Toplou Monastery (Greek: Μονή Τοπλού) is a currently active monastery located in a semi-arid area of the Lasithi regional unit, on the eastern part of the island of Crete in Greece. It is about 6 km (3.7 mi) north of Palekastro and 85 km (53 mi) east of Agios Nikolaos. It is at the base of the Itanos promontory from which Cape Sidero, the easternmost point of Crete, projects to the northeast. The nearest settlements are Sitia to the west and Palaikastro to the southeast; otherwise, the entire promontory is uninhabited except for the modern military reservation at the tip of the cape. In the political structure of Greece, the monastery has been assigned the settlement (oikismos) of Toplou, which it had before 2011, but was validated again in the redivision of 2011. The full civic classification beyond Toplou from 2011 in ascending order is: local community (topike koinoteta) Palaikastro, municipal unit (demotike enoteta) Itanos, municipality (demos) Siteia, regional unit (periphereiake enoteta) Lasithi, region (periphereia) Crete.
| Toplou Monastery | |
|---|---|
Μονή Τοπλού | |
 General view of Toplou monastery | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Greek Orthodox Church |
| Region | Crete |
| Patron | Virgin Mary and St. John the Theologian |
| Location | |
| Location | Upper Toplou gorge, north coast |
| Municipality | Siteia |
| Country | Greece |
| Geographic coordinates | 35°13′17.1″N 26°12′57.8″E / 35.221417°N 26.216056°E |
| Architecture | |
| Date established | 14th century (ca. 1350) |
| Elevation | 160 m (525 ft) |
Believed to have been founded as early as the 14th century, the monastery was placed on the upper southern slope of Moni Toplou Gorge (named after it), a tortuous, geologically and ecologically interesting ravine exiting into the Sea of Crete through a boulder-strewn declivity called "the Abbott's Beach" (he paralia tou hegoumenou).[1] Today the ravine is one of the reasons why the whole area has been incorporated into Sitia Geopark. The original placement was made near a copious spring draining into the gorge, now the site of a windmill-driven pump raising water out of the water table below.
The monastery was founded at a time when the classical city of Itanus, former owners of the promontory, was long gone, abandoned centuries earlier, and forgotten by all except the monks, who continued to be interested in the site. The Ottoman Empire had not yet become ascendant. For reasons unknown or not generally published the monastery inherited the entire territory of the ancient city, which it holds today as a major asset.[2] A corporation has been created for its land holdings, "The Public Welfare Foundation of Panagia Akrotiriani," a subsidiary of the monastery and the Archdiocese of Sitia. The monastery was originally called Panagia Akrotiriani ("Our lady of the Cape)," a name which apparently is still legally meaningful. Its alternative current name, Moni Toplou, literally means "place of the cannon" (Turkish: top), thus called by the Turks for the cannon then mounted over the door.[3] It had that name since at least 1865, when Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt reported on his survey work in Crete, misrepresenting the name as Greek to plou ("the plou," whatever "plou" might be).
The monastery has this entire time been economically and politically proactive. The monks, dressed in blue robes, under the direction of the Abbott, run a number of businesses. As the main road from Sitia to Vai runs through the premises, the monastery is open to the public for an entrance fee. Temporary hotel space is also available. Within the main gate are a store and a museum. The museum is a repository for many works of art, containing also collections of manuscripts. On the outside, much of the land around the monastery buildings is used for viticulture and dendriculture. They manufacture and export wine and olive oil. The real estate company is currently negotiating other uses of the promontory, but the chief obstacle is the conservation-minded government. Similarly, the cape is theirs but its use is reserved to the military. Some high points of their political proactivity are their support of resistance to the Ottoman Empire and to the Nazi occupation of Crete.
History
editEvidence of the early monastery
edit
The monastery is dedicated to Panagia (Virgin Mary) and St. John the Theologian. The monastery, especially the main building, is a composite of structures resulting from its frequent destruction and consequent rebuilding. Different parts of it have different dates of origin. These appear in the literature as different "foundation dates." More accurately the original foundation date remains unknown, while the others are only rebuilding dates.
The oldest identifiable structure is the northern nave of the church in the inner courtyard, which has two. The northern once stood alone before any fortifications had been built. It is and perhaps originally was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Our Lady of the Cape. The frescoes on its walls are as early as the 14th century. This is the only solid evidence of its earliest known date.[4] The evidence dates to a century well within the period of Venetian sovereignty over Crete. The Venetians, however, were of the Roman brand of Christianity, whereas the monks were Greek Orthodox. Not enough is known to be able to extend the date back into times when the Orthodox were ascendant.
