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Prenasalized consonants are phonetic sequences of a nasal and an obstruent (or occasionally a non-nasal sonorant) that behave phonologically like single consonants. The primary reason for considering them to be single consonants, rather than clusters as in English finger or member, lies in their behaviour; however, there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters. Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing, prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates, and the presence of the former implies the latter.[1] Only three languages (Sinhala, Fula, Selayarese) have been reported to have a contrast between prenasalized consonants (NC) and their corresponding clusters (NC).[2][3]
In most languages, when a prenasalized consonant is described as "voiceless", it is only the oral portion that is voiceless, and the nasal portion is modally voiced. Thus, a language may have "voiced" [ᵐb ⁿd ᶯɖ ᶮɟ ᵑɡ ᶰɢ] and "voiceless" [ᵐp ⁿt ᶯʈ ᶮc ᵑk ᶰq]. However, in some Southern Min (including Taiwanese) dialects, voiced consonants are preceded by voiceless prenasalization: [ᵐ̥b ⁿ̥d ⁿ̥ɺ ᵑ̊ɡ].[4] Yeyi has prenasalized ejectives.[5] Adzera has a /ⁿʔ/.[6]
Prenasalized stops may be distinguished from post-oralized or post-stopped nasals (orally released nasals), such as the [mᵇ nᵈ ɲᶡ ŋᶢ] of Acehnese and similar sounds (including voiceless [mᵖ]) in many dialects of Chinese.[7] (At least in the Chinese case, nasalization, in some dialects, continues in a reduced degree to the vowel, indicating that the consonant is partially denasalized, rather than actually having an oral release.) No language is believed to contrast the two types of consonant, which are distinguished primarily by a difference in timing (a brief nasal followed by longer stop, as opposed to a longer nasal followed by brief stop).[8]
Geographic distribution
editAfrica
editThe Bantu languages are famous for their prenasalized stops (the "nt" in "Bantu" is an example), but similar sounds occur across Africa and around the world. Ghana's politician Kwame Nkrumah had a prenasalized stop in his name, as does the capital of Chad, N'Djamena (African prenasalized stops are often written with apostrophes in Latin script transcription although this may sometimes indicate syllabic nasals instead). The sound [ŋ͡mg͡b] can also be found in approximately 90 languages in Africa.[9]
East Asia
editIn Southern Min languages, such as Teochew, prenasalized stops are also found. The prenasalized stops in the vernacular readings of Southern Min languages evolved not from the different Middle Chinese initials and thus are historically different from the voiced obstruents found in Wu and Xiang languages.[10][11][12]
Prenasalized consonants are widely utilized in the Loloish languages of the Lolo–Burmese family, such as Yi and Naxi. The following table illustrates the prenasalized consonants in northern Yi.
| Yi Character | Official Pinyin | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ꂃ | nbo | [ᵐbo˧] | skirt |
| ꅝ | ndo | [ⁿdo˧] | drink |
| ꈾ | mge | [ᵑɡɤ˧] | buckwheat |
| ꌅ | nzy | [ⁿd͡zz̩˧] | control |
| ꎧ | nry | [ⁿɖ͡ʐʐ̩˧] | wine, liquor |
| ꐳ | nji | [ⁿd͡ʑʑ̩˧] | quick, fast |
The prenasalized stops also occur in several branches of the Hmong–Mien language family of Southern China and Southeast Asia.
In dialects of northern Japan, standard voiced stops are prenasalized, and voiceless stops are voiced. For example, /itiɡo/ "strawberry" is [it̠͡ɕiɡo] in most of the south, but [id̠͡ʑɨᵑɡo] in much of the north. Prenasalized stops are also reconstructed for Old Japanese.
Europe
editIn Greek the orthographic sequences μπ, ντ γκ and γγ are often pronounced as prenasalized voiced stops [ᵐb], [ⁿd], and [ᵑɡ], respectively, especially in formal speech and among older speakers. Among younger Athenian speakers the prenasalization often disappears and in fast speech the voiced stop may be replaced by a fricative. [13] [14]
South America
editThe Guaraní language has a set of prenasalized stops which are alternate allophonically with simple nasal continuants; they appear only within a word, to the left of a stressed vowel that is oral.
