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{{Use British English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox Doctor Who episode|
| number = 005
| image = [[File:Keys of Marinus.jpg|250px]]
| caption = A Voord attempts to capture a terrified Susan.
| serial_name = The Keys of Marinus
| show = DW
| type = serial
| doctor = [[William Hartnell]] ([[First Doctor]])
| companion = [[Carole Ann Ford]] ([[Susan Foreman]])
| companion2 = [[Jacqueline Hill]] ([[Barbara Wright (Doctor Who)|Barbara Wright]])
| companion3 = [[William Russell (actor)|William Russell]] ([[Ian Chesterton]])
| guests =
* [[George Coulouris]] — Arbitan
* Martin Cort — Voord / Warrior / Ice Soldier / Aydan
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* Gordon Wales — Voord
* [[Robin Phillips]] — Altos
*
* [[Heron Carvic]] — Voice of Morpho
* [[Edmund Warwick]] — Darrius
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* [[Donald Pickering]] — Eyesen
* [[Stephen Dartnell]] — Yartek
* Dougie Dean — Eprin (uncredited){{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=123}}
| writer = [[Terry Nation]]
| director = [[John Gorrie (director)|John Gorrie]]
| script_editor = [[David Whitaker (screenwriter)|David Whitaker]]
| producer = {{Unbulleted list|[[Verity Lambert]]
| composer = [[Norman Kay (composer)|Norman Kay]]
| production_code = E
| series = [[Doctor Who (season 1)|Season 1]]
| length = 6 episodes, 25 minutes each
| started = 11 April 1964
|
| preceding = ''[[Marco Polo (Doctor Who)|Marco Polo]]''
|
|}}
'''''The Keys of Marinus''''' is the fifth serial in the British [[science fiction television]] series ''[[Doctor Who]]'', which was first broadcast on [[BBC1]] in
''The Keys of Marinus'' was written to replace a different script which was deemed problematic. When commissioned to write the script, Nation was intrigued by the idea of the TARDIS crew searching for pieces of a puzzle; he and script editor [[David Whitaker (screenwriter)|David Whitaker]] decided to base the serial around a series of "mini-adventures", each with a different setting and cast. Incidental music was composed by [[Norman Kay (composer)|Norman Kay]], while [[Raymond Cusick]], Daphne Dare and Jill Summers worked as designers. The serial premiered with nine million viewers, maintaining audience figures for several weeks before seeing a significant drop from the fifth episode. Response for the serial was mixed, and it received several print adaptations and home media releases.
== Plot ==
[[The Doctor (Doctor Who)|The Doctor]], his granddaughter [[Susan Foreman]], and her teachers [[Ian Chesterton]] and [[Barbara Wright]] arrive on a small island on the planet Marinus, where Arbitan, Keeper of the Conscience of Marinus—a vast computer developed as a vast justice machine which kept law and order across the entire planet—explains that the society of Marinus is in danger, as the [[Voord]], humanoid creatures protected by amphibian-like black rubber wet suits, are seeking to enter the tower to take control of the Conscience. To control the Voord, the Conscience requires five keys, and Arbitan asks the Doctor and his friends to gather the keys. Unable to access the [[TARDIS]], they are coerced into aiding Arbitan. As they teleport to the City of Morphoton, Arbitan is stabbed to death by a Voord that has gained access to the tower.
In Morphoton, the crew are impressed by the luxuries of the city; however, Barbara soon realises that they have been hypnotised, and that Morphoton is actually a place of dirt and squalor. The creatures who govern Morphoton order Barbara's death, but Barbara escapes and hides in the city, where she makes contact with the slave girl Sabetha, who has been blamed for Barbara's awakening and sentenced to death. Barbara notices one of the keys around her neck. They escape and destroy the creatures, freeing the subjects of the city. Another slave, Altos, remembers that he was also sent by Arbitan, and he and Sabetha join the Doctor and his crew on their quest. While the Doctor continues to the City of Mellennius, the others search in a dangerous screaming jungle. After triggering a trap, Barbara is lost in an ancient temple in the jungle; while Ian remains at the temple to search for the key, Sabetha and Susan continue to the next location.
Ian finds Barbara in the temple, where they discover an aged scientist, Darrius, who reveals the location of the next key before dying; Ian and Barbara retrieve the key and teleport to an icy wasteland. They meet the duplicitous trapper Vasor, who steals their keys. Ian and Altos confront Vasor and force him to take them to the ice caves, where they find Sabetha and Susan with mechanised Ice Soldiers, and discover the next key frozen in a block of ice. As they flee, Vasor takes Susan hostage, but an Ice Soldier kills him and the group escapes. At the next location, Ian is accused of the murder of Eprin, a friend of Altos. At Ian's trial, the Doctor returns and postpones the trial while he gathers evidence. Susan is kidnapped as a hostage to persuade the Doctor to stop investigating. The kidnapper has persuaded the judges to find Ian guilty; however, Susan is found bound and gagged, and the plot is uncovered. The Doctor uncovers the final key, hidden in the murder weapon, and Ian is freed.