The corsair problem
editAfter the fall of Constantinople on May 20, 1453, and consequent end of the Byzantine Empire, Cretan defenders of the city returned to Venetian Candia along with "a stream of refugees."[5] As the Ottoman Empire proceeded to establish itself in the Aegean Sea,[6] Crete, "the last Latin principality," became "no longer safe." Turkish privateers, having taken the Cyclades, ravaged its coasts, plundering to support the Turkish war treasury, destroying settlements, and capturing population for sale as slaves. Sitia was attacked in 1471. Muslim corsairs found their way in 1498 to the undefended Toplou Monastery and sacked it.[7]
Suleiman the Magnificent had employed the pirate, Hayreddin Barbarossa, giving him 200 galleys, to capture the Greek islands. He turned to the north coast of Crete in 1538, burning crops, confiscating farm animals, and taking slaves.[6] By this time Barbarossa was operating from the new Barbary State founded in Algiers. These pirates raided as far away as the coast of England, capturing on one occasion Reverend Devereux Spratt, ancestor of Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt, later explorer of Crete and friend to the monastery. The reverend though ransomed stayed on in Algiers as minister to the Christian slaves until expelled.[7]
The earthquake of 1612
editThe monastery collapsed in 1612 due to a strong earthquake.[8] Centered near Heraklion, the quake, of magnitude 7.2 (Richter), affected mainly northern Crete, bringing down buildings and sinking ships in the harbor due to the tsunami.[9] The collapse provided an opportunity to the Venetians to fortify the monastery against the growing corsair problem. On November 5, 1612, Nicolo Balbi, mayor of Sitia and ex-rector of the monastery, wrote to the senate of the Republic of Venice stating that the fortifications of the monastery had been so reduced that it could not be defended against raids.[10]
The Senate decided to financially aid in rebuilding it. A decree of March 13, 1613, allocated 200 ducats, presumably Venetian standard, presumably gold, presumably representing a lot of money, to the abbott, "Gabriele Pantogalo" for the rebuilding of the monastery. Venice was Roman Catholic; the monastery, Greek Orthodox. In Crete there had been some contention earlier. The decree said nothing strategic at all, but that topic was alraady covered by the petitioner. Instead the Senate appended the comment "it having appeared that the church is well attended by many subjects of our kingdom."
If "our kingdom" is Venice, the comment appears to identify the reason for the Senate's generosity. The Balbi family, ascendant at Venice and also at Genoa (connection unknown)[11] claimed descent from a gens of the same name in ancient Rome,[12] as did the Cornaro family of Venice (from Cornelii). Apparently there were equal numbers of Catholic and Greek Orthodox monasteries. When the noble Andrea Cornaro made out his will in 1611 he bequested large numbers of both.[13] Apparently in this period, which some historians would call "the Cretan Renaissance," the two brands of Christianity had overcome their antagonism.
Relations with the Ottomans
editThe monastery flourished until the surrender of eastern Crete to the Turks in 1646, after which it was abandoned for a long time. In 1704, it acquired special protection privileges from the Patriarch (i.e., stauropegic) and was re-inhabited. After its monks were slaughtered by Turks in 1821 during the Greek Revolution of Independence, Toplou was again deserted until 1828. In 1866, during the massive Cretan revolt against the Turks, it was once again devastated.
Axis occupation
editDuring the German occupation of 1941–44, Toplou was providing shelter to resistance fighters and housed their wireless radio. When this was discovered by the Germans, the abbot and two monks were tortured and executed.
Architecture
editHaving to defend itself from pirates and invaders, Toplou monastery is heavily fortified, being laid out around a courtyard paved with sea pebbles and surrounded by strong, 10 m (33 ft) high square walls. In its present form it extends to about 800 square meters in three floors, divided into cells, guest houses, kitchens and warehouses. The main church (katholikon) is built as a two-nave basilica and the belltower dates back to 1558.
