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Sharm El Sheikh

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Sharm El Sheikh (Egyptian Arabic: شرم الشيخ, IPA: [ˈʃɑɾm eʃˈʃeːx], literally "bay of the Sheikh"), alternatively rendered Sharm el-Sheikh, Sharm el Sheikh, or Sharm El-Sheikh, is an Egyptian city on the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, in South Sinai Governorate, on the coastal strip along the Red Sea. Its population is approximately 13,000 as of 2023. Sharm El Sheikh is the administrative hub of Egypt's South Sinai Governorate, which includes the smaller coastal towns of Dahab and Nuweiba as well as the mountainous interior, St. Catherine and Mount Sinai. It was historically a fishing town and military base, and was developed into a commercial and tourist-centric city in 1968 by Israel.[2] Today, the city and holiday resort is a significant centre for tourism in Egypt, while also attracting many international conferences and diplomatic meetings.

Sharm El Sheikh
City
Top-bottom, left-right:
A view of the city from the Red Sea, Naama Bay, Entrance to the Ras Muhammad Natural park, Obelisk, Coral reefs, Monument of Peace, El-Mustafa mosque
Nickname: 
The City of Peace
Map
Sharm El Sheikh is located in Sinai
Sharm El Sheikh
Sharm El Sheikh
Sharm El Sheikh is located in Egypt
Sharm El Sheikh
Sharm El Sheikh
Coordinates: 27°54′54″N 34°19′39″E / 27.91500°N 34.32750°E / 27.91500; 34.32750
Country Egypt
GovernorateSouth Sinai
Area
[1]
 • Total
44.68 km2 (17.25 sq mi)
Elevation
[1]
1 m (3 ft)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Total
13,561
 • Density300/km2 (790/sq mi)
Websitewww.sharm-city.com

Name

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The English name of Sharm El Sheikh is a borrowing of the Egyptian Arabic "شرم الشيخ", šarm aš-šayḵ and, as such, does not have a fixed romanisation. There are documented uses of alternate spellings such as Sharm el Sheikh and Sharm el-Sheikh, sometimes within the same news article.[3]

Sharm El Sheikh is sometimes referred to as the "City of Peace" (Egyptian Arabic: "Madinet el-Salam"), referring to the large number of International Peace Conferences that have been held there.[4]

Amongst Egyptians and also many visitors, the name of the city is commonly shortened to "Sharm" (Egyptian Arabic: [ʃɑɾm]), which is its common name in Egyptian Arabic.

Geography and history

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Sharm el Sheikh and the Strait of Tiran in the 1840 Kiepert map of the Sinai Peninsula. The town of Shurm is shown just north of two bays: Sharm El Sheikh and Sharm El Miya (Arabic: شرم المية). This area forms the southern tip of the modern city.
 
Sharm El Sheikh is located on the Egyptian Red Sea coast, at the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula

Sharm El Sheikh is on a promontory overlooking the Straits of Tiran at the mouth of the Gulf of Aqaba. Its strategic importance led to its transformation from a fishing village into a major port and naval base for the Egyptian Navy. It was conquered by Israel during the Suez Crisis of 1956 and returned to Egypt in 1957. A United Nations peacekeeping force was stationed there until 1967 when it was ordered to leave by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, a fact that precipitated the Six-Day War during which it was reoccupied by Israel. Sharm El Sheikh remained under Israeli control from 1967 until the Sinai Peninsula was returned back to Egypt in 1982, after the Egypt–Israel peace treaty of 1979 that was signed in Washington, D.C.[5][6] During that time, an Israeli settlement named Ofira was built in the area.[7] In 1968, Israel opened an air force base there which functions today as the Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport.[8] Unlike Sinai's other well-known settlement, Yamit, Ofira was not demolished after Israel ceded control of Sinai to Egypt following the Camp David Accords, but was returned intact and is today a thriving tourist town and home to local Egyptian residents.[9] Egypt's then-president Hosni Mubarak designated Sharm El Sheikh as The City of Peace in 1982 and the Egyptian government began a policy of encouraging further development of the city. Egyptian businessmen and investors, along with global investors contributed to building several mega projects, including mosques and churches. The city is now an international tourist destination, and environmental zoning laws limit the height of buildings to avoid obscuring the natural beauty of the surroundings.[citation needed]

A hierarchical planning approach was adopted for the Gulf of Aqaba, whereby the area's components were evaluated and subdivided into zones, cities and centers. In accordance with this approach, the Gulf of Aqaba zone was subdivided into four cities: Taba, Nuweiba, Dahab and Sharm El Sheikh. Sharm El Sheikh city has been subdivided into five homogeneous centers, namely Nabq, Ras Nusrani, Naama Bay, Umm Sid and Sharm El Maya.