The travellers return to Arbitan's island, where Altos and Sabetha have been held prisoner by Yartek—Arbitan's killer—and the four keys have been seized. The Doctor frees Altos and Sabetha and unmasks the Voord. Ian gives Yartek a false key found in the screaming jungle; when Yartek places the key in the Conscience, the machine explodes and he is killed along with the occupying Voord. The Doctor, Susan, Ian and Barbara flee the tower with Altos and Sabetha before the growing blaze overtakes the ancient structure.
== Production ==
=== Conception and writing ===
''The Keys of Marinus'' was written to replace a different script, ''Dr Who and the Hidden Planet'' by [[Malcolm Hulke]], which was deemed problematic and required rewrites. The production team approached [[Terry Nation]], writer of the second serial ''[[The Daleks]]'', to write the serial. Nation had been due to write the ''[[Doctor Who]]''{{'}}s eighth serial, ''The Red Fort'', but had focused on other projects in the interim.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=94}} Due to the quick turnaround required for the script, Nation and script editor [[David Whitaker (screenwriter)|David Whitaker]] decided to base the serial around a series of "mini-adventures", each with a different setting and cast; Nation was intrigued by the idea of the TARDIS crew searching for parts of a puzzle.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=96}} As the first two episodes were written with mostly interior sets, Nation wanted to tell a story more "out in the open", setting the third episode in a jungle to allow the designer an opportunity for different settings. Whitaker suggested a cold snow-scape setting for the fourth episode to contrast with the hot jungle.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=97}} Nation used many existing words for location and character names in the story: Marinus originated from the Latin word ''marinus'', meaning "of the sea"; Morphoton is based on [[Morpheus]], the Greek god of dreams; Millennius came from the term ''[[millennium]]'', for a thousand years; and Arbitan is based on the Latin word ''Arbiter'', meaning a judge.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=99}} Producer [[Verity Lambert]] selected [[John Gorrie]] as the serial's director; while Gorrie was unhappy with the quality of the scripts, he agreed to direct the episodes to advance his career.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|pp=97–98}}
=== Characters and casting ===
The tank-top worn by Susan in the serial was knitted by [[Carole Ann Ford]]'s mother.<ref name="audio commentary">{{cite AV media |last1=Cusick |first=Raymond |authorlink1=Raymond Cusick |last2=Ford |first2=Carole Ann |authorlink2=Carole Ann Ford |last3=Gorrie |first3=John |authorlink3=John Gorrie |last4=Russell |first4=William |authorlink4=William Russell |date=21 September 2009 |title=Audio Commentary for The Keys of Marinus |medium=DVD |publisher=[[BBC Worldwide]] |location=''The Keys of Marinus'' DVD }}</ref> Ford was displeased with the portrayal of Susan in the serial, as she felt that she was written like a child,{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=108}} describing her character as "pathetic".<ref name="audio commentary"/> By mid-March 1964, the serial's guest cast had been finalised. Veteran actor [[George Coulouris]] was cast in the role of Arbitan; Gorrie immediately thought of Colouris for the role while reading the script, and was delighted when he accepted the part, describing Colouris as his "hero".{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|pp=104–105}} [[Francis de Wolff]] was selected to play Vasor, while [[Donald Pickering]] played Eyesen. Gorrie cast Henley Thomas as Tarron; the two were old friends who had previously worked together. [[Robin Phillips]], who was also friends with Gorrie, was cast as Altos; Gorrie felt that Phillips' handsome looks fit the role of Altos accurately. Similarly, he wanted the character of Sabetha to resemble a princess, and selected former drama student Katharine Schofield. Gorrie was impressed by the sinister voice of [[Heron Carvic]], casting him as the Voice of Morpho, and the role of Kala was given to [[Fiona Walker]], who had written to Gorrie for a role. For the role of the Voord, among other villains, three young actors, who were friends of Gorrie, were cast: Martin Cort, Peter Stenson, and Gordon Webster.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=105}}
=== Music and design ===
