Tel Keppe (Kurdish: تەلکیف, Syriac: ܬܸܠ ܟܹܐܦܹܐ Tel Kepe, Arabic: تل كيف Tall Kayf, alternatively spelled Tel Kaif, Tilkepe, or Telkef) is a town in northern Iraq.[2][3][4][5] It is located in the Nineveh Governorate, less than 8 mi (13 km) northeast of Mosul.[6]
Tel Keppe
ܬܸܠ ܟܹܐܦܹܐ | |
|---|---|
 Chaldean Catholics from Tel Keppe | |
  Tel Keppe | |
| Coordinates: 36°29′22″N 43°7′9″E / 36.48944°N 43.11917°E | |
| Country |  Iraq |
| Governorate | Nineveh |
| District | Tel Kaif District |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Raad Naser |
| Population (2010)[1] | |
• Total | 40,000 |
| Prior to ISIS, August 2014 | |
| Demonym | Assyrian:Tel-Kepnaya (m)/Tel-Kepnetha (f) Arabic:Tel-Kayfi (m)/Tel-Kayfiya (f) |
Etymology
editThe name Tel Keppe (Syriac: ܬܸܠ ܟܹܐܦܹܐ) is of Assyrian Aramaic origin and derives from the words til meaning "hill of", and kēpē meaning "stones". Therefore, the town's name translates to "hill of stones".[7][8][9][10]
History
editThe first reliable reference to the town is written in the book The History of Mosul, by Abu Zakaria Azidi. The book was released in 945 AD and he wrote about the history of Mosul, in which he referenced the town of Tel Keppe. Zakaria also mentioned a different author from the year 749 AD, who also mentions the village Tel Keppe as one of the Mosul's many suburbs.
In 1508, Tel Keppe was sacked by Mongols. In 1743, Tel Keppe was looted and burned by the armies of the Persian leader Nader Shah. This event took place within the context of the siege of Mosul, in which the Persian army suffered heavy casualties and resorted to looting the surrounding towns to have some semblance of victory. In 1833, the town was once again sacked, this time by the Kurdish governor of Rawandiz who also sacked the town of Alqosh.[6]
Occupation by ISIS
editOn 6 August 2014, the town was captured by the Islamic State (ISIS), along with the nearby Assyrian towns of Bakhdida, Bartella and Karamlesh.[11] Upon entering the town, ISIS looted the homes and removed the crosses and other religious objects from the churches. The Christian cemetery in the town was also later destroyed.[12]
Soon after the beginning of the Battle of Mosul, Iraqi troops advanced on Tel Keppe, but the fighting continued into 2017.[13][14] Iraqi forces recaptured the town from ISIS on 19 January 2017.[15]
In 2017, Salman Esso Habba of the "Christian Mobilization" militia – a part of the Popular Mobilization Forces – warned the Arabs to leave, claiming that Tel Keppe's homes belonged only to Christians in the town, MEMO reported Wednesday. He also said that Christians’ homes and rights could not be taken away.[16]
Five years after the liberation of Tel Keppe and most of the indigenous Assyrian population is yet to return, mostly due to the presence of the non-local Babylon Brigades militia.[17][18] The majority of the towns inhabitants either fled to large cities, or fled Iraq as a whole.[19] Very few Assyrians returned or had any plans to return.[20][21]
Arabization
editTel Keppe has faced Arabization since the late 1970s under the rule of Saddam Hussein.[21][22] Arabs began moving to Tel Keppe, while Assyrians began moving to the larger cities in Iraq, mainly Baghdad, Basra and Mosul.[citation needed] The Northern Iraq Offensive by ISIS made things even worse for the Assyrians. After Tel Keppe was liberated, most Assyrians fled to Baghdad and the Kurdistan Region or fled Iraq entirely, causing more Arabs to settle in the town. The contested security and presence of Arab-dominated militias in the Nineveh Plains has prevented the return of thousands of Tel Keppe residents.[23] Tel Keppe has a majority Arab Muslim population as of 2021.[24]
Climate
editTel Keppe has a semi-arid climate (BSh) with extremely hot summers and cool, damp winters, typical to the Nineveh Plains.
