Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Wikipedia

Order of Civil Merit

(Redirected from Orden del Mérito Civil)
For other uses, see Order of Civil Merit (disambiguation).

The Royal Order of Civil Merit (Spanish: Real Orden del Mérito Civil; Abbr.: OMC) is a knighthood and one of the three preeminent orders of merit bestowed by the Kingdom of Spain, alongside the Order of Charles III (established in 1771) and the Order of Isabella the Catholic (established in 1815). Each of the three orders aims to reward a distinct type of achievement. The Order of Charles III primarily honors heads of state and high-ranking government officials, while the Order of Isabella the Catholic primarily rewards services that strengthen diplomatic relations across the former Spanish Empire. In contrast, the Order of Civil Merit was created by King Alfonso XIII of Spain in 1926 to recognize "the civic virtues of the officials in the service of the State, as well as the extraordinary services of Spanish and foreign citizens for the good of the Nation." It was, therefore, founded as a modern order of merit, dedicated to acknowledging exceptional deeds for the benefit of civil society.[1]

Royal Order of Civil Merit
Real Orden del Mérito Civil
Spain – Order of Civil Merit Grand Cross
Grand Cross set of insignia of the Order
Awarded by


the Spanish Monarch
TypeOrder of merit, Knighthood
Established1926; 98 years ago (1926)
Royal houseHouse of Bourbon-Spain
Motto"Al Mérito Civil"
For Civil Merit
EligibilitySpanish and Foreign citizens
Awarded forExtraordinary services for the good of the Nation
StatusCurrently Constituted
Grand MasterKing Felipe VI
Grand ChancellorJosé Manuel Albares, Minister of Foreign Affairs
ChancellorUndersecretary of Foreign Affairs
GradesCollar
Grand-Cross
Commander by Number
Commander
Officer Cross
Cross
Silver Cross
Post-nominalsOMC
Former gradesGrand-Cross
Commander by Number
Commander
Knight
Silver Cross
Precedence
Next (higher)De facto, there is no higher civil order. De iure, the Order of Charles III is the highest civil honour; however, it is almost exclusively granted to government ministers.
Next (lower)Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise
EquivalentOrder of Isabella the Catholic (for diplomatic relations)
–
The Ribbons of the Order

Royal Decree 2396/1998, enacted on November 6, 1998, regulates the Order today. In accordance with this law, the Order seeks to “reward merits of a civil nature, acquired by officers of any of the public Administrations [...], or by persons outside the Administration, who provide or have provided relevant services to the State, with extraordinary work, charitable initiatives, or with exemplary perseverance in the fulfillment of their duties." The Order "may also be granted to people of foreign nationality, provided that they have rendered distinguished services to Spain or notable collaboration in all matters that benefit the Nation.”[2]

The great prestige that the Order of Civil Merit enjoys in Spain and internationally is due to several reasons. First, like the Order of Isabella the Catholic, it has become a powerful instrument of international relations, with recipients worldwide. Second, it is a highly selective and rare honour – since its creation, a relatively small number of people worldwide have received the Order of Civil Merit, compared to other national orders of merit with larger memberships, such as UK's Order of the British Empire, France's Legion of Honour, Germany's Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, or Italy's Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.[3] Third, members of the Order enjoy various legal privileges, including a style of address, a heraldic achievement, and the exclusive right to wear the medal, rosette and ribbon of the Order.

History

edit
 
King Alfonso XIII, founder and first Grand Master of the Order of Civil Merit, wearing the sash of the Order (intense blue, with a narrow white stripe).

The Royal Order of Civil Merit was instituted by His Majesty King Alfonso XIII, by Royal Decree of June 25, 1926, at the proposal of the President of the Council of Ministers, General Miguel Primo de Rivera (1870–1930); its first Regulations were published on May 25 of the following year.[4][5]

This Order was created to reward the civic virtues of civil servants serving the State, Province, or Municipality, as well as the extraordinary services performed by Spanish citizens for the benefit of the Nation. It could also be awarded to foreign citizens out of courtesy or reciprocity.

