Joseph Raoul Cédras (born July 9, 1949) is a Haitian former military officer who was the de facto ruler of Haiti from 1991 to 1994. Cedras was the last military ruler of Haiti.
Raoul Cédras | |
|---|---|
| Leader of the Haitian Military Junta De facto | |
| In office September 30, 1991 – October 8, 1991 | |
| Preceded by | Jean-Bertrand Aristide (as President of Haiti) |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Nérette (provisional) |
| Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti | |
| In office July 2, 1991 – October 10, 1994 | |
| President | Jean-Bertrand Aristide Joseph Nérette Émile Jonassaint |
| Preceded by | Hérard Abraham |
| Succeeded by | Jean-Claude Duperval |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Joseph Raoul Cédras July 9, 1949 Jérémie, Haiti |
| Spouse | Yanick Prosper |
| Occupation | Military officer |
Background
editA mulatto, Cédras was educated in the United States at the School of the Americas[1] and was a member of the U.S.-trained Leopard Corps.[2] He also trained with the Spanish military.[3] Cédras was chosen by the US and France to be in charge of security for the 1990–91 Haitian general election,[2] and subsequently named Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces by Jean-Bertrand Aristide in early 1991.[2] Under Aristide, Cédras "was one important source for the CIA, providing reports critical of President Aristide."[4]
De facto leader of Haiti (1991–1994)
editCédras, Lieutenant General in the Forces Armées d'Haïti (FAdH; the Armed Forces of Haiti) at the time, was responsible for the 1991 Haitian coup d'état which ousted President Aristide on 29 September 1991.
Some human rights groups criticized Cédras's rule, alleging that innocent people were killed by the FAdH military and FRAPH paramilitary units. The US State Department said in 1995 that in the three years following the coup "international observers estimated that more than 3,000 men, women and children were murdered by or with the complicity of Haiti's then-coup regime."[4]
While remaining the de facto leader of Haiti as commander of the country's armed forces,[5] Cédras did not retain his position as head of state, preferring to have other politicians as official presidents. As required by Article 149 of the 1987 Haitian Constitution, Haiti's Parliament appointed Supreme Court Justice Joseph Nérette as provisional President, to fill in until elections could be held. The elections were planned for December 1991, but Nérette resigned and was replaced undemocratically by Supreme Court Justice Émile Jonassaint.
Under the delegation of U.S. president Bill Clinton, the former US president Jimmy Carter, accompanied by Sam Nunn and Colin Powell, urged Provisional President Émile Jonassaint to relinquish his control in 1994, in order to avoid a potential invasion. Jonassaint resigned.[6][7] Cédras had indicated his desire to remain in Haiti. However, the Americans did not think this was the best solution and convinced the General that in the national interest, he should consider departing for Panama. The United States reportedly gave Cédras $1 million and rented three properties as incentive to leave power.[8][9]
Later life
editAfter leaving Haiti, Cédras went to Panama, where he remains.[10] Aristide returned to power in Haiti in 1994, was re-elected to the presidency in 2000, and was forced into resigning again in a 2004 coup.
Documentary
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ "School of the Americas Closes". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
- ^ a b c Whitney 1996, p. 321.
- ^ Freed, Kenneth (October 9, 1994). "Despite Rumors, Military Ruler's Fate Looks Settled". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
- ^ a b Whitney 1996, p. 322.
- ^ LAWRENCE A. PEZZULLO, Clinton's Errors: Where Policies Went Awry HAITI: POLICY AND PRIESTS U.S. And Haiti -- Uneast Partners, Turbulent Past The Baltimore Sun, September 25, 1994
- ^ "Operation Uphold democracy". GlobalSecurity.org.
- ^ Zoroya, Gregg; Copeland, Larry (October 11, 2002). "Carter wins Nobel Prize". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011.
- ^ Klaas, Brian Paul (2016). The Despot's Accomplice: How the West is Aiding and Abetting the Decline of Democracy. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9780190668013.
- ^ Freed, Kenneth (October 14, 1994). "U.S. Gave Cedras $1 Million in Exchange for Resignation". No. 48. MIT. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
- ^ "Trial Watch : Raoul Cédras". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996). "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti". Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas. 3 (2): 303-332.
External links
edit- "Haiti". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on March 19, 2007.
- Ambrose Evans-Pritchard. "Getting to know the general - Haitian military leader General Raoul Cedras". Archived from the original on October 13, 2008.
- Reynolds, James. "Panama: Political dumping ground". BBC News.