| Climate data for Tel Keppe | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12 (54) |
14 (57) |
20 (68) |
26 (79) |
34 (93) |
38 (100) |
43 (109) |
40 (104) |
38 (100) |
30 (86) |
20 (68) |
14 (57) |
27 (81) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2 (36) |
4 (39) |
8 (46) |
11 (52) |
16 (61) |
21 (70) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
20 (68) |
14 (57) |
6 (43) |
4 (39) |
13 (55) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 39 (1.5) |
69 (2.7) |
51 (2.0) |
9 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
6 (0.2) |
36 (1.4) |
60 (2.4) |
270 (10.6) |
| Average precipitation days | 10 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 65 |
| Source: World Weather Online (2000–2012)[25] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
editIn 1768, the town had a recorded population of 2,500. Due to plague and other disasters, the population was around 1,500 in 1882, rising to 2,500 again by 1891. In 1923, the population was recorded as 14,000. In 1933, the population numbered around 10,000. As a result of emigration from the town to Baghdad and the United States, the population shrunk to 7,108 by 1968.
The district of Tel Keppe was approximately 50% Christian in the mid 1900s, the town of Tel Keppe remaining almost exclusively Christian with a population of 6,600 inhabitants.[26] Throughout the late 20th century, the town experienced non-native population growth from the arrival of Arabs, who established residence throughout the town and became the majority after ISIS. By the turn of the century, the population had swelled to close to 30,000.[27]
Some families who settled in Tel Keppe are:
- Asmar and Abso from Diyarbakır
- Karmo and Mengeshnayeh from Saart
- Dinha/Joja, Shalal, and Abro from Ashitha (Tyari)
- Ma’arouf and Qoryaqos from Tal Afar
- Zooma, Khoshe, and Hnawa from Mardin
- Jolagh from Alqosh
- Nasfo from Aleppo
- Saba and Kharkhar from Iran
- Twaini from Amadiya
- Orou from Sanna, Iran
- Jammo, Kassab, and Manni from Bashbetha
- Jibaya and Kthawe from Turkey
- Talya from Lebanon
- Qasha Giwargis from Quchanis, Turkey
- Qarbo from Jazirat Ibn Omar
- Bizzi from al-Karaj
- Qashat from Sinjar[28]
Tel-Kepnayeh today
editStarting in the 1980s, and especially after the 1991 Gulf War and 2003 US invasion of Iraq, many Chaldean Catholics from Tel Keppe fled to other countries, primarily the United States. They set up their lives there with new churches and business for their families.[6] By 2001, many Tel-Kepnayeh had moved to major cities in Iraq such as Baghdad or Mosul.[29]
Assyrian diaspora in United States
editMany Chaldean Catholic Assyrians in the Metro Detroit area trace their origins to Tel Keppe. According to the estimates of a priest of Tel Keppe's Sacred Heart Chaldean Rite Catholic Church, there were 10,000 worshippers in the late 1950s, which later decreased to 2,000 around 2004. He said: "Many people don’t want to go from here; they cry that they have to go… but you almost have to leave these days because your family probably already is in Detroit."[30]
Culture
edit
Tel Keppe was historically the center of the Chaldean Catholic community in Iraq. Each family residing in Tel Keppe had one or more plots of farming land located outside Tel Keppe. The land produced barley and wheat, and animals raised there included goats and sheep. Natalie Jill Smith, author of "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)", wrote that in the reports of the village "everyone was related" and that marriage tended to occur between two people from the same village.[27]
Notable Tel-Kepnayeh
editDeceased
edit- Maria Theresa Asmar, author and explorer, born in 1806. Published her memoir "Babylonian Princess" in English in 1844
- Tariq Aziz (1936–2015 ) Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister and a close advisor of President Saddam Hussein. He studied English at Baghdad University and later worked as a journalist, before joining the Ba'ath Party in 1957
- Emmanuel III Delly: Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church (1927–2014)
- George Garmo, Archbishop of the Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul from 14 September 1980 until his death on 9 September 1999 and the Pastor of the Mother of God Parish in Southfield, MI.
- Yusuf Malek, one of the leaders of the Assyrian movement in Iraq during the 1930s. Author of "The British Betrayal of the Assyrians"[31]
- Joseph II Marouf: Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church (1667–1713)
Living
edit- José Murat Casab: Former governor of Oaxaca, Mexico; President of the Mexican Senate; and President of the Chamber of Deputies
- Mar Ramzi Garmou: Archbishop of Tehran – Iran for the Chaldean Catholic Church
- Alejandro Murat Hinojosa: Son of José Murat Casab and current governor of the State of Oaxaca
- Mar Ibrahim Namo Ibrahim: Bishop Emeritus of the Chaldean Catholic Church for the Eastern United States
- FaZe Rug: Famous Youtuber, Part of the FaZe clan
See also
edit
- Assyrian homeland
- Assyrians in Iraq
- Nineveh Plains
- Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
- List of Assyrian settlements
- Batnaya and Barwari – Assyrian tribes also in Northern Iraq
- Iraqi conflict (2003–present)
References
edit- ^ هل كانت تلكيف بلدة آشورية قديمة؟ Archived 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, فؤاد يوسف قزانجي
- ^ "Mayor of Tel Keppe Reinstated After Unlawful Dismissal by KDP". Assyrian Policy Institute. 2018-08-09.