Sharm El Sheikh city, with Naama Bay, Hay el Nour, Hadaba, Rowaysat, Montazah and Shark's Bay [d] form a metropolitan area.

The site off the shore gun emplacements at Ras Nasrani opposite Tiran Island is now a diving area.[10][11][12]

In 2005, the resort was hit by the Sharm El Sheikh terrorist attacks, which were carried out by an extremist Islamist organisation targeting Egypt's tourist industry. Eighty-eight people were killed, the majority of them Egyptians, and over 200 were wounded by the attack, making it the second deadliest terrorist attack in the country's history.

 
The city has hosted a number of important Middle Eastern peace conferences, including the 2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks.

The city has played host to a number of important Middle Eastern peace conferences, including the 4 September 1999 agreement to establish Palestinian self-rule over the Gaza Strip. A second summit was held at Sharm on 17 October 2000 following the outbreak of the second Palestinian intifada, but it failed to end the violence. A summit was held in the city on 3 August 2005 on developments in the Arab world, such as the situation in the Arab–Israeli conflict. Again in 2007, an important ministerial meeting took place in Sharm, where dignitaries discussed Iraqi reconstruction.[13] The World Economic Forum on the Middle East was hosted by Sharm El Sheikh in 2006[14] and 2008.[15]

Amidst the 2011 Egyptian protests, then-president Mubarak reportedly went to Sharm El Sheikh and resigned there on 11 February 2011.[16]

In November 2022, the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27) was held in Sharm El Sheikh.[17] This conference led to the first loss and damage fund being created.[18]

Climate

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Sharm El Sheikh
Climate chart (explanation)
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Climate-Data.org[19]
Imperial conversion
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

The city experiences a subtropical arid climate, classified by the Köppen–Geiger system as hot desert (BWh).[19] Temperatures are just short of a tropical climate. Typical temperatures range from 18 to 23 °C (64 to 73 °F) in January and 33 to 37 °C (91 to 99 °F) in August. The temperature of the Red Sea in this region ranges from 21 to 28 °C (70 to 82 °F) over the course of the year.[20]

Marsa Alam, Kosseir and Sharm El Sheikh have the warmest winter night temperatures of cities and resorts in Egypt.

The highest recorded temperature was 46 °C (115 °F) on 3 June 2013, and the lowest recorded temperature was 5 °C (41 °F) on 23 February 2000.[21]

Climate data for Sharm El Sheikh
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31
(88) 		34
(93) 		37
(99) 		41
(106) 		44
(111) 		46
(115) 		46
(115) 		45
(113) 		43
(109) 		41
(106) 		37
(99) 		32
(90) 		46
(115)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		25.1
(77.2) 		29.8
(85.6) 		33.9
(93.0) 		37
(99) 		37.5
(99.5) 		37.5
(99.5) 		35.4
(95.7) 		31.5
(88.7) 		27
(81) 		23.2
(73.8) 		30.2
(86.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.6
(60.1) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.2
(72.0) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.5
(83.3) 		29.4
(84.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		27.8
(82.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		20.9
(69.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		23.1
(73.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		28
(82) 		26.5
(79.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15
(59) 		21.0
(69.8)
Record low °C (°F) 7
(45) 		5
(41) 		10
(50) 		12
(54) 		17
(63) 		23
(73) 		20
(68) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		17
(63) 		14
(57) 		8
(46) 		5
(41)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.5
(0.02) 		0.2
(0.01) 		1.2
(0.05) 		0.2
(0.01) 		0.5
(0.02) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.04
(0.00) 		0.8
(0.03) 		3.3
(0.13) 		0.5
(0.02) 		7.24
(0.29)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 mm) 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 2.2
Average relative humidity (%) (daily average) 42 40 35 31 29 27 31 32 39 42 41 40 36
Average dew point °C (°F) 5
(41) 		5
(41) 		6
(43) 		7
(45) 		9
(48) 		10
(50) 		14
(57) 		14
(57) 		15
(59) 		14
(57) 		10
(50) 		6
(43) 		10
(49)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 279 251 310 300 341 390 403 372 330 310 270 248 3,804
Mean daily sunshine hours 8 9 10 10 11 13 13 12 11 10 9 8 10
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[22] Climate-Data.org for mean temperatures[19]
Source 2: Voodoo Skies for record temperatures[21]