From its inception, it has been a highly coveted honor, bestowed upon a selective number of recipients in each category:

  • Grand Cross, limited to 250 living members
  • Commander by Number, limited to 350 living members
  • Commander, limited to 500 living members
  • Knight, limited to 1,000 living members
  • Silver Cross, without limit

Entry into the Order was granted by the King, at the proposal of the Minister of State, requiring the agreement of the Council of Ministers when it came to the awarding of the Grand Cross. In all cases, a file was drawn up demonstrating the justification for the reward, and the appointments and diplomas were issued by the Chancellery and Orders Section of the Ministry of State.

The provisional government of the Republic, by Decree of July 24, 1931, abolished this and the other Orders dependent on the Ministry of State, except for the Order of Isabella the Catholic, and sought to replace them with the creation of the Order of the Republic.

After that interregnum, by Decree of November 7, 1942, the Order of Civil Merit was reinstated, with its previous characteristics, privileges, and seniority, with the following categories: Grand Cross, Band (designation of the Grand Cross when awarded to women), Commander by Number, Commander, Officer, Knight, Ribbon (designation of the Knight's degree when awarded to women), and Silver Cross. Its Regulations were approved by Decree of February 3, 1945.

Subsequently, by Decree of July 26, 1957, the category of Knight of the Collar was established in the Order of Civil Merit as the highest distinction of the Order. This high grade is reserved for decorating Sovereigns and Heads of State and, exceptionally, those of significant standing who already hold the Grand Cross of the Order.

The significant changes experienced since that date, both in the social and political reality of Spain and in the legal-administrative order, have advised updating the governing rules of the Order, respecting the spirit that animated its creation and preserving its seniority and its order of precedence among the other Spanish orders.

Thus, by Royal Decree 2396/1998, of November 6, published in the BOE 279, of November 21, and subsequent correction of errors published in the BOE 40, of February 16, 1999, the new Regulations of the Order have been approved, gathering in a single normative text all the previously scattered provisions.

Among the most notable novelties of the new Regulations, the suppression of the denominations of the degrees of Lady's Band, Knight's Cross, and Lady's Ribbon can be mentioned, integrating the first into the Grand Cross, and creating the grade of Cross, which would include the other two, to avoid possible interpretations that could consider that maintaining these denominations could imply some type of gender discrimination.

Additionally, decorated ladies are allowed, for aesthetic and functional reasons (given the characteristics of their gala attire), to use a reduced version of the insignia and to wear them differently from men, as specified for each grade in the new Regulations.

Furthermore, two new types of insignia are regulated, in the grade of Encomienda, to grant distinctions to legal entities: the Tie, intended for institutions that have recognized the use of flags or similar emblems, and the Honor Plaque for institutions that do not possess such emblems.

Lastly, to enhance the prestige of the distinctions of this Order and ensure that each is duly justified, the current Regulations introduce a detailed exposition of the merits to be considered for its award, the formal requirements that the admission and promotion proposals in the Order must meet, indicating the authorities authorized to make them, and the informational procedures that can be instructed to determine the appropriateness of the award.

Governance

edit
 
King Felipe VI is the current Grand Master of the Order of Civil Merit.

By law, His Majesty King Felipe VI is the Grand Master of the Order of Civil Merit and hence, and all the decorations of this Order are conferred in his name.[2]

The Minister for Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation is the Grand Chancellor of the Order, and it falls to him/her to propose to the Council of Ministers the award of the levels of the Collar and of the Grand Cross, and to award, on behalf of His Majesty the King, the lower levels of the Order. The Minister is also responsible for the protocol of the Order.

As in the case of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, the Under-secretary for Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation is the Chancellor of the Order of Civil Merit, but it corresponds to the Directorate-General for Protocol, Chancellery and Orders to evaluate all the proposed awards of the decorations of this Order, requesting the mandatory reports and evaluating the suitability or not of accepting these proposals.

Recognized Merits and Awarding Process

edit
 
King Felipe VI conferring the Officer's Cross of the Order of Civil Merit.