- ^ McDonald, Shalle' (2016-03-31). "Assyrian Christians' Mideast fate tied to world powers' agendas, expert says". JNS.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
- ^ Totiyapungprasert, Priscilla. "'He was never afraid': Remembering the Gilbert liquor store owner who died of COVID-19". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
- ^ Poulson, Stephen C. (2017-01-01), "Patterns of Violence Directed against Civilians in Small Ethnic Enclaves during War in Iraq (2003–2009)", Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, vol. 41, Emerald Publishing Limited, p. 77, doi:10.1108/S0163-786X20170000041014, ISBN 978-1-78714-191-9
- ^ a b c Welcome to Tel Keppe at ChaldeansOnline http://www.chaldeansonline.org/telkeppe/ Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Coghill, Eleanor. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Telkepe. p. 235.
- ^ Spurlock, Charles (2010). From the Tigris to the Rouge An Exploratory Study of Chaldean Gendered Ethnicity and Gender Transition. Michigan State University. Department of Sociology. p. 3.
- ^ Zaken, Mordechai (2007). Jewish subjects and their tribal chieftains in Kurdistan: a study in survival. Jewish identities in a changing world. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. p. 7. ISBN 978-90-474-2212-9. OCLC 646789877.
- ^ Ibrahim, Raymond (2015-12-30). "Muslims "Have Nothing Whatsoever to do with Terrorism"". Gatestone Institute. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
- ^ Barack Obama Approves Airstrikes on Iraq, Airdrops Aid
- ^ "Aiding the Assyrians Fight Against ISIS". The Huffington Post. 2015-04-15. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
- ^ Alkhshali, Hamdi; Smith-Spark, Laura; Lister, Tim (22 October 2016). "ISIS kills hundreds in Mosul area, source says". CNN. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ^ "Iraqi residents flee Islamic State-held town of Tel Keyf". YouTube. Reuters. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ^ Griffis, Margaret (19 January 2017). "Militants Execute Civilians in Mosul; 101 Killed Across Iraq". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ "Christian War on Muslims? Iraqi Christian Militia Leader Threatens Sunni Arabs, Asks Them to Leave Assyrian Town". International Business Times. 10 February 2017.
- ^ "Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain". Assyrian Policy. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
- ^ "Mayor of Tel Keppe Reinstated After Unlawful Dismissal by KDP". www.assyrianpolicy.org. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
- ^ "Fear and Renewal; A Town is Liberated from ISIS | Free Burma Rangers". www.freeburmarangers.org. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
- ^ "Iraq's Stolen Election: How Assyrian Representation Became Assyrian..." Assyrian Policy. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
- ^ a b "For Iraq's Christians, this year might be their last". UnHerd. 2019-12-25. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
- ^ Poulson, Stephen C. "Patterns of violence direct against civilians in small ethnic enclaves during war in Iraq (2003–2009)" (PDF).
- ^ "Mayor of Tel Keppe Reinstated After Unlawful Dismissal by KDP". 9 August 2018.
- ^ "Death by Emigration: Two Years After ISIS, Catholics Are Still Fleeing Iraq". 27 March 2020.
- ^ "Tel Kaif, Ninawa Monthly Climate Average, Iraq". World Weather Online. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
- ^ Khadduri, Majid (1956). Area Handbook on Iraq – Volume 58 of Human Relations Area Files. Johns Hopkins University. p. 76. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ^ a b Smith, Natalie Jill. "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)" (PhD dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles, 2001. p. 61. UMI Number: 3024065.
- ^ Aprim, Fred (19 August 2004). "The Town of Tel-Kepe". Atour.
- ^ Smith, Natalie Jill. "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)" (PhD dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles, 2001. p. 62. UMI Number: 3024065.
- ^ "Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area." (Archive) From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series. Wayne State University. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "The British Betrayal of The Assyrians" (PDF). aina.org Yusuf Malek. Retrieved 9 May 2024.