Time and Date (dewpoints and humidity, 2005-2015)[23]

Weather Atlas (mean daily sun hours)[24]

Climate data for Sharm El Sheikh (Sharm El Sheikh International Airport) 1991–2020 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		26.4
(79.5) 		30.4
(86.7) 		34.7
(94.5) 		37.5
(99.5) 		38.3
(100.9) 		38.2
(100.8) 		36.1
(97.0) 		32.5
(90.5) 		27.8
(82.0) 		23.9
(75.0) 		31.0
(87.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.8
(64.0) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.3
(77.5) 		29.4
(84.9) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.1
(91.6) 		33.3
(91.9) 		31.3
(88.3) 		28.0
(82.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.6
(67.3) 		26.2
(79.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		20.6
(69.1) 		24.3
(75.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		19.6
(67.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		21.8
(71.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.81
(0.11) 		0.09
(0.00) 		1.59
(0.06) 		0.18
(0.01) 		0.5
(0.02) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.03
(0.00) 		1.56
(0.06) 		2.21
(0.09) 		1.08
(0.04) 		10.05
(0.39)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.17 0.07 0.13 0.0 0.14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.14 0.14 0.1 0.89
Source: NOAA[25]
Climate data for Sharm El-Sheikh
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 23.3
(74.0) 		22.4
(72.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		24.6
(76.3) 		26.3
(79.4) 		28.3
(83.0) 		28.8
(83.9) 		27.9
(82.1) 		27.5
(81.5) 		25.6
(78.2) 		24.4
(75.9) 		25.4
(77.8)
Mean daily daylight hours 11.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 10.0 12.2
Average Ultraviolet index 5 6 8 11 11 11+ 11+ 11 10 8 5 4 8.4
Source #1: seatemperature.org (Sea temperature)[26]
Source #2: Weather Atlas[27]

Economy and tourism

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Soho Square Sharm El Sheikh
 
Naama Bay Casino
 
Naama Bay mall

Sharm El Sheikh's major industry is foreign and domestic tourism, owing to its landscape, year-round dry climate with long hot summers and warm winters and its long beaches. Its waters are clear and calm for most of the year[citation needed] and have become popular for various watersports, particularly recreational scuba diving and snorkeling. There is scope for scientific tourism due to the diversity of marine life: 250 different coral reefs and 1000 species of fish.[citation needed]

These natural resources, together with its proximity to tourist markets in Europe, have stimulated rapid growth in tourism in the region. The number of resorts has increased from three in 1982 to ninety-one in 2000. Guest nights also increased in that period from sixteen thousand to 5.1 million. International hotel companies that currently operate in the city include Accor (Mövenpick, Novotel, Rixos), Deutsche Hospitality (Steigenberger), Four Seasons, Hilton (DoubleTree), Marriott (Renaissance, Sheraton), and Rotana, with categories of three to five stars. In 2007, the first aqua park hotel resort opened in the area. The four-star Aqua Blu Sharm Resort was built on the Ras Om El Seid, with an area of 133,905 square metres (1,441,340 sq ft).

Sharm is also home to a congress center, located along Peace Road, where international political and economic meetings have been held, including peace conferences, ministerial meetings, world bank meetings, and Arab League meetings.[citation needed] The Maritim Sharm El Sheikh International Congress Centre can host events and congresses for up to 4,700 participants.

There is nightlife in Sharm El Sheikh. The colorful handicraft stands of the local Bedouin culture are a popular attraction.[citation needed] Ras Muhammad National Park, at the southernmost tip of the peninsula, has been designated a national park, protecting the area's wildlife, natural landscape, shoreline and coral reef. There are a number of international hotels and restaurants in the centre of Sharm, in the area known as Naama Bay, with golf courses and other leisure facilities further up the coast.