In accordance with the law, the following merits will be taken into account for the awarding of decorations of this Order:

  1. The provision of outstanding services of a civil nature to the State.
  2. The performance of extraordinary works of undeniable merit.
  3. Industriousness or extraordinary ability, demonstrated for the good of the general interest.
  4. Great initiatives of national influence and, in general, exemplary acts that, benefiting the country, should be rewarded and encouraged.

To enhance the prestige of the awards of this Order, so that admission and promotion within it truly constitute an extraordinary occasion that rewards the indicated merits, the Chancellery of the Order will ensure that each award is duly justified.

The Chancellery of the Order, located in the Directorate General of Protocol, Chancellery, and Orders of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, will be responsible for processing all proposals for the awarding of decorations of the said Order, for which purpose it will conduct the appropriate procedures, being empowered to request reports from all kinds of courts, authorities, official centers, and entities that it deems convenient, in order to determine the appropriateness or otherwise of the granting.

Furthermore, the Chancellery will report on the appropriate grade, evaluating the importance of the merits acquired, the professional category and seniority of the proposed person, the age, and the decorations they may possess; it will submit a resolution proposal to the Minister of Foreign Affairs through the Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs, Chancellor of the Order, and proceed with the issuance of the titles of the granted decorations.

The King of Spain, as Grand Master of the Order, bestows the medals upon the new knights and dames in an official ceremony held at the Royal Palace on June 19 each year (the anniversary of his proclamation as King).[6] However, extraordinary ceremonies may be held at any time throughout the year, particularly for foreign recipients or Spaniards living abroad.

Insignia, Motif, and Meaning

edit
 
Emblem of the Knights and Dames of the Order of Civil Merit. The motif of the Order is a matron leaning on a column, with a sword in her right hand, tempered in the fire of sacrifice, as a symbol of civic virtues.

The Cross of the Order is made of gold, with dimensions of 48 x 50 mm. It is formed by four equal arms, in the shape of a cross, enamelled in intense blue, and finally edged in white. Between these arms it carries five polished bursts of the same metal. In its center, it has an oval of intense blue enamel, bordered with white fillet, with the gold-colored inscription "To Civil Merit". Inside the oval, there is a die-cut in high relief, with the characteristic motif of the Order: a matron leaning on a column, with a sword in her right hand, tempered in the fire of sacrifice, as a symbol of civic virtues. Between the upper ends of the blades, it appears the Royal Crown of Spain. The entire set hangs from a green enamelled laurel wreath.

The ribbon of the Order is blue with a narrow white centre stripe, except for the ribbon of "Collar", which is blue with 2 white stripes on the edges.[7] The blue colour symbolizes nobility, truth and justice, while the white colour represents purity, peace and integrity. Blue and white are also colours strongly associated with the House of Bourbon.

The elements in the motif of the Order have the following meaning:

  • Matron: Represents honour, dignity, maturity, wisdom, and nurturing qualities
  • Leaning on a Column: Symbolizes stability, support, strength, and the pillar upon which society stands
  • Sword in Right Hand: Represents justice, protection, and readiness to defend
  • Tempered in the Fire of Sacrifice: Signifies purification, strength gained through hardship, tested loyalty, and dedication

Overall, the Order’s motif signifies civic and chivalric virtues such as justice, strength, stability, and dedication to the common good.

Current Grades

edit

The Order of Civil Merit comes in seven classes, with the following insignia:[8]

  •   Collar (Collar) – Order's Collar. In practice, this grade is reserved to heads of state.
  •   Grand Cross (Gran Cruz) – Sash and Plaque (Golden Order's Star).
  •   Commander by Number (Encomienda de Número) – Plaque (Silver Order's Star).
  •   Commander (Encomienda) – Golden Order's star on a necklet.
  •   Officer's Cross (Cruz de Oficial) – Golden Order's cross hanging from a ribbon.
  •   Cross (Cruz) – Silver Order's cross hanging from a ribbon.
  • Silver Cross (Cruz de Plata) – Simpler silver cross hanging from a ribbon.
Insignia
 
 
 
 
       
Collar Collar Grade Star Grand Cross Star Commander by Number Star
 
 
 
 
       
Commander Officer's Cross Cross Silver Cross
edit
 
Heraldic achievement of the Most Excellent Lord Don Amancio Ortega Gaona, founder of Zara, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit.