[[Norman Kay (composer)|Norman Kay]], who had scored the show's [[An Unearthly Child|first serial]], composed the incidental music for ''The Keys of Marinus''. The score, performed by seven musicians, was recorded in Maida Vale Studio on 7 March 1964; several standard instruments were used, including a clarinet, bass clarinet, double bass, guitar, flute, harp, piccolo, trumpet and percussion.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=98}} Nineteen new sound effects were recorded for the serial by Brian Hodgson of the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop]], including the sounds of the Conscience of Marinus and the clocks in Millennius.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=105}} [[Raymond Cusick]], Daphne Dare and Jill Summers were commissioned as the designers for the serial.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=98}} Dare based the design of the Voord on a rubber wetsuit, while the heads were created using vulcanised rubber by prop builders Jack and John Lovell.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=109}} The submersible props and the Conscience machine were designed by Shawcraft Models.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|pp=109–110}} Cusick used leftover fibreglass to complete the design of the Conscience machine, as the budget was running low.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=110}} The moving vegetation in the third episode was constructed by Design and Display Ltd. Jablite [[polystyrene]] was used to stimulate snow in the third and fourth episodes.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=113}}
===
Model filming for ''The Keys of Marinus'' commenced in March 1964 at [[Ealing Studios]]. For the shots of the wolves in the fourth episode, the BBC purchased 14 feet of film from the 1957 Russian thriller ''Seryy razboynik'' (''The Grey Robber'') from distributor Sovexport. Rehearsals for the first episode took place from 16–19 March,{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=107}} and weekly recording for the serial began on 20 March in [[Lime Grove Studios]].{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=115}} Gorrie found the recording days difficult, due to the complexity of the show and the small size of the studio. [[William Hartnell]] was absent from the recording of the third and fourth episodes, as he was on holiday.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=108}} Ford recalled that the cast could "have a few more giggles" during rehearsals, as Hartnell's tendency to forget lines was time-consuming.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=112}} During Ford's holiday in mid-April, she pre-recorded her scenes for the serial.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=108}} The final episode was recorded on 24 April 1964.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=107}} The first episode was edited on 23 March. While most episodes were edited within three hours in an evening, the second serial required two evenings, on 31 March and 2 April 1964.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=116}}
== Reception ==
=== Broadcast and ratings ===
{{Episode table
|background =
|series = 6 |title = 20 | aux1=6 | airdate = 10 | viewers = 6 | aux4 =
|seriesT = Episode
|aux1T = Run time
|aux4T =
|episodes =
{{Episode list/sublist|The Keys of Marinus
Line 98 ⟶ 86:
|Viewers = 9.9
|Aux1 = 23:20
|Aux4 =
|LineColor =
}}
Line 108 ⟶ 96:
|Viewers = 9.4
|Aux1 = 25:37
|Aux4 =
|LineColor =
}}
Line 115 ⟶ 103:
|Title = The Screaming Jungle
|RTitle =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1964|4|25|df=y}}
|Viewers = 9.9
|Aux1 = 23:45
|Aux4 =
|LineColor =
}}
Line 128 ⟶ 116:
|Viewers = 10.4
|Aux1 = 24:54
|Aux4 =
|LineColor =
}}
Line 138 ⟶ 126:
|Viewers = 7.9
|Aux1 = 25:03
|Aux4 =
|LineColor =
}}
Line 148 ⟶ 136:
|Viewers = 6.9
|Aux1 = 25:11
|Aux4 =
|LineColor =
}}
}}
The first episode was broadcast on [[BBC One|BBC TV]] on 11 April 1964, and was watched by 9.9 million viewers, maintaining the audience from previous weeks. The following episode dropped to 9.4 million viewers, while the third returned to 9.9 million.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=120}} The third episode became the first ''Doctor Who'' episode to be transmitted on BBC1, following its renaming from BBC TV due to the launch of [[BBC2]].{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=119}} The fourth episode was the serial's most-watched, with 10.4 million viewers, followed by a significant drop for the fifth and sixth episodes, with 7.9 million and 6.9 million viewers, respectively;{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=120}} from the fifth episode, the show's broadcast time returned to its original slot of 5:15pm. The drop in viewers for the sixth episode was attributed to the absence of ''[[Juke Box Jury]]''—the programme that followed ''Doctor Who''—which was replaced by the film ''Where Coco Lives''.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=119}} The [[Appreciation Index]] was an average of 61 for the six episodes, ranging from 60 to 63.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=120}}
=== Critical response ===