The Nabq Managed Resource Protected Area is a 600-square-kilometre (230 sq mi) area of mangroves, coral reefs, fertile dunes, birds and wildlife.[28][29]

As of 2012, nationals from the EU and the US do not require a visa for travel to Sharm El Sheikh if the visit is for fourteen days or less, although those travelling outside the Sinai area may still require a visa, which is purchasable for a small fee on arrival.[30] Visitors are often ushered into a queue to buy a visa after entering the airport upon landing.

Flight incidents

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On 23 August 2015, Thomson Airways Flight 476, approaching Sharm El Sheikh at the end of a flight from London Stansted Airport with 189 passengers aboard, took evasive action to avoid a missile traveling toward it.[31] the missile missed the airliner by about 1,000 feet (300 meters), and the plane landed safely. A UK investigation concluded that the missile was an Egyptian armed forces missile that had strayed from a military exercise, although the Egyptian government said the flight was never at risk.[32]

On 31 October 2015, while flying from Sharm El Sheikh to Saint Petersburg, Metrojet Flight 9268 was destroyed by a bomb above the northern Sinai following its departure from Sharm El Sheikh International Airport, killing all 224 people on board,[33] Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for this incident. This caused the repatriation of British and Russian tourists from 5 November 2015.[34] Following these events, many countries ordered all flights to Sharm El Sheikh be suspended.[35] These suspensions were gradually lifted as the security situation improved, with the UK government ending its ban on direct flights on 22 October 2019.[36] The process of lifting flight suspensions was completed on 9 August 2021, when the first direct flight from Russia since November 2015 (operated by Rossiya Airlines) landed at Sharm El Sheikh International Airport.[37]

Transport

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Lampposts on El Salaam Street use solar power. Taxis and buses are numbered for safety.

Sharm's marina has been redeveloped for private yachts and sailing boats, with a passenger terminal for cruise ships.

The city is served by Sharm El Sheikh International Airport, the third largest airport in Egypt.

Sharm has frequent coach services to Cairo leaving from the Delta Sharm bus station.

  •  
    Sharm El Sheikh International Airport
  •  
    Departure Hall

Scuba diving and water sports

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Sharm El Sheikh has become a popular location for scuba diving[38] as a result of its underwater scenery and warm waters. Other beach activities include snorkeling, windsurfing, kite-surfing, para-sailing, boating, and canoeing.[citation needed]

Ras Muhammad National Park is located at the southernmost tip of the Sinai Peninsula where the waters of the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez meet, producing strong currents and providing a habitat for diverse marine life. Two reefs popular with divers are Shark Reef, a vertical wall descending to over 800 metres (2,600 ft), and Yolanda Reef, the site of the wreck of the Yolanda.[citation needed]

The Straits of Tiran are located at the mouth of the Gulf of Aqaba and in a major shipping lane. There are four reefs there, each named after one of the British cartographers who first mapped them: Gordan, Thomas, Woodhouse and Jackson. In summer months, hammerhead sharks swim in schools near the reefs.[citation needed]

The Sharm El Sheikh Hyperbaric Medical Center was founded in 1993 by the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism with a grant from USAID, to assist with diving-related medical conditions.[citation needed]

Shark attacks

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Main article: 2010 Sharm El Sheikh shark attacks

On 1 December 2010, four tourists − three Russians and a Ukrainian − were attacked and injured by an oceanic whitetip shark or sharks in three separate incidents off Sharm El Sheikh. One victim lost a leg, and another an arm. The Egyptian authorities claimed that the shark responsible for the attacks had been captured alive, but the identification was disputed by the diving industry, based on eyewitness and photographic evidence.[39][40] Four days later, on 5 December, an elderly German woman was attacked and killed by a shark while snorkeling at the resort.[41]