By Royal Decree 2396/1998, the former rank of Knight’s Cross (Caballero) was renamed as 'Cross' to accommodate female recipients. Accordingly, all ranks above the Silver Cross confer knighthood or damehood. For example, the recipient of a Collar is styled Knight or Dame of the Collar; the recipient of an Officer’s Cross is styled Knight or Dame Officer, etc. (cf. Article 13).[9]

Among the legal rights and privileges granted to Knights and Dames of the Order are the following. First, a style of address, in accordance with their rank (cf. Article 13):

  • Knights of the Collar or Grand Cross are addressed as Excelentísimo Señor (Most Excellent Lord), and Dames of the Collar or Grand Cross are addressed as Excelentísima Señora (Most Excellent Lady). This is the same style given to a Duke or a Grandee.
  • Knights Commander by Number are addressed as Ilustrísimo Señor (Most Illustrious Lord), and Dames Commander by Number are addressed as Ilustrísima Señora (Most Illustrious Lady). This is the same style given to a Marquess or a Count.
  • All other Knights are addressed as Señor (Lord), and all other Dames are addressed as Señora (Lady).
  • In addition to the above, members of the Order who are Spanish citizens are addressed with the honorific prefix Don (for Knights) or Doña (for Dames), in the same manner as Sir or Dame for knighted British nationals. This is the same style given to an Hidalgo.

Second, Knights and Dames are expected to wear the Order's insignia with formal attire, and the Order's rosette or ribbon with daily civilian or military attire, in accordance with their rank (cf. Article 11). Third, Knights and Dames receive an official diploma, issued on behalf of the Sovereign, certifying their appointment to the Order (cf. Article 9). Fourth, all Knights and Dames of the Order have the right to add the insignia of their rank to their coat of arms as a heraldic achievement. Fifth, it is customary for Knights and Dames to use the post-nominal letters "OMC" to indicate their membership in the Order (without distinction of rank).

Notable Knights and Dames of the Collar or Grand Cross

edit
Further information (in Spanish): List of Members of the Order of Civil Merit [es]

The Collar and Grand Cross of the Order have been awarded to royalty, heads of state and their spouses, and distinguished members of society, including:

Heads of State

edit
 
Armorial of Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates and Emir of Abu Dhabi, embellished with the Collar of the Order of Civil Merit.

Foreign Royalty

edit
 
Armorial of Prince Joachim of Denmark, embellished with the Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit.

Others

edit
 
Posthumous armorial achievement of Don Ignacio Echeverría, embellished with his Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (Spain), Silver Medal of the Order of Police Merit (Spain) and George Medal (United Kingdom).

Death of Members

edit

Article 12 of the Royal Decree 2396/1998 establishes that upon the death of those awarded the rank of Collar, their heirs are obliged to promptly return the insignia to the Chancellery of the Order. This return will be made through the Spanish Diplomatic Representations or Consular Offices abroad, if the relatives reside outside Spain. The Chancellery of the Order will issue the corresponding document, which accredits said return. The death of those awarded the other ranks does not oblige their heirs to return the insignia, although the death must be communicated to the Chancellery of the Order by the same procedure indicated above, for due record.[2]

Rescission of Distinctions

edit

Article 14 of the Royal Decree 2396/1998 establishes that the person decorated with any grade of the Order of Civil Merit who is convicted of a criminal act, by virtue of a final sentence, may be deprived of the title and the privileges and honors inherent to their status. To this end, the Chancellery of the Order may initiate the corresponding informative procedure, in which the interested party will be given a hearing. The removal will be agreed upon by the Minister of Foreign Affairs for the grades of Commander by Number, Commander, Officer's Cross, Cross, and Silver Cross, and by the Council of Ministers for the grades of Collar and Grand Cross.[2]

edit
  •  
    Grand Cross set with bestowal document
  •  
    Breast Star of the Grand Cross grade
  •  
    Grand Cross badge of the Order
  •  
    Grand Cross set of insignia
  •  
    Commander grade of the Order
  •  
    Set of the Commander grade

