The Fraser or Old Lisu script is an artificial abugida for the Lisu language invented around 1915 by Sara Ba Thaw, a Karen preacher from Myanmar, and improved by the missionary James O. Fraser. It is a single-case (unicameral) alphabet. It was also used for the Naxi language, e.g. in the 1932 Naxi Gospel of Mark,[1] and used in the Zaiwa or Atsi language, e.g. in the 1938 Atsi Gospel of Mark.
| Fraser | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
| Creator | James O. Fraser |
Time period | c. 1915–present |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Languages | Lisu |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Lisu (399), Lisu (Fraser) |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Lisu |
| U+A4D0–U+A4FF, U+11FB0–U+11FBF | |
The script uses uppercase letters from the Latin script (except for the letter Q) and rotated versions thereof (except for the letters M, Q and W) to write consonants and vowels. Tones and nasalization are written with Roman punctuation marks, identical to those found on a typewriter. Like the Indic abugidas, the vowel [a] is not written. However, unlike those scripts, the other vowels are written with full letters.
The local Chinese government in Nujiang de facto recognized the script in 1992 as the official script for writing in Lisu, although other Lisu autonomous territories continue to use the New Lisu.[citation needed]
Consonants
editNote: You may need to download a Lisu capable Unicode font if not all characters display.
| Labial | Alveolar | Alveolar sibilant |
Post- alveolar |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Tenuis | ꓑ [p] | ꓔ [t] | ꓝ [ts] | ꓚ [tʃ] | ꓗ [k] | ꓮ [ʔ]1 |
| Aspirate | ꓒ [pʰ] | ꓕ [tʰ] | ꓞ [tsʰ] | ꓛ [tʃʰ] | ꓘ [kʰ] | ||
| Voiced | ꓐ [b] | ꓓ [d] | ꓜ [dz] | ꓙ [dʒ] | ꓖ [ɡ] | ꓨ [ɦ]3 4 | |
| Fricative | Voiceless | ꓩ [f]4 | ꓢ [s] | ꓫ [ʃ] | ꓧ [x] | ||
| Voiced | ꓤ [z]4 | ꓣ [ʒ] | ꓭ [ɯ]?, [ɣ]2 | ||||
| Nasal | ꓟ [m] | ꓠ [n] | ꓠꓬ [ȵ] | ꓥ [ŋ] | ꓦ [h̃]3 | ||
| Approximant | Tenuis | ꓪ [w], [u̯]2 | ꓡ [l] | ꓬ [ʝ], [i̯]2 | |||
| Aspirate | 𑾰 [ʝʰ], [i̯ʰ]2 5 | ||||||
- Initial glottal stop is only written when the inherent vowel [ɑ] follows, and just like all consonants, the inherent vowel suffix ˍ must not be written as that would indicate another [ɑ] follows (ʔɑɑ instead of ʔɑ). It is automatic before all initial vowels but [ɯ] and [ə].
- ꓭ represents a "vowel" in the Naxi language, presumably a medial [ɯ], and a consonant in the Lisu language [ɣ]. ꓪ, ꓬ and 𑾰 are likewise ambiguous.
- ꓨ only occurs in an imperative particle. It is an allophone of ꓦ [h̃], which causes nasalization to the syllable.
- ꓤ, ꓨ and ꓩ are used only in Lisu language.
- 𑾰 is used only in Naxi language.
Vowels
edit
| Front | Central/back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | ꓲ [i] | ꓵ [y] | ꓶ [ɯ] | ꓴ [u] | ||
| Mid | ꓰ [e] | ꓱ [ø] | ꓬꓱ [i̯ø] | ꓷ [ə] | ꓳ [ʊ] | ꓮꓳ [ɑw]/[ɔ] |
| Low | ꓯ [ɛ] | ˍ** [ɑ] | ꓪ [wɑ] | ꓬ [i̯ɑ] | ||
- **Only written after a syllable (consonant letter) to indicate a second vowel. Other vowels do not have special letters to emphasize a secondary vowel without glottal stop initial, such as ꓡꓷꓰꓹ ([ləe]) is not written as ꓡꓷˍꓰꓹ and can only be distinguished from ꓡꓷ ꓰꓹ ([lə ʔe]) by a space.