Education

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Twin towns

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt
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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Sharm ash-Shaykh 1 (Kism (fully urban), Egypt) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  2. ^ "Sharm El-Sheikh". Egypt State Information Service. 22 June 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  3. ^ Stallard, Esme (8 December 2022). "COP27: What was agreed at the Sharm el Sheikh climate conference?". BBC News. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  4. ^ Al-Mukhtar, Rima (23 November 2012). "Sharm El-Sheikh, city of peace". Arab News. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  5. ^ "Camp David Accords: Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel". The Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  6. ^ "Israel returns Sinai to Egypt". UPI. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  7. ^ "Back to the Future: New Released Documents Show Israel, U.S. Tensions, Circa 1975". Haaretz. 25 September 2012. ...Sharm el-Sheikh [then an Israeli settlement called Ofira]
  8. ^ "Sharm El Sheikh Airport Assistance". Sharm El Sheikh Airport Assistance. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  9. ^ "Good Vibes in Sharm E-sheikh: Israelis Touring Egypt". The Jerusalem Post. 7 January 2023.
  10. ^ The Jewish Agency's Digest of Press and Events Jewish Agency for Israel - 1956 Egyptian Blockade. "The point on the south-eastern coast of Sinai directly facing Tiran is known as Ras Nasrani."
  11. ^ Kenes Ha-shenati - Page 50 Ḥevrah ha-geʼologit ha-Yiśreʼelit. Kenes - 1982 "Between Eilat and Ras Nasrani, only about 55-60 such baylets are distributed along some 200 km of the coast (1 per 3-31/2 km). Between Ras Nasrani and Ras Muhammad, some 35 baylets line 40 km of coast (1 per 1 km) ..."
  12. ^ Al J. Venter, Darrell Hattingh Where to dive in southern Africa and off the islands Page 249. ISBN 1-874800-17-0. 1990 "It is impossible for me to forget my first dive at Ras Nasrani. After diving off the coast of the Gulf of Aqaba for two weeks once before, I eventually worked my way to this area located directly across from Tiran Island..."
  13. ^ "Sharm el-Sheikh Conference on Iraq Offers US Interaction with Countries in the Region". Voice of America. 11 May 2007. Archived from the original on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  14. ^ "World Economic Forum opens in Egypt". China Daily. 22 May 2006. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013.
  15. ^ World Economic Forum Archived 2009-04-30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-03-21
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  18. ^ "Climate change: Five key takeaways from COP27". BBC News. 20 November 2022. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  19. ^ a b c "Climate: Sharm el-Sheikh - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  20. ^ "Sharm el-Sheikh Climate and Weather Averages". Weather2Travel. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  21. ^ a b "Sharm el-Shekh". Voodoo Skies. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
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  23. ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt". Time and Date. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
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  26. ^ "Monthly Sharm El Sheikh water temperature chart". Seatemperature.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
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  28. ^ "Tourism: Diving and Safaris.. Ras Mohammad, Nabq, Abu-Galum". Egypt Magazine. Egypt State Information Service. Summer 2003. Archived from the original on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
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  30. ^ "Egyptian Consulate visa requirements". Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  31. ^ Topham, Gwyn (7 November 2015). "Sharm el-Sheikh flight from Stansted dodged missile last August". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  32. ^ "British Sharm el-Sheikh flight in 'missile' incident". BBC News. 7 November 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
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  35. ^ "International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World – People, Places, Crisis, Conflict, Culture, Change, Analysis and Trends". ABC News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  36. ^ "Sharm el-Sheikh: UK to resume flights after safety ban". bbc.co.uk. 22 October 2019. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  37. ^ "Photos: Sharm El-Sheikh receives its 1st direct flight from Russia since 2015 ban". egypttoday.com. 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  38. ^ "World Diving Review: Scuba Diving in Sharm El Sheikh". Archived from the original on 3 February 2013.
  39. ^ "Shark attacks three tourists in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt". BBC News. 1 December 2010. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
  40. ^ "Egypt shark attack: Conflicting capture claims". BBC News. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010.
  41. ^ "Shark attack kills German tourist at resort in Egypt". BBC News. 5 December 2010. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010.
  42. ^ "Sharm, Aqaba sign twin-town agreement, 16. December 2015". Arab Today. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  43. ^ Globetrotter19 (7 October 2017). "English". Archived from the original on 29 December 2016 – via Wikimedia Commons.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ Swakopmunder Lightbeams, Newsletter of the Municipality of Swakopmund: SISTER CITIES & TOWNS, S. 6, July 2008 Archived 2016-12-27 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 940 kB)
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  Media related to Sharm el-Sheikh at Wikimedia Commons

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