South Asia
editThe Indo-Aryan languages Sinhala and Dhivehi have prenasalized stops. Sinhala script has prenasalized versions of /g/, /ʥ/, /ɖ/, /d̪/ and /b/. Sinhala is one of only three languages reported to have a contrast between prenasalized consonants and their corresponding clusters, along with Fula and Selayarese, although the nature of this contrast is debated.[2][3] For example,
| Sinhala script | IPA | ISO 15919 | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| කද | [ka.d̪ə] | kada | shoulder pole |
| කන | [ka.nə] | kana | ear |
| කඳ | [ka.ⁿd̪ə] | kan̆da | trunk |
| කන්ද | [kan̪.d̪ə] | kanda | hill |
Sri Lankan Malay has been in contact with Sinhala a long time and has also developed prenasalized stops. The spectrograms on the right show the word gambar with a prenasalized stop and the word sambal with a sequence of nasal+voiced stop, yet not prenasalized. The difference in the length of the [m] part is clearly visible. The nasal in the prenasalized word is much shorter than the nasal in the other word.
This phonetic information is complemented by phonological evidence: The first vowel in gaambar is lengthened, which only happens in open syllables in Sri Lanka Malay. The syllabification of gambar must be ga.mbar then, and the syllabification of sambal sam.bal.
Oceania
editAn example of the unitary behavior of prenasalized stops is provided by Fijian. In this language, as in many in Melanesia and also reconstructed for Proto-Oceanic, there is a series of voiceless stops, [p, t, k], and a series of prenasalized stops, [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑɡ], but there are no simple voiced stops, [b, d, ɡ]. In addition, Fijian allows prenasalized stops at the beginning of a word, but it does not allow other consonant sequences. Thus the prenasalized stops behave like ordinary consonants. In some Oceanic languages, prenasalisation of voiced consonants depends on the environment. For example, in Raga, b and d are prenasalized when the preceding consonant is nasal (noⁿda "ours"), but not elsewhere (gida "us"). Uneapa has prenasalization word-medially, but not word-initially (goᵐbu "yam").
When Tok Pisin is spoken by people in Papua New Guinea who have similar phonologies in their languages, voiced consonants are prenasalized. For example, the preposition bilong (from English belong) is pronounced [ᵐbiloŋ] by many Melanesians. The prenasalization behaves as a phonetic detail of voicing, rather than a separate segment.
Australia
editPrenasalized stops are also found in Australia. The Eastern Arrernte language has both prenasalized stops and prestopped nasals, but does not have any other word-initial consonant clusters. Compare [mʷarə] "good", [ᵐpʷaɻə] "make", [ᵖmʷaɻə] "coolamon".
Transcription
editWhen unambiguous, prenasalized consonants may simply be transcribed e.g. ⟨mb⟩. In the IPA, a tie bar may be used to specify that these are single segments, as in ⟨m͜b⟩. Another common transcription practice is to make the nasal superscript: ⟨ᵐb⟩. An old convention of the IPA was to mark the nasal as 'short' until the short and the nonsyllabic signs diverged, as in ⟨m̆b⟩.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Silverman (1995:65)
- ^ a b c Feinstein, Mark (1979). "Prenasalization and Syllable Structure". Linguistic Inquiry. 10 (2): 245–278. JSTOR 4178108. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
- ^ a b Riehl, Anastasia (January 2008). "NC type combination patterns". The Phonology and Phonetics of Nasal Obstruent Sequences (PDF) (PhD thesis). Cornell University. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
- ^ Chan (1987) "Post-stopped nasals in Chinese: an areal study", UCLA WPP #68
- ^ *Seidel, Frank (2008), A Grammar of Yeyi: A Bantu Language of Southern Africa. R. Köppe.
- ^ Holzknecht, Susanne (1989). The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-394-8.
- ^ Chan (1987) Post-stopped nasals in Chinese: an areal study
- ^ Cohn (1990) "Phonetic and Phonological Rules of Nasalization", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 76, p. 7.
- ^ "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant ŋmɡb". phoible.org. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
- ^ Norman, Jerry (January 1974). "The Initials of Proto-Min". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 2 (1). The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: 27—36.
- ^ Norman, Jerry (May 1973). "Tonal Development in Min". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 1 (2). The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: 222—238.
- ^ Dai, Ligang (April 2005). 閩語的歷史層次及其演變. China Social Sciences Press.
- ^ Arvaniti, Amalia (1999). "Illustrations of the IPA: Modern Greek" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 29 (2): 167–172. doi:10.1017/s0025100300006538. S2CID 145606058. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
- ^ Arvaniti, Amalia (2007). "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF). Journal of Greek Linguistics. 8: 97–208. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365. doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11.
- ^ Principles of the IPA (1947: 17–18)
Sources
edit- Silverman, Daniel (1995), "Optional, conditional, and obligatory prenasalization in Bafanji", Journal of West African Languages, 25: 57–62