Art and literature at the monastery
editDespite its turbulent history, Toplou has many works of art to its possession. Today, it hosts an interesting exhibition of Byzantine icons, books and documents, a display of ancient engravings and a collection of artefacts which reflect its role in the historical events that influenced Crete during the last centuries. The monastery possesses a series of about 20 portraits of monks, despotes and igoumens painted by the famous portraitist Thomas Papadoperakis.[14] Many of them have written the recent tragical history of the place. The walls of the monks' dining hall, the "trapezaria", are also adorned with remarkable fresco paintings by the icon painter Manolis Betinakis.[15]
The Cavo Sidero dispute
editUK-based Minoan Group (formerly Loyalward Group Plc) plans a €1.2bn construction project on the 25.9 km2 (10.0 sq mi) Cavo Sidero peninsula that is located in the northeastern part of Crete. This land is owned by Toplou monastery and is leased for 80 years. Backed by strong political support, the so-called Cavo Sidero project is advertised as one of the largest tourist investments in Greece. It includes the construction of six tourist villages with 7,000 beds, three golf courses, a conference center, a marina plus sport facilities. However, the Cavo Sidero peninsula is a Natura 2000 designated area of particular biodiversity and archaeological importance and home to the Vai natural palm forest, the largest of its kind in Europe. On top of that, it is one of the driest areas on Crete and the large amounts of water that would be required by the developments when in operation will have a tremendous negative impact on the environment.[16][17] Thus, despite the investors' assurances that the project has been designed to operate according to the principles of sustainable development, there has been strong opposition against it by the local population and several environmental groups, including World Wide Fund for Nature.[citation needed] Serious doubts about the intentions and the financial strength of the investors have also been raised.[18]
In April 2009, the Supreme Administrative Court accepted the request of about 300 Sitia residents who sought to annul the ministerial decree of 2007, which adopted the environmental impact study for the project. According to the Court, the environmental licensing of the project was not legitimate[19] since the land use planning foresees only a mild tourist development for the area.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ A secret passage led from the monastery through a cave into the ravine providing hidden access and escape. The German discovery of its use as a radio station by the resistance in World War II led to dire consequences for the monks.
- ^ A study of the monastery's land acquisition remains to be done. Meanwhile the main speculations are that the acquisitions date to the 15th century when under the Venetian policy of building up the monastery as a defensive bastion against the Turks it was allowed to acquire smaller monasteries in the vicinity. In another speculation land-holders under Turkish rule, which was given into the hands of the corrupt janissaries, deeded the land to the monastery to avoid paying taxes to the janissaries. There is no doubt that the monastery received many bequests, but an evidential account waits for the study.
- ^ Mackridge 2020, p. 380, Ch. 31 Toplou "Toplou is, however, Turkish and means the Place of the Top or Cannon from a cannon which was at one time mounted over the door of the monastery." The circumstantial details of the cannon, however, have been lost. Only speculation is available on the Internet. Some suppose that it was for general defense; others, that it was a signal gun warning the population of raiders. Some see the permission to own it as a Turkish conciliatory license; others as a Venetian defense against the Turks. The only points of general agreement are that the name is Turkish and is not modern. There are no traces of it now.
- ^ Mackridge 2020, p. 3 Speculations exist that it replaces a mysterious church in the secret cave now missing, or that it was built after an icon of Mary was found there, now missing, or that a previous church was built on the spot, of which there is now no evidence, or that it is the church dedicated to St. Isidor seen by Cristoforo Buondelmonti in 1415. He was already using the Venetian Sidero to refer to the cape, instead of the original Latin Isidore.
- ^ Smith 2007, p. 50
- ^ a b Smith 2007, p. 63
- ^ a b Smith 2007, p. 64
- ^ "Monasteries to Visit in Lassithi, Greece". GreekBoston.com. 2022.
- ^ Karkani, A.; et al. (2022). "Tsunamis in the Greek Region: An Overview of Geological and Geomorphological Evidence". Geosciences. 12 (1): 5. doi:10.3390/geosciences12010004.
- ^ Gerola, Giuseppe (1917). Monumenti Veneti nell' Isola de Creta (in Italian). Vol. III. Venice: R. Istituto Veneto de Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. p. 194.
- ^ "Residences". The Balbi Family. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ "Balbi Family Nobility". The Balbi Family. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ Drandaki, Anastasia (2007). "Piety, Politics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Venetian Crete". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 71: 167.
- ^ Thomas Papadoperakis
- ^ Manolis Betinakis
- ^ Harsh course of nature, The Guardian, 5 March 2008
- ^ Trying to Be Green, With Very Little Water, The NY Times, 19 August 2007
- ^ Επενδύσεις στην άμμο (Investments on sand), Ο Ιός της Ελευθεροτυπίας, 15 Ιουλίου 2007
- ^ «Mπλόκο» από ΣτE στα έργα της Μονής Τοπλού, Το Βήμα OnLine, 10 Απριλίου 2009
Reference bibliography
edit- Mackridge, Peter (2020). "31. Toplou". The Crete of R.M. Dawkins (1903-1919). Oxford: University of Oxford.
- Smith, Michael Llewellyn (2007). The Great Island: A Study of Crete (PDF). Sunshade Press.
External links
edit