For example, ⟨ꓝ⟩ is [tsɑ̄], while ⟨ꓝꓰ⟩ is [tsē].
When consonant ꓠꓬ, ꓬ is used with vowel ꓬꓱ, ꓬ, without being ambiguous only one ꓬ is written.
When transcribing exotic rimes (diphthongs or nasal endings), letters ꓮ and ꓬ can work like vowels just like English letter Y, making Fraser script behave like an abjadic alphabet like the Roman instead of an abugida like Tibetan; meanwhile space works like a delimiter like a Tibetan tseg, making a final consonant (such as ꓠ) possible without necessity of a halanta sign: 凉粉 ꓡꓬꓮꓳ ꓩꓷꓠ reads as /li̯ɛw fən/ rather than as ꓡꓬ ꓮ ꓳ ꓩꓷ ꓠ /li̯ɑ ʔɑ ʔʊ fə nɑ/.[2]
Tones
editTones are written with standard punctuation. Lisu punctuation therefore differs from international norms: the comma is ⟨꓾⟩ (hyphen period) and the full stop is ⟨꓿⟩ (equal sign).
| ꓝ [tsɑ̄] | ꓝꓸ [tsɑ́] | ꓝꓹ [tsɑ̌] |
| ꓝꓻ [tsɑ̄ˀ]* | ꓝꓺ [tsɑ̄ˀ] | ꓝʼ [tsɑ̄̃] |
| ꓝꓼ [tsɑ̂ˀ] | ꓝꓽ [tsɑ̂] | ꓝˍ [tsɑ̄ɑ̂] |
- *It is not clear how the ⟨ꓻ⟩ mid tone differs from the unmarked mid tone.
The tones ⟨ꓸ⟩, ⟨ꓹ⟩, ⟨ꓺ⟩, ⟨ꓻ⟩ may be combined with ⟨ꓼ⟩ and ⟨ꓽ⟩ as compound tones. However, the only one still in common use is ⟨ꓹꓼ⟩.
The apostrophe indicates nasalization. It is combined with tone marks.
The understrike (optionally a low macron) indicates the Lisu "A glide", a contraction of [ɑ̂] without an intervening glottal stop. The tone is not always falling, depending on the environment, but is written ⟨ˍ⟩ regardless.
Unicode
editThe Fraser script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
The Unicode block for the Fraser script, called 'Lisu', is U+A4D0–U+A4FF:
| Lisu[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+A4Dx | ꓐ | ꓑ | ꓒ | ꓓ | ꓔ | ꓕ | ꓖ | ꓗ | ꓘ | ꓙ | ꓚ | ꓛ | ꓜ | ꓝ | ꓞ | ꓟ |
| U+A4Ex | ꓠ | ꓡ | ꓢ | ꓣ | ꓤ | ꓥ | ꓦ | ꓧ | ꓨ | ꓩ | ꓪ | ꓫ | ꓬ | ꓭ | ꓮ | ꓯ |
| U+A4Fx | ꓰ | ꓱ | ꓲ | ꓳ | ꓴ | ꓵ | ꓶ | ꓷ | ꓸ | ꓹ | ꓺ | ꓻ | ꓼ | ꓽ | ꓾ | ꓿ |
Notes
| ||||||||||||||||
An additional character, the inverted Y used in the Naxi language, was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2020 with the release of version 13.0. It is in the Lisu Supplement block (U+11FB0–U+11FBF):
| Lisu Supplement[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+11FBx | 𑾰 | |||||||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Naxi Gospel of Mark 1932". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
- ^ Bradley. Southern Lisu dictionary.
External links
edit- Omniglot entry on Fraser script
- Proposal for encoding the Old Lisu script in the BMP of the UCS Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine
- Lisu Unicode, Open source font for users of the Lisu script
- Issues in orthography development and reform by David Bradley
- Sample text from Michael Everson's website