907, paragraph 23.
- ^ a b Laws, Edward (1888). The history of Little England beyond Wales and the non-Kymric colony settled in Pembrokeshire. Bell, London. pp. 97–100. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ a b The ancient castles of England and Wales, William Woolnoth, 1825, entry for Newport
- ^ a b An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of Wales and Monmouthshire:VII Pembrokeshire. H.M.Stationery Office. 1925. p. 238. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ a b Fenton, Richard (1811). A historical tour through Pembrokeshire. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & co. pp. 523-526. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, John Burke, London, 1847, Volume 1, entry for Lloyd of Bronwydd
- ^ The Lords of Cemais, Dillwynn Miles, Haverfordwest, 1997
- ^ a b c d Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 48, entry for Rhys ap Gruffydd, John Edward Lloyd
- ^ The English in the Twelfth Century: Imperialism, National Identity, and Political Values, Prof. John Gillingham, 2000, London, p. 59
- ^ Newport Castle, Dillwyn Miles in The Archaeological Journal, issue 119, 1962 p.340
- ^ As defined in the 1851 census
- ^ Newport Castle (Pembrokeshire): An Architectural Study, David M. Browne & David Percival, 1992, Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales
- ^ Charles, B. G. (1973) The Second Book of George Owen's "Description of Pembrokeshire" in National Library of Wales Journal V, 1973, pp. 265-285