References

edit
  1. ^ "Decorations". Spain's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 19 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d BOE. "Real Decreto 2396/1998, de 6 de noviembre, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de la Orden del Mérito Civil" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  3. ^ "Anexo:Condecorados con la Orden del Mérito Civil", Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre (in Spanish), 21 May 2024, retrieved 19 June 2024
  4. ^ Publication by Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pages 117–119
  5. ^ "Gaceta de Madrid, Numero 137, Paginas 1084–1086" (PDF). Boletin Oficial del Estado.
  6. ^ MARTÍN, M. CARMEN CRUZ (19 June 2024). "Felipe VI reconoce con la Orden del Mérito Civil a 19 ciudadanos "ejemplares" en innovación y compromiso social". RTVE.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  7. ^ "Condecoraciones: Las órdenes dependientes del Ministerio", Order rules and brief history from the Foreign Ministry of Spain, p . 58-59
  8. ^ Publication Archived 2011-11-07 at the Wayback Machine by Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pages 58–68
  9. ^ "BOE-A-1998-26802 Real Decreto 2396/1998, de 6 de noviembre, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de la Orden del Mérito Civil". www.boe.es. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  10. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  11. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  12. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 27 May 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  14. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 10 February 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  15. ^ a b "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 10 June 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  16. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 28 January 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  17. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 5 October 2002. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  18. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 7 October 1999. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  19. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 7 October 1996. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  20. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 10 September 1994. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  21. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 10 June 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  22. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 21 May 1994. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  23. ^ "Otras disposiciones" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 22 January 1988. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  24. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 16 June 1979. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  25. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 12 July 1978. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  26. ^ a b c "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 10 June 1968. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  27. ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado
  28. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 3 June 2006. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  29. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 18 September 2000. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  30. ^ a b c "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 13 May 2000. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  31. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 19 October 1999. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  32. ^ a b c "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 4 January 1995. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  33. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 4 July 1966. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  34. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 4 July 1966. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  35. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 14 November 1960. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  36. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 5 June 1955.
  37. ^ "Monirul Islam to receive Royal Spanish Order of Merit tomorrow". The Daily Star. 15 December 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  38. ^ "Nasrul Hamid receives Spain's highest civil honour". The Financial Express. Dhaka. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  39. ^ "Real Decreto 593/2017, de 9 de junio, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil, a título póstumo, a don Ignacio Echeverría Miralles de Imperial." [Royal Decree 593/2017, of 9 June, which granted the Grand Cross of the Order of Civil merit, posthumously, to Mr Ignacio Echeverría Millares de Imperial] (in Spanish). Spanish Official Journal. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  40. ^ "Swaraj accepts Spain's top civic award during visit". Business Standard.
  41. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  42. ^ "Les insignes de la croix d'officier de l'ordre du Mérite civil espagnol à Fadi Joumblatt". 5 March 2013.
  43. ^ "Real Decreto 1976/2009, de 18 de diciembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil a don Amancio Ortega Gaona." [Royal Decree 1976/2009, of 18 December, which granted the Grand Cross of the order of Civil merit, to Mr Amancio Ortega Gaona] (in Spanish). Spanish Official Journal. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  44. ^ "Real Decreto 1591/2007, de 30 de noviembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil a los señores que se citan" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE). Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  45. ^ "Real Decreto 37/2005, de 14 de enero, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil al señor Abderrahim Harouchi, Ministro del Desarrollo Social, de la Familia y la Solidaridad del Reino de Marruecos." [Royal Decree 37/2005, of January 14, granting the Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit to Mr. Abderrahim Harouchi, Minister of Development] (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial del Estado. 15 January 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  46. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 5 January 1982. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  47. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 2 October 1972. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  48. ^ Burch, Francis F. (1999). "Guthrie, Joseph Hunter". American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0802342. (subscription required)
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Order of Civil Merit (Spain).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Civil_Merit&oldid=1262487159"