The serial received mixed reviews. Bob Leeson of the ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Daily Worker]]'' felt that the fifth episode of the serial was the show's low point, noting that the introduction of a trial scene represented a rushed script.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=119}} In a retrospective review, Patrick Mulkern of ''[[Radio Times]]'' wrote that "standards slip appreciably" after the four preceding serials in terms of "ambitious but slapdash" script quality, as well as the below-par sets and supporting characters.<ref name="Radio Times Review"/> [[DVD Talk]]'s J. Doyle Wallis attributed the serial's weakness was attributed to the Doctor's absence, the lack of a main antagonist that would thread the episodes together, the "lacking and disparate" world of Marinus, and the "ramshackle" execution of the concept.<ref name="DVD Talk Review"/> Arnold T. Blumberg of [[IGN]] described the episode as "a clichéd premise ... handled poorly and with no spark at all apart from Hartnell's late-hour rally". He cited the poor production quality and the "hodge-podge" leaps to various locations on Marinus which were "boring if not inept".<ref name="IGN Review"/> However, the story and its structure was met with some positive reception. [[Graham Kibble-White]] in ''[[Doctor Who Magazine]]'' derided Susan's character for "devolving into a bit of a shrill" but was generally positive towards the episodic story structure and the timing of Hartnell's holiday. Despite this, he wrote that the final two episodes "never truly engages with the tenets of courtroom drama".<ref name="DWM Review"/> Elliot Thorpe of [[Den of Geek]] felt that the episodic story structure "works incredibly well" by keeping the momentum and making each episode "fresh".<ref name="Den of Geek Review"/>
== Commercial releases ==
{{Infobox book
|name = Doctor Who and the Keys of Marinus
|image = Doctor Who and the Keys of Marinus.jpg
|image_size = 150
|caption =
|author = [[Philip Hinchcliffe]]
Line 172 ⟶ 161:
|isbn= 0-426-20125-6
}}
A novelisation of this serial, written by [[Philip Hinchcliffe]], was published by [[Target Books]] in August 1980, with artwork by David McAllister. The paperback version of the book was also included in ''The Doctor Who Gift Set'' in 1986.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=121}} The serial was released on [[VHS]] in March 1999, and on [[DVD]] in September 2009; the latter included several special features, including audio commentary and a documentary on the sets featured in the serial.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=122}} While remastering the serial for the DVD release, it was discovered that the second and fourth episodes had been slightly edited; off-air soundtracks recorded by David Holman were used to restore the cuts.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=120}} Sound effects from the serial, under the title "Sleeping Machine", were included on ''[[Doctor Who: The 50th Anniversary Collection]]'', originally released on CD in December 2013.{{sfn|Ainsworth|2016|p=122}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<!-- Reviews -->
<ref name="Den of Geek Review">{{cite web |url=http://www.denofgeek.com/dvd-bluray/8249/doctor-who-the-keys-of-marinus-dvd-review |title=Doctor Who: The Keys of Marinus DVD Review |last=Thorpe |first=Elliot |work=Den of Geek |publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]] |date=31 August 2009 |accessdate=1 March 2018 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6xaQvUBlG |archivedate=1 March 2018 |deadurl=no }}</ref>
<ref name="DVD Talk Review">{{cite web |url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/39972/doctor-who-the-keys-of-marinus/ |title=Doctor Who: The Keys of Marinus |last=Wallis |first=J. Doyle |publisher=[[DVD Talk]] |date=25 February 2010 |accessdate=1 March 2018 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6xaQb129g |archivedate=1 March 2018 |deadurl=no }}</ref>
<ref name="DWM Review">{{cite journal |last=Kibble-White |first=Graham |authorlink=Graham Kibble-White |title=DVD review: The Keys of Marinus |journal=[[Doctor Who Magazine]] |publisher=[[Panini Comics]] |location=[[Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent]] |issue=414 |date=11 November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="IGN Review">{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2010/01/19/doctor-who-the-keys-of-marinus-dvd-review |title=Doctor Who - The Keys of Marinus DVD Review |last=Blumberg |first=Arnold T. |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=19 January 2010 |accessdate=1 March 2018 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6xaQmQzxW |archivedate=1 March 2018 |deadurl=no }}</ref>
<ref name="
}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |editor-last=Ainsworth |editor-first=John |year=2016 |title=Inside the Spaceship, Marco Polo, The Keys of Marinus and The Aztecs |journal=Doctor Who: The Complete History |publisher=[[Panini Comics]], [[Hachette Book Group|Hachette Partworks]] |volume=2 |issue=32 |ref=harv }}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{wikiquote|First Doctor}}
*{{BBCCDW | id=keysofmarinus | title=The Keys of Marinus}}
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*{{Doctor Who RG | id=who_e | title=The Keys of Marinus}}
{{TardisIndexFile}}
*{{DWRG | id=keys | title=The Keys of Marinus}}
{{Doctor Who episodes|C1}}
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