Oktōēchos (here transcribed "Octoechos"; Greek: ὁ Ὀκτώηχος Greek pronunciation: [okˈtóixos];[1] from ὀκτώ "eight" and ἦχος "sound, mode" called echos; Slavonic: Осмогласие, Osmoglasie from о́смь "eight" and гласъ, Glagolitic: ⰳⰾⰰⱄⱏ, "voice, sound") is the eight-mode system used for the composition of religious chant in Byzantine, Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, Latin and Slavic churches since the Middle Ages. In a modified form the octoechos is still regarded as the foundation of the tradition of monodic chant in the Byzantine Rite today.
Nomenclature
editThe names ascribed to the eight tones differ in translations into Church Slavonic. The Slavonic system counted the plagioi echoi as glasa 5, 6, 7, and 8. For reference, these differences are shown here together with the Ancient Greek names of the octave species according to the Hagiopolites[2] (see Hagiopolitan Octoechos) and to the chant treatises and tonaries of Carolingian theorists. Fifteenth-century composers like Manuel Chrysaphes, Lampadarios at the Court of Palaiologan Constantinople exchanged the Phrygian with the Lydian. The Armenian names and their temporal cycles are represented in the article about the hymn books octoechos and parakletike.
| Byzantine octoechos | Church Slavonic osmoglasie | Octave species | Carolingian octo toni |
|---|---|---|---|
| First (ἦχος πρῶτος) | First (гласъ а.) | Dorian | Tonus primus / Authentus protus |
| Second (ἦχος δεύτερος) | Second (гласъ в.) | Phrygian | Tonus tertius / Authentus deuterus |
| Third (ἦχος τρίτος) | Third (гласъ г.) | Lydian | Tonus quintus / Authentus tritus |
| Fourth (ἦχος τέταρτος) | Fourth (гласъ д.) | Mixolydian | Tonus septimus / Authentus tetrardus |
| Plagal of the First (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ πρώτου) | Fifth (гласъ є.) | Hypodorian | Tonus secundus / Plagis proti |
| Plagal of the Second (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ δευτέρου) | Sixth (гласъ ѕ.) | Hypophrygian | Tonus quartus / Plagis deuteri |
| Grave (ἦχος βαρύς) | Seventh (гласъ з.) | Hypolydian | Tonus sextus / Plagis triti |
| Plagal of the Fourth (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ τετάρτου) | Eighth (гласъ и.) | Hypomixolydian | Tonus octavus / Plagis tetrardi |
Southern Slavs use the Byzantine musical system and, nonetheless, use the variant numbering that is always found in Church Slavonic texts.[3]
History
editAccording to three main periods, which divides the history of the eight-mode system, the former article has been split chronologically:
| Octoechos | Period | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hagiopolitan Octoechos | 6th–13th century | Pseudo-John of Damascus[2] |
| Papadic Octoechos | 13th–18th century | John Glykys, John Koukouzeles |
| Neobyzantine Octoechos | 18th–21st century | Chrysanthos of Madytos |
Analysis
editByzantine Chant performance practice has been computationally compared to the theory by Chrysanthos. The analysis of 94 Byzantine Chants performed by 4 singers showed a tendency of the singers to level theoretic particularities of the echos that stand out of the general norm in the octoechos. In practice, smaller scale degree steps (67-133 cents) appear to be increased and the highest scale step of 333 cents appears to be decreased compared to theory. In practice, the first four scale notes in decreasing order of prominence I, III, II, IV are more prominent than the V., VI., and the VII.[4]
References
edit- ^ The feminine form ἡ Ὀκτώηχος exists as well, but means the book octoechos.
- ^ a b According to the first paragraph of the Hagiopolites, John of Damascus is supposed to be the author of the 9th-century treatise: Raasted, Jørgen, ed. (1983). The Hagiopolites: A Byzantine Treatise on Musical Theory. Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin. Vol. 45. Copenhagen: Paludan.
- ^ Восточно Церковно Пѣнiе – Часть 1 – Воскресникъ, Mount Athos, Ottoman Empire: Zographou Monastery, 1904
- ^ Panteli, Maria; Purwins, Hendrik (2013). "A Quantitative Comparison of Chrysanthine Theory and Performance Practice of Scale Tuning, Steps, and Prominence of the Octoechos in Byzantine Chant". Journal of New Music Research. 42 (3): 205–221. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.678.7791. doi:10.1080/09298215.2013.827215. S2